Duba tsatso na Sulis

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[[File:Minerva_Sulis.jpg|thumb| Gilt tagulla shugaban daga al'ada mutum-mutumi na Sulis Minerva daga Haikali a Bath, samu a Stall Street a 1727 kuma yanzu nuna kuma a Roman Baths (Bath) .]]
[[File:19920402-Sulis Minerva-Bath-Foto GideonvAsdaena.jpg|thumb|hoton sylis gunki]]
[[Fayil:Bronze head of Sulis Minerva at Roman Baths.jpg|thumb|Sulis]]
[[Fayil:Sulis Minerva head Bath.jpg|thumb|abun bautane]]
[[Fayil:Via Vincenzo Sulis (Cagliari).jpg|thumb|Via Vincenzo Sulis]]
A cikin mushrikan Celtic na gida da ake yi a [[Birtaniya]] '''Sulis''' wani abin bautawa ne da ake bautawa a wurin bazara na Bath (yanzu a Somerset ). Romano-British ne ya bauta mata a matsayin Sulis Minerva, wanda abubuwