Samun dama ga bayanai a Afirka ta Kudu
 Samun dama ga bayanai a Afirka ta Kudu |
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Ana tabbatar da samun bayanai a sashi na 32 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayar da 'yan ƙasa damar samun bayanai na jihar shine "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri na tabbatar da dabi'un tsarin mulki na nuna gaskiya, buɗewa, shiga da lissafi. " [1] Currie da De Waal sun ba da shawarar cewa ba za a iya samun lissafi ba idan gwamnati tana da iko akan bayanan da ke sanar da ayyukanta da yanke shawara. Samun bayanai ba kawai yana da mahimmanci ga dimokuradiyya mai aiki yadda ya kamata ba, har ma yana kara amincewar jama'a ga gwamnati kuma yana inganta halayenta. Akwai kuma, a cewar Cora Hoexter,
Sauran fa'idodi da yawa da za a samu. Misali, samun bayanai yana hana cin hanci da rashawa, son rai da sauran halayen gwamnati marasa kyau. Yana sauƙaƙa kariya ga haƙƙoƙi, wani abu da ake nunawa cikin sauƙi a fannin adalci na gudanarwa. Kamar dalilai na ayyukan gudanarwa, samun damar samun bayanai na jihar na iya zama babbar taimako ga mutumin da ke zargin cewa an keta hakkokinta na adalci na gudanarwa kuma yana cikin aiwatar da gina shari'a.[2]
Hakkin Tsarin Mulki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi babu wani haƙƙin samun bayanai a Afirka ta Kudu. An ba da albarkatu masu yawa a maimakon haka don kiyaye sirri a cikin gwamnati. Dokoki da yawa sun ƙunshi tanadi wanda ya sa ya zama laifi ga jami'ai su saki bayanai. Haɗakar da haƙƙin samun bayanai a hannun jihohi saboda haka "wani sabon abu ne mai mahimmanci" [3] a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi. Sashe na 23 da aka ba wa kowane mutum "yancin samun dama ga duk bayanan da jihar ke riƙewa ko kowane bangare a kowane matakin gwamnati har zuwa lokacin da ake buƙatar irin wannan bayanin don yin amfani ko kare kowane haƙƙinsa. " A daya daga cikin lokuta na farko don magance haƙƙin Jones J ya amince da muhimmancinsa a cikin waɗannan sharuddan:
Manufar s 23 ita ce ta cire ci gaba da tsohuwar tsarin gudanarwa, tsarin da zai yiwu gwamnati ta guje wa lissafi ta hanyar ƙin bayyana bayanai koda kuwa yana da alaƙa da motsa jiki ko kariya ga mutum. Wannan shi ne mummunar da aka tsara don hana [....] Nuna adalci da budewa yana inganta amincewar jama'a a cikin gudanar da harkokin jama'a gabaɗaya. Wannan amincewa yana daya daga cikin halaye na al'ummar da ke karkashin mulkin demokraɗiyya wanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ke ƙoƙarinsa.
Ba da daɗewa ba ana dogaro da haƙƙin a cikin mahallin daban-daban, kuma tsarin shari'a a sashi na 23 ya ci gaba da sauri. Musamman, mutane da ake tuhuma sun kawo shari'o'i da yawa waɗanda suka nemi samun damar samun bayanai da ke cikin bayanan 'yan sanda.
A yau sashi na 32 (1) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba "kowane mutum" damar samun dama ga " (a) duk wani bayanin da jihar ke riƙewa; da kuma (b) duk wani bayani da wani mutum ke riƙewa kuma ana buƙatar shi don yin amfani ko kare kowane haƙƙi. " Muhimmanci, ɓangaren farko na haƙƙin ya fi girma fiye da sashi na 23 na Kundin tsarin mulki na wucin gadi: Ba za a sake buƙatar bayanin don yin amfani da ko kare haƙƙoƙi.
