Sukari
 sukari | |
|---|---|
excipient (en)  , group or class of chemical substances (en) , sweetener (en) da commodity (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
carbohydrate (en) |
| Suna saboda |
-ose (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) |
hygroscopy (en) |
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Sukari ko suga, Siga sinadarin dandanone wanda ake amfani dashi wajen zaƙaƙa abu musamman kayan sha, kuma ana samarda shine daga rake sai a sarrafashi zuwa suga ta hanyar matse ruwan raken.
Chemistry
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A fan kimiyya, sukari yana nufin mahadi da yawa yawanci tare da tsari (CH2) n. Wasu manyan nau'ikan sukari, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa na nauyin kwayoyin sune monosaccharides, disakacharides ko oligosaccharids.
Monosaccharides
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Monosaccharides kuma ana kiransu "sugar mai sauƙi", mafi mahimmanci shine Glucose. Yawancin monosaccharides suna da tsari wanda ya dace da CnH2nOn tare da n tsakanin 3 da 7 (deoxyribose ya kasance banda). Glucose yana da Tsarin kwayoyin C6H12O6. Sunayen sukari na yau da kullun sun ƙare da -ose, kamar yadda yake a cikin "glucose" da "fructose". Irin waɗannan alamomi na iya nufin kowane nau'in waɗannan mahadi. Fructose, galactose da glucose duk sukari ne mai sauƙi, monosaccharides, tare da tsari na . Suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda bear (−OH) da ƙungiyar carbonyl (C=O) kuma suna da cyclic lokacin da aka narke su cikin ruwa. Kowannensu ya wanzu a matsayin isomers da yawa tare da siffofin dextro- da laevo-rotatory waɗanda ke haifar da hasken polarised ya rabu zuwa dama ko hagu.
- Fructose, ko sukari na 'ya'yan itace, yana faruwa ne a cikin 'ya'ya itatuwa, wasu kayan lambu, sukari da zuma kuma shine mafi zuma daga cikin sukari. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sukari ko sukari na tebur. Ana amfani dashi azaman syrup mai tsami, wanda aka ƙera shi daga starch na masara wanda aka sarrafa shi don samar da syrup na masara, tare da enzymes sannan aka kara don canza wani ɓangare na glucose zuwa fructose.
- Galactose gabaɗaya ba ya faruwa a cikin jihar kyauta amma yana da ƙwayoyin glucose na lactose disaccharide ko sukari na madara. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose. Yana da wani bangare na antigens da aka samu a saman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke ƙayyade Ƙungiyoyin jini.
- Glucose yana faruwa ta halitta a cikin 'ya'yan itace da ruwan 'ya'ya kuma shine samfurin farko na photosynthesis. Starch yana canzawa zuwa glucose yayin narkewa, kuma glucose shine nau'in sukari wanda ake jigilar shi a jikin dabbobi a cikin jini. Kodayake a ka'ida akwai enantiomers guda biyu na glucose (hotunan madubi ɗaya daga ɗayan), glucose da ke faruwa na halitta shine D-glucose. Wannan kuma ana kiransa dextrose, ko sukari na inabi saboda bushe ruwan inabi yana samar da lu'ulu'u na dextrose wanda za'a iya sieved daga sauran abubuwan.[1]
acyclic monosaccharides (da disaccharides) suna dauke da ko dai kungiyoyin aldehyde ko kungiyoyin ketone. Wadannan haɗin carbon-oxygen guda biyu (C = O) sune cibiyoyin amsawa. Dukkanin saccharides tare da zobe fiye da ɗaya a cikin tsarin su sun fito ne daga biyu ko fiye da monosaccharides da aka haɗa da haɗin glycosidic tare da asarar kwayar ruwa (H2O) ta hanyar haɗin.
Rashin jinin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lactose, maltose da sucrose sune disaccharides, wanda kuma ake kira "sukari mai hade". Suna raba dabarar C12H22O11. Ana samar da su ta hanyar daskarewar ƙwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu tare da fitar da kwayar ruwa.
- Lactose shine sukari na halitta wanda aka samu a cikin madara. Kwayar lactose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar galactose tare da kwayar glucose. Ana rushe shi lokacin da enzyme lactase ya cinye shi a cikin sassansa yayin narkewa. Yara suna da wannan enzyme, amma wasu manya ba sa samar da shi kuma ba sa iya narke lactose.
- An kafa malt" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maltose">Maltose a lokacin tsiro na wasu hatsi, wanda ya fi shahara shine sha'ir, wanda aka canza shi zuwa malt, tushen sunan sukari. Kwayar maltose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose, fructose ko sucrose. An kafa shi a cikin jiki yayin narkewar starch ta hanyar enzyme amylase kuma an rushe shi a lokacin narkewa ta hanyar enymer maltase.
- Ana samun sukari a cikin rassan sukari da tushen sukari. Hakanan yana faruwa ta halitta tare da fructose da glucose a wasu tsire-tsire, musamman 'ya'yan itatuwa da wasu tushen kamar carot. Rarraba daban-daban na sukari da aka samu a cikin waɗannan abinci yana ƙayyade kewayon zaki da aka samu yayin cin su.[2] Kwayar Sucrose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar glucose tare da kwayar fructose. Bayan an ci shi, an raba sucrose zuwa sassan da ke tattare da shi yayin narkewa ta hanyar enzymes da yawa da aka sani da sucrases.
Polysaccharides
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Oligosaccharides da polysaccharides sun fi disaccharides tsayi. Cellulose da chitin polymers ne, galibi suna da lu'ulu'u, waɗanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da kwari daban-daban, bi da bi. Ba a iya narkar da cellulose kai tsaye ta dabbobi. Sitaci wani polymer ne mai kama da glucose wanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar sukari.
