Ruwan bayan gida
Tumbun bayan gida shine tarwatsa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sakamakon zubar da bayan gida. Yin amfani da bayan gida na yau da kullun ta mutane masu lafiya ana ganin ba zai zama babban haɗarin lafiya ba. Koyaya, wannan motsin yana canzawa idan mutum yana fama da rashin lafiya kuma a halin yanzu yana zubar da ƙwayoyin cuta mai cutarwa a cikin fitsari, feces ko amai. A ƙarshe Kimiyya ta daidaita tsohuwar muhawarar Lid up ko Lid Down a cikin Janairu 2024 yana tabbatar da cewa Toilet Plume har yanzu yana tserewa lokacin da murfin ya ƙare. Akwai shaidar kai tsaye cewa takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta kamar norovirus ko SARS coronavirus na iya yaduwa ta hanyar iska ta bayan gida, amma har zuwa 2015, babu wani binciken gwaji kai tsaye da ya nuna a sarari ko ya musanta ainihin watsa cutar daga iskar bayan gida. An yi hasashe cewa za a iya rage tarwatsa ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar rufe murfin bayan gida kafin yin ruwa, da kuma amfani da bayan gida tare da ƙarancin kuzari.
Tasirin da zai iya haifar da yaduwar cuta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai shaida kai tsaye cewa aerosol na bayan gida na iya zama maganin cututtukan da ke tattare da gastroenteritis mai tsanani tare da zubar da adadi mai yawa na cututtuka ta hanyar najasa da amai, tare da yin amfani da bayan gida na yau da kullum ba zai zama babban hadarin lafiya ba. Misali, wasu nazarin cututtukan cututtuka suna nuna yaduwar norovirus a cikin jiragen fasinja da jiragen ruwa, da SARS coronavirus ta hanyar gurɓataccen tsarin najasar gini, ta gurɓataccen bayan gida maimakon sauran hanyoyin. Najasa da amai na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar na iya ƙunsar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka san yawancinsu suna rayuwa a saman sama na tsawon makonni ko watanni, kuma ɗakin bayan gida na iya ci gaba da haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwan bayan gida a kan sharar ruwa da yawa. Wasu wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da aka gano suna da yuwuwar damuwa saboda waɗannan dalilai sun haɗa da MRSA mai kyau, tarin fuka na Mycobacterium, da ƙwayar cuta ta H1N1/09 da aka fi sani da "murar alade".[1]
Babu wata shaida ta gwaji kai tsaye kan watsa cututtuka ta hanyar iska ta bayan gida. Ko aerosols na iya ƙunsar norovirus, SARS coronavirus, ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ba a auna kai tsaye ba kamar na 2015. Haɗin tsaftacewa da tsabtace saman yana da tasiri sosai wajen kawar da gurɓatawa, kodayake wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kamar norovirus suna da tsayayyar juriya ga waɗannan fasahohin.[2]
Hanyar aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aerosol droplets da aka samar ta hanyar zubar da bayan gida na iya haɗuwa da iskar ɗakin, manyan ɗigon ruwa za su zauna a saman ƙasa kafin su bushe, kuma suna iya gurɓata saman kamar kujera na bayan gida da hannu, wanda za'a iya tuntuɓar ta hannu. Ƙananan barbashi aerosol na iya zama ɗigon ɗigon ruwa a sakamakon zubar da ruwa a cikin ɗigon ruwa; waɗannan suna da ƙarancin daidaitawa kuma suna ɗauke da igiyoyin iska na yanayi. Yaduwar cututtuka ta hanyar ɗigon ruwa ba damuwa ba ne ga yawancin cututtuka, saboda ba a fitar da su a cikin najasa ko amai, ko kuma suna iya bushewa. Mahimman girman rarrabuwar waɗannan hanyoyin tarwatsawa ya dogara da ƙimar ƙashin ruwa da nisa a tsaye tsakanin bayan gida da saman da ake tambaya..[3]
Gwaje-gwaje don gwada samar da bioaerosol yakan haɗa da shuka bayan gida tare da ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta, ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, sannan gwada kasancewar su a saman da ke kusa da iska, bayan lokuta daban-daban. Adadin bioaerosol ya bambanta da nau'in bandaki. Tsofaffin ƙirar bayan gida da aka wanke suna samar da bioaerosol fiye da bandakunan laka na zamani. Daga cikin bayan gida na zamani, samar da bioaerosol yana ƙaruwa yayin da ingantaccen makamashi ya karu, daga banɗaki mai ɗorewa mai ɗorewa da yawa a cikin gidajen zama, zuwa bandakunan da ke taimaka ma matsa lamba, zuwa banɗaki mai ƙarfi na flushometer sau da yawa ana samun su a ɗakunan wanka na jama'a.[3]
Wani bincike ya nuna cewa runtse murfin bayan gida yana hana tarwatsa manyan digon ruwa, kuma ya rage yawan kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da iska da kashi 12. Binciken ya ba da shawarar hana amfani da bandakuna marasa murfi, don haka ya saba wa ka’idojin shigar da kayan aikin ruwa na Amurka Uniform Plumbing Code na bankunan jama’a.[1][4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwaje-gwaje kan abun ciki na bioaerosol na plums bayan gida an fara yin su a cikin 1950s. Wani bincike na 1975 da Charles P. Gerba ya yi ya yada manufar yada cututtuka ta hanyar ruwan famfo bayan gida. An yi amfani da kalmar "Plume Toilet" kafin 1999.[5]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Johnson, David L.; Mead, Kenneth R.; Lynch, Robert A.; Hirst, Deborah V.L. (March 2013). "Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: A literature review with suggestions for future research". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (3): 254–258. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330. PMC 4692156. PMID 23040490. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Mead2013" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Barker, J.; Vipond, I. B.; Bloomfield, S. F. (1 September 2004). "Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of Norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 58 (1): 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.04.021. ISSN 0195-6701. PMID 15350713.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Johnson, David; Lynch, Robert; Marshall, Charles; Mead, Kenneth; Hirst, Deborah (1 September 2013). "Aerosol Generation by Modern Flush Toilets". Aerosol Science and Technology. 47 (9): 1047–1057. Bibcode:2013AerST..47.1047J. doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.814911. ISSN 0278-6826. PMC 4666014. PMID 26635429. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017.
- ↑ Best, E. L.; Sandoe, J. a. T.; Wilcox, M. H. (1 January 2012). "Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 80 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.010. ISSN 1532-2939. PMID 22137761.
- ↑ Adams, Cecil (15 April 1999). "The Straight Dope". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.