Sashe na 32 (1) (b) yana wakiltar ƙarin kirkire-kirkire, saboda babu wani abu da zai nuna shi a sashe na 23. Mai da hankali a wannan bangare na haƙƙin ba a kan lissafin gwamnati ba amma a kan bukatar mutum don samun dama da sarrafa bayanai game da kansa. Irin wannan bayanin yawanci zai kunshi bayanan likita ko banki, ko bayanin da ke cikin fayilolin ma'aikatan ma'aikacin mutum. Wannan bangare yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin sirri. Kamar yadda Klaaren da Penfold suka nuna, samun damar samun bayanai game da kanka na iya inganta ikon mutum na kare haƙƙoƙi kamar sirrin sirri da daidaito. Bugu da kari, ikon samun ilimi game da kanka wani bangare ne na "ƙwarewar kai". Sashe na 32 (1) (b) yana da mahimmanci a matsayin "tabbatar da cewa bayanan da ke wucewa cikin hannun masu zaman kansu sakamakon hanyoyin mallakar ba za su kasance masu kariya daga samun dama ba".[4]
Sashe na 32 (2) ya buƙaci aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa don ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin a cikin sashe na 32 (1), kuma ya ba da izini ga "matakan da suka dace don rage nauyin gudanarwa da na kuɗi a kan jihar. " An dakatar da aikin s 32 (1) har sai an kafa dokar. A cikin ɗan lokaci, kamar yadda yake tare da haƙƙin adalci na gudanarwa, za a karanta sashi na 32 (1) kamar dai sashi ne na 23 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi. A wannan lokacin, ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da haƙƙin bayanan da "wani mutum" ke riƙe ba.
Inganta Dokar Samun Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kafa Dokar Ingantawa ga Bayanai [5] (PAIA) don mayar da martani ga dokar kundin tsarin mulki, kuma ta fara aiki a babban bangare a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001. Gabatarwarsa ta amince da "al'adun sirri da rashin amsawa" na zamanin kafin dimokuradiyya, kuma ta tabbatar da cewa wani abu na PAIA shine "karfafa al'adun nuna gaskiya da lissafi a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu". Dangane da sashi na 32, Dokar ta samar da damar samun bayanai da ke hannun jama'a. Kodayake siffofin sirri a cikin Dokar a matsayin tushen da za a iya ƙin samun dama, PAIA "ba doka ce ta sirri ko dokar kariya ta bayanai kamar yadda za'a iya samun ta a wasu hukunce-hukunce da yawa. " Mahimmancin ta ya fadi kan sauƙaƙe samun dama ga bayanai maimakon kare sirri.[4]
PAIA ba ta maye gurbin haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba. Saboda, duk da haka, yana nufin "ba da tasiri ga" shi, dole ne jam'iyyun su tabbatar da haƙƙin ta hanyar Dokar. Don haka haƙƙin tsarin mulki a mafi yawancin yana cikin rawar da ba ta kai tsaye ba na sanar da fassarar Dokar. Yana yiwuwa a dogara kai tsaye akan sashi na 32 kawai a lokuta na musamman, a bayyane yake lokacin da ake kalubalantar ingancin tanadin PAIA kanta. Misali, ana iya jayayya cewa rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen rikodin majalisar ministoci daga yankin PAIA - "Wannan Dokar ba ta shafi rikodin [...] majalisar ministocin da kwamitocin ta" [6] - "ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa ne na ikon samun dama ga 'bayanan da jihar ke riƙe da su". [7] Tunda majalisar ministociya a bayyane yake wani ɓangare ne na "jiha, "yancin haƙƙin. Dole ne a yanke shawarar ingancin ta ta hanyar ambaton sashi na iyakancewa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
Baya ga iyakancewar irin wannan, akwai kuma wani sashi na iyakancewa na musamman da za a yi la'akari da shi. Sashe na 32 (2) ya ba da izinin dokokin ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki don "bayar da matakan da suka dace don sauƙaƙa nauyin gudanarwa da na kuɗi a kan jihar. " Wannan harshe "yana kama da ba ya aiki da aikin rarraba amma a zahiri don ba da ƙarin ikon yin amfani da haƙƙin samun bayanai". [7], ana ba da wannan iyakance takamaiman tanadin PAIA ne kawai don "da yiwuwar za ta cancanta" majalisar ministoci na musamman ba.
