Sepik-Ramu harsuna
Harsunan Sepik-Ramu tsohuwar wata iyali ce ta New Guinea da ke haɗa Sepik, Ramu, Nor-Pondo (Lower Sepik) , Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi) da Yuat, tare da yaren Taiap da aka ware, kuma Donald Laycock da John Z'graggen ne suka gabatar a shekarar ta 1975.
Sepik-Ramu zai kunshi harsuna ɗari na kogin Sepik da Ramu na arewacin Papua New Guinea, amma mutane 200,000 ne kawai ke magana. Harsunan suna da sauti mai sauƙi, tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyi ko wasula kuma yawanci babu sautuna.
Harshen Sepik-Ramu da aka fi sani da shi shine Iatmül . Mafi yawan jama'a sune yarukan Iatmül na Ndu Abelam da Boiken, tare da kusan masu magana 35,000 kowannensu.
Malcolm Ross da William A. Foley daban-daban sun sake kimanta ra'ayin Sepik-Ramu a cikin 2005. Dukansu biyu ba su sami wata hujja da ta nuna cewa ta zama iyali mai inganci ba. Koyaya, duk rassan da ke cikin Ramu, ban da Yuat a cikin Ramu. Ross ya haɗa Nor-Pondo zuwa Ramu a cikin shawarar Sepik_languages" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Ramu-Lower Sepik, ya sanya Leonhard Schultze (ya rabu da Walio da Papi) a cikin dangin Sepik, kuma yana bi da Yuat da Taiap a matsayin iyalai masu zaman kansu.
Rarraba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masanin ilimin kabilanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wannan jerin madubi ne na rarrabuwa a cikin Ethnologue 15.
Foley (2018)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙungiyoyin da Foley ya yarda da su (2018) sune: [1]
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Kwatanta kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Da ke ƙasa akwai kwatankwacin proto-Ndu, proto-Lower Sepik, da proto-Ottilian da aka sake ginawa kuma aka jera a cikin Foley (2005). [2]
Saboda bambancin ƙamus, Foley bai rarraba Sepik tare da Lower Sepik da Ramu ba.
Bayanan ƙamus da ke ƙasa sun fito ne daga bayanan Trans-New Guinea, Foley (2005), [2] da Usher (2020) (don Proto-Arafundi).
| iyali | harshe | kai | gashi | kunne | ido | hanci | hakora | harshe | kafafu | jini | kasusuwa | fata | nono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV (mb,p) utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; * (nd,s) umu (n,t) [V]; *zumun | *ka (nd,t) (i,e) C; *kat (i, e) C;*tVmV (d) | *g (a,u) mu; *ŋg (a,o) mu;* (ŋg,k) iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me (l,n) e; *me | *kani (n); *k (a,o) ond (a, o) C; *kitu | *ke (ñj,s) a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata (l,n) | *gatapu; * (ŋg,k) a (nd,t) apu | *amu |
| Yade | Nagastan | Kwatanta | An haifi nau'in nau'in | An yi amfani da shi a matsayin | na:ba | Ya yi amfani da shi | Sanyi a cikin | wi:nuʔ | Bikin:b̶u | žib̶uʔ | ma:ba | ||
| Busa | Odiai | owuna | etete | dinʌ | dena | wʌti | wuti | dʌgʌrʌ | Ąɔ | Ab̶uwibʌ | Tarihi | ną | |
| Amto-Musan | Amto | goma sha biyu | (biyu) iwɔ | kai | mo | ko | i | Hʌne; Hʌne | nʌkei | Ya kasance | ka | ne | |
| Amto-Musan | Siawi | nani | nanigi | eʔ | jagora | An yi amfani da shi a matsayin | ʔi | hanɛ | hařʔ | hařʔ | ʔaoko | ne | |
| Hagu Mayu | Bo | kʌmi | kʌmsiya | Gira | Tun da daɗewa | ki | ki | Yana da | Kowa | mutuk | tʌpɔ | Arewa | |
| Walio | Yawiyo (Yaren Wosawari) | Tiphafu | yei | Rashin tausayi | Bayanu | Tun da aka samu | nʌfe | tanotai | Teyuowa | Ihuwa | yatsunsu | uwa | |
| Babbar kaya | Babbar kaya | auwiyu | ařupisi | mʌgʌnaba | Rana ta rana | tʌnipɔku | Sunuwa | sakeyo | taneke | Nacitta | pʌsiyæ | abiyaiɔ | |
| Sepik, Abau | Abau | makwe | nwek | Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa | kasan | hanci | lafiya; lafiya | Sunɛ | nyoh | ayo; i | sata | mu | |