Chemistry
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A fan kimiyya, sukari yana nufin mahadi da yawa yawanci tare da tsari (CH2) n. Wasu manyan nau'ikan sukari, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa na nauyin kwayoyin sune monosaccharides, disakacharides ko oligosaccharids.
Monosaccharides
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Monosaccharides kuma ana kiransu "sugar mai sauƙi", mafi mahimmanci shine Glucose. Yawancin monosaccharides suna da tsari wanda ya dace da CnH2nOn tare da n tsakanin 3 da 7 (deoxyribose ya kasance banda). Glucose yana da Tsarin kwayoyin C6H12O6. Sunayen sukari na yau da kullun sun ƙare da -ose, kamar yadda yake a cikin "glucose" da "fructose". Irin waɗannan alamomi na iya nufin kowane nau'in waɗannan mahadi. Fructose, galactose da glucose duk sukari ne mai sauƙi, monosaccharides, tare da tsari na . Suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda bear (−OH) da ƙungiyar carbonyl (C=O) kuma suna da cyclic lokacin da aka narke su cikin ruwa. Kowannensu ya wanzu a matsayin isomers da yawa tare da siffofin dextro- da laevo-rotatory waɗanda ke haifar da hasken polarised ya rabu zuwa dama ko hagu.
- Fructose, ko sukari na 'ya'yan itace, yana faruwa ne a cikin 'ya'ya itatuwa, wasu kayan lambu, sukari da zuma kuma shine mafi zuma daga cikin sukari. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sukari ko sukari na tebur. Ana amfani dashi azaman syrup mai tsami, wanda aka ƙera shi daga starch na masara wanda aka sarrafa shi don samar da syrup na masara, tare da enzymes sannan aka kara don canza wani ɓangare na glucose zuwa fructose.
- Galactose gabaɗaya ba ya faruwa a cikin jihar kyauta amma yana da ƙwayoyin glucose na lactose disaccharide ko sukari na madara. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose. Yana da wani bangare na antigens da aka samu a saman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke ƙayyade Ƙungiyoyin jini.
- Glucose yana faruwa ta halitta a cikin 'ya'yan itace da ruwan 'ya'ya kuma shine samfurin farko na photosynthesis. Starch yana canzawa zuwa glucose yayin narkewa, kuma glucose shine nau'in sukari wanda ake jigilar shi a jikin dabbobi a cikin jini. Kodayake a ka'ida akwai enantiomers guda biyu na glucose (hotunan madubi ɗaya daga ɗayan), glucose da ke faruwa na halitta shine D-glucose. Wannan kuma ana kiransa dextrose, ko sukari na inabi saboda bushe ruwan inabi yana samar da lu'ulu'u na dextrose wanda za'a iya sieved daga sauran abubuwan.[3]
Monosaccharides masu acyclic (da disaccharides) suna ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin aldehyde ko ƙungiyoyin ketone. Waɗannan haɗin gwiwa biyu na carbon-oxygen (C=O) sune cibiyoyin amsawa. Duk saccharides masu zobe fiye da ɗaya a cikin tsarinsu suna fitowa ne daga monosaccharides guda biyu ko fiye da suka haɗu da haɗin gwiwar glycosidic tare da asarar kwayar ruwa (H
2O) a kowace haɗin gwiwa.
Rashin jinin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lactose, maltose da sucrose sune disaccharides, wanda kuma ake kira "sukari mai hade". Suna raba dabarar C12H22O11. Ana samar da su ta hanyar daskarewar ƙwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu tare da fitar da kwayar ruwa.
- Lactose shine sukari na halitta wanda aka samu a cikin madara. Kwayar lactose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar galactose tare da kwayar glucose. Ana rushe shi lokacin da enzyme lactase ya cinye shi a cikin sassansa yayin narkewa. Yara suna da wannan enzyme, amma wasu manya ba sa samar da shi kuma ba sa iya narke lactose.
- An kafa malt" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maltose">Maltose a lokacin tsiro na wasu hatsi, wanda ya fi shahara shine sha'ir, wanda aka canza shi zuwa malt, tushen sunan sukari. Kwayar maltose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose, fructose ko sucrose. An kafa shi a cikin jiki yayin narkewar starch ta hanyar enzyme amylase kuma an rushe shi a lokacin narkewa ta hanyar enymer maltase.
- Ana samun sukari a cikin rassan sukari da tushen sukari. Hakanan yana faruwa ta halitta tare da fructose da glucose a wasu tsire-tsire, musamman 'ya'yan itatuwa da wasu tushen kamar carot. Rarraba daban-daban na sukari da aka samu a cikin waɗannan abinci yana ƙayyade kewayon zaki da aka samu yayin cin su.[2] Kwayar Sucrose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar glucose tare da kwayar fructose. Bayan an ci shi, an raba sucrose zuwa sassan da ke tattare da shi yayin narkewa ta hanyar enzymes da yawa da aka sani da sucrases.
Polysaccharides
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Oligosaccharides da polysaccharides sun fi disaccharides tsayi. Cellulose da chitin polymers ne, galibi suna da lu'ulu'u, waɗanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da kwari daban-daban, bi da bi. Ba a iya narkar da cellulose kai tsaye ta dabbobi. Sitaci wani polymer ne mai kama da glucose wanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar sukari.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Teller, George L. (January 1918). "Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet". The American Food Journal: 23–24. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Manual". - ↑ Teller, George L. (January 1918). "Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet". The American Food Journal: 23–24. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.