PAIA ya dace da "rikodin" duk wani bayanin da aka rubuta, ba tare da la'akari da nau'i ko matsakaici ba, na jikin jama'a ko kuma masu zaman kansu, ba tare tare da la-akari da lokacin da rikodin ya kasance ba. Koyaya, don kiyaye ka'idojin ganowa ba tare da lalacewa ba, Dokar ba ta shafi bayanan da aka nema don manufar shari'a inda aka yi buƙata bayan fara aikata laifuka ko shari'ar farar hula da kuma samun damar yin rikodin "an bayar da shi a cikin kowane doka".
Samun damar samun bayanai na jihar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samun damar yin amfani da bayanan hukumomin jama'a ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 2 na Dokar. An bayyana jikin jama'a a sashi na 1 don haɗawa da dukkan sassan jiha ko gudanarwa a matakin ƙasa, lardin da na gida, da kuma kowane ma'aikaci ko ma'aikata da ke aiki dangane da kundin tsarin mulki ko "yi amfani da ikon jama'a ko yin aikin jama'a dangane da kowane doka". Koyaya, dangane da sashi na 12, Dokar ba ta shafi rikodin majalisar ministocin da kwamitocin ta. Sauran bayanan da aka cire su ne wadanda suka shafi
- ayyukan shari'a na kotuna da wasu kotuna;
- kowane memba na majalisa ko majalisun lardin a wannan matsayin; da
- yanke shawara na Hukumar Kula da Shari'a game da gabatarwa, zaɓe ko nadin.
Ana buƙatar bayanai ga jami'in bayanai na ƙungiyar jama'a. Jami'in yada labarai ya yi la'akari da buƙatar kuma ya sanar da wasu inda ya cancanta. Sashe na 11 ya bayyana cewa mai nema "dole ne" a ba shi damar yin amfani da rikodin jama'a idan an cika bukatun Dokar, kuma "idan ba a hana shi damar yin aiki ba dangane da kowane dalili don ƙin yarda. " Ba kamar matsayin da ke ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi ba, babu buƙatar mai nema ya nuna cewa bayanin ya zama dole don yin amfani ko kare haƙƙoƙi. A mafi yawancin, dole ne jama'a su saki bayanin idan ya shafi mai nema. Hakanan ana yin iyakantaccen tanadi don bayyana bayanai da son rai.
Da'awar cewa samun damar samun bayanai na hukuma kyauta wajibi ne ga lissafin jama'a kuma muhimmiyar fasalin dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani "dole ne a daidaita shi da buƙatar sirri a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro, alaƙar kasa da kasa da kuma inda bayanai ke da mutum ko kuma ana riƙe da amincewa". [7] Babi na 4 na PAIA ya lissafa dalilai da dama ga bayanan da aka nema dole ne ko kuma za a iya ƙin yarda da shi sai dai idan 'ya' yancin jama'a. Wasu daga cikin dalilan da aka tilasta kare sirrin mutane na halitta, bayanan da Hukumar Haraji ta Afirka ta Kudu ke riƙewa, bayanan da aka ba da dama daga samarwa a cikin shari'a da bayanan kasuwanci da wani ɓangare na uku ke riƙewa. Wannan na ƙarshe ya rufe asirin kasuwanci da sauran bayanan kuɗi, kasuwanci, kimiyya ko fasaha. A karkashin sashi na 23 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi, hukumomin jihar na iya kasancewa kuma ana buƙatar su bayyana takardun takaddun shaida don ba da damar mai fafatawa ya tantance ko an keta haƙƙinsa na aikin gudanarwa kawai. A karkashin PAIA, duk da haka, jihar za ta sami damar kin amincewa da buƙatar waɗannan bayanan idan sun ƙunshi bayanan kasuwanci na sirri.
Dangane da PAIA, dole ne a ki amincewa da samun damar samun bayanai idan bayyanarsa "za a iya sa ran ta yi barazana" ga lafiyar mutum, kuma ana iya ƙin yarda da ita idan bayyanarsa za ta iya lalata tsaron gini, tsarin kwamfuta, hanyar sufuri ko kowane tsarin don kare jama'a. Ana iya ƙin samun damar bayanai waɗanda za su bayyana hanyoyin bincike ko gurfanar da laifi, ko kuma suna iya nuna bambanci ga binciken aikata laifuka ko gurfanarwa. Bayanan da suka shafi tsaro, tsaro da alakar kasa da kasa na Jamhuriyar ba lallai ba ne a bayyana su. Ana iya ƙin buƙatun bayanai idan bayyanar ta kasance "da kayan aiki" don jefa lafiyar kuɗi na Jamhuriyar ko ikon gwamnati na sarrafa tattalin arziki. Ana iya ƙin buƙata inda rikodin ya ƙunshi ra'ayi ko rahoto wanda bayyanar "za a iya sa ran ya rushe tsarin shawarwari a cikin jama'a ko tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. " Ana iya ƙaryata buƙatun da "bayyane suke da banza ko damuwa".