| Sepik da Iwam | Iwam | mu | wun | tsirara | sunaye | piknu | kwane | wərku; wɨrku | ko | Keew; Keew | Fuskar | sosai | |
| Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian | Chenapian | toapo; tuwap | Tawagar da ta yi adawa da ita; tawar | gwabuo; ugwabə | džinano; Ōninin | mɨnɨk; munɩk | ya ce; duɨʔ | zargi; sautin | sowanaup; šonawəp | ne; nəe | dža; ̆ | Halin da ake kira da kuma yin hakan | mu; muʔ |
| Sepik, Tama | Yessan-Mayo | Tara | wan wan | L'a; L'a | Har ila yau, har ila yau, | Lər; karanta | tawlə | towa; warə | bacci | Ya kasance | ya kasance | mu; mukw | |
| Sepik da Ram | Ruwa | nuraka | maroalaka | nowar | wolokə | Piyapa | laləmu | lalə | aywi | lakə | nəpyei | sosai | |
| Sepik, Kogin Yellow | Namia | magu | mak | eno | nəmala; nɨmala | pinarɨ; pinarə | lar lar | li:; lipala | norə | tafkin | urarə | mu | |
| Sepik da Ndu | Proto-Ndu[2] | *wan | *mɨyR | *tam (w) ə | *nɨmpɨy | *tɨkŋa | *mutumin | *apə | *mɨwɲ | ||||
| Sepik da Nukuma | Kwoma | masək | fu:; mabiya | mi: miyi | sumojɨ; sumwonj | pu; tarəkwi | kwunja; tarekwoy | Ya: ya; ya | pi | apo; hapa | Mace | Muk; muku | |
| Sepik da Sanio | Saniyo-Hiyewe | ka; ka yi amfani da shi | Mace da biyu; Mace da yawa | apahɛ; apaniyɛ | nihe; nihɛ | ɛrɛmɛ; ɛrɛmɛ | pi | sořowɛ; ittiwɛ | Lowe; Rowɛ | Fisa'i; Fisaʔi | paʔaře; pa'ra | Tahɛ | mo'u; moʔu |
| Sepik, Bahinemo | Bahinemo | thu | thunʌba | bʌsiya | Rashin | Ya kasance a cikin sa'a | pi | An yi amfani da shi | Wawa | Mahaifiyar Mahaifi | Hʌbi | Thʌbi | mosu |
| Sepik da Alamblak | Alamblak | Mʌbogath; Mʌ Bogath | thɨ'maʀ̌č; tʌmarts; thɨ'mʀ̌š | Yimbɣindang; Tarihin da aka yi | ɲinga; 'ɲiŋga]]; ningaw | 'hhušɨ ɨth; khus inyʌth; 'khučɨmɨth; kusm | Gwagwarmaya ta yi amfani da ita; Gwagwarmayar yi amfani da ta yi amfani | tor; torkh; 'dubban | Wʌlat; 'ya'yan itace; | Khukhupam; kɨ'khupham | Ta hanyar yin amfani da ita a cikin "Thai" | Ta yaya; ta'addanci | Mutanen da ke cikin rukuni na rukuni na biyu |
| Tayap | Tayap | Kokir | kokɨrŋgrɨt | Aiki ne kawai | Ginin | raw | sakewa | malɨt | Rubuce-rubuce | da kuma | Nɨ da | duka | min |
| Piawi | Haruai (Yaren Wiyaw) | 'Yana nufin' | Yahudawa | Sunanci | 'Momakh | haŋi'eth | kumazəmakχ | alə'bʌɲ | φa'leth | haɲ | jannah | JVHWW | kau |
| Piawi | Pinai-Hagahai (Yaren Aramo) | Ya ce | Yafin da aka yi | Rashin jituwa | Ana nuna alamar | nama' mai laushi | Sanya da yawa | su'ə; syê | Sa'ad da'a | ga'ja | Sanya' | Hotuna da aka yi | a'hu |
| Arafundi | -Arafundi [1] | *kopa | *tum[a] | *kund[a] | *pok | *kandz[a] | *taTumat[a] | *panamb[a] | *kombet- | *jekimb[a] | *kumb[a]-; *tut[a] | *ji[t/s] | |
| Yuat | Biwat | fop; fopeh | fufuimaivi; fufuimba | Matanhe; tundu | Sikiteh; sipta | An fara shi ne; sai dai | Ta yi tafiya; kuma ta yi tafiya | zama; kai | gambang; geambangeh | amberaeh; ambra | amfuva; amfuvaheh | gamfuin; iaveteh | meru; meruhe |
| Yuat | Kyenele (Yaren Miyak) | An yi amfani da shi | Fusibɩ | tandu | __hau____hau____hau__ Girman Girman Girma | Don haka za a iya yin amfani da shi | ŋandu | kuma | Gambaŋ | Tufafi | Amuwa | Ya kasance a cikin | Miřu |
| Ƙananan Sepik | Proto-Lower Sepik[2] | *kwand-; *kwandum | *tambri | *Saiŋk; *? *Sisiŋk | *minɨŋ; *minɨñk | *namuŋk | *ya-; *ya-r | *sariŋamp | *nɨŋgay; *nɨñkay | ||||
| Ramu | Ambakich (Yaren Arango) | katʃi | katʃokei | Kər | dun | Kɨpɨ | aurar | dubu | brip | ba tare da an yi amfani da shi ba | Karati | Okank ne | oɾitʃ |
| Ramu | Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay[2] | *kwar | *rəmeak | *ŋgum | *nda (r) | *mi (m) | *ko kuma? | *Lokacin | *mɨr |