A karkashin sashi na 81 (3) na PAIA, jam'iyyar da ta ƙi dole ne ta tabbatar da duk wani ƙin shiga. Wannan nauyin shaida ba a fitar da shi ba a cikin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu da Sauran da M & G Media Ltd, [8] wanda ya shafi rahoton manyan alƙalai biyu waɗanda Shugaban ya nemi su ziyarci Zimbabwe jim kadan kafin zaben shugaban kasa a 2002. "A mamaki," maimakon tabbatar da umarni don fitar da rahoton, yawancin Kotun Tsarin Mulki sun koma sashi na 80 na Dokar kuma sun tura batun zuwa Babban Kotun don ta bincika rahoton a asirce kuma ta yanke shawara.[9]
Samun damar samun bayanai a hannun masu zaman kansu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sashe na 3 na PAIA yana ba da tasiri ga dama a sashe na 32 (1) (b) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar samarwa a sashe 50 cewa mai nema "ya kamata a ba shi damar yin amfani da kowane rikodin mai zaman kansa" idan
- ana buƙatar rikodin don yin amfani ko kare kowane haƙƙi;
- an bi bukatun tsari da aka tsara a cikin Dokar; kuma
- Ba a hana samun damar yin rikodin a kan kowane dalili da aka jera a Babi na 4 na Sashe na 3.
Bukatar da ta shafi kariya ga haƙƙoƙi da aka yi amfani da ita gabaɗaya a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi amma yanzu an ƙuntata shi ga bayanan da ke hannun masu zaman kansu. "Da ya dace," [9] hukumomin masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarancin gaskiya fiye da hukumomin jama'a: "Sashin masu zaman kansu, a wasu kalmomi, yana da damar adana bayanan su ga kansu, sai dai idan ana buƙatar wannan bayanin don kare haƙƙoƙi. " [10] Koyaya, yanayin sirri na jiki ba shine mahimmancin mahimmanci ba. Sashe na 8 (1) na PAIA ya fahimci cewa jiki na iya zama "na jama'a" ko "mai zaman kansa" don dalilan Dokar dangane da ko rikodin da ake tambaya "ya danganta da yin amfani da iko ko aikin a matsayin jiki na jama'a ko a matsayin mai zaman kansa. " Misali, a cikin IDASA da ANC, inda masu neman neman shiga cikin bayanan gudummawa na wasu jam'iyyun siyasa, an yanke hukunci da su zama masu zaman kansu dangane da waɗannan rikodin.
"A bayyane yake," [9] an bayyana "mai nema" don haɗawa da "kungiyar jama'a ko jami'anta, " ma'ana cewa jihar tana da damar samun bayanai a hannun masu zaman kansu. Wannan sabon abu, "mafi rikitarwa," [9] "ba a buƙata" [9] ta hanyar sharuddan sashi na 32 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, amma abubuwan da Dokar da aka jera a sashi na 9 "sun ba da hujja ga shi. " [9] Sashe na 9 (c) ya nuna cewa manufar tsarin shine "don ba da tasiri ga wajibai na tsarin mulki na Jiha na inganta al'adun haƙƙin ɗan adam da adalci na zamantakewa. "
An bayyana wani kungiya mai zaman kanta a sashi na 1 na Dokar don rufe ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, mutane masu shari'a da mutane na halitta a cikin kasuwancin su ko ƙwarewar sana'a. Misalai na musamman na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da Dokar ta yi la'akari da su sune bankunan da ofisoshin bashi, waɗanda ke adana bayanan sirri game da samun kudin shiga, tarihin banki da ƙimar bashi na mutane - irin bayanan da ke da sauƙin cancanta a matsayin "abin da ake buƙata don yin amfani ko kare kowane haƙƙi" dangane da sashi na 50 (1) (a) na Dokar.
An yi muhawara mai yawa a cikin shari'o'in game da irin "yancin" da aka nufa da kuma a wane ma'anar dole ne a "bukata" bayanin don kariya. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi, a lokacin da cancantar ta shafi bayanan da jihar ke riƙe da su kuma suna magana ne musamman game da "yancinsa", akwai damuwa ta halitta don fassara "yancin" a ko'ina. Don haka a cikin Van Niekerk v Pretoria City Council Cameron J ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a fassara kalmar don haɗawa ba kawai da haƙƙoƙi a cikin Bill of Rights ba har ma da haƙƙin kwangila da na laifi game da jihar - hanyar da Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta goyi bayan a cikin Cape Metropolitan Council v Metro Inspection Services (Western Cape) CC.
"A buƙata" na iya nufin abubuwa da yawa, daga "matsayi" zuwa kawai "mai dacewa" zuwa kariya ga haƙƙoƙi. A cikin Clutchco (Pty) Ltd v Davis, kotun ta bincika dokar shari'ar kafin ta riƙe cewa "da ake buƙata," kuma ba "buhu ba," shine ma'anar da ta dace, "idan an fahimci cewa yana da fa'ida mai yawa ko wani abu na buƙata. " Duk da yake an gamsu da gwajin a wasu lokuta, kotuna sun yi amfani da shi sosai a wasu lokuta. Misali, gwajin bai gamsu ba a Asibitin Unitas da Van Wyk, inda mai amsawa na farko ya nemi rahoto game da yanayin jinya a asibitun don gina shari'ar sakaci a kansa. Brand JA ya nuna bukatar a matsayin daya don ganowa kafin mataki kuma ya gudanar da cewa amfani da sashi na 50 na PAIA don wannan dalili "ya kamata ya kasance banda maimakon doka. " Matsalar a cikin shari'ar IDASA, a gefe guda, ita ce masu neman ba su iya nuna yadda bayanan gudummawar wasu jam'iyyun siyasa zasu taimaka musu wajen aiwatar da ko kare duk wani haƙƙin da suka dogara da shi ba. Kamar yadda Griesel J ya gan shi, da gaske suna gwagwarmaya don ka'idar bayyanawa gaba ɗaya. Sun kasance "sun nuna, gabaɗaya, cewa wannan yana da kyau a kowane dimokuradiyya kuma zai zama mai fa'ida ga buɗewa, nuna gaskiya da lissafi".
Kare Dokar Bayanai ta Jiha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Jiha "ta tunatar da dokokin zamanin wariyar launin fata," Dokar Kare Bayani ta 84 ta 1982, wanda "watakila ba bai dace ba, domin Dokar ta haifar da babban kalubale ga haƙƙin samun bayanai [...] da kuma 'ka'idar bude adalci' wanda Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta gano kuma ta haɓaka shi a cikin jerin shari'o'i. [11] Daga cikin sauran abubuwa, Dokar ta ba da ga ɓangarorin ikon da ke da yawa don rarraba da hana bayanai a kan dalilai na tsaro kuma ta haifar da laifuka masu yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da manyan laifuka. "Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa tsakanin masu sharhi cewa yayin da ake buƙatar sabbin dokoki don magance bayanan da suka shafi tsaron kasa, a cikin amincewar mai ba da izini na yanzu wannan Dokar ba ta da bege kuma ba za ta iya wucewa da binciken tsarin mulki ba. "
Shahararrun shari'o'in kotu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ƙididdigar Zabe na da Kakakin
- Ƙididdigar Zaɓuɓɓuka na da Ministan Shari'a
- Arena Holdings v South African Revenue Service
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Budewa a Afirka ta Kudu
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Holt, DH 1997, Ka'idodin Gudanarwa da ayyuka, Prentice Hall, Sydney
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hoexter Administrative Law 94.
- ↑ Hoexter Administrative Law 94-95.
- ↑ Hoexter Administrative Law 95.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hoexter Administrative Law 96.
- ↑ Act 2 of 2000.
- ↑ s 12(a).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hoexter Administrative Law 97.
- ↑ 2011 (2) SA 1 (SCA).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Hoexter Administrative Law 100.
- ↑ Currie & De Waal 695.
- ↑ Hoexter Administrative Law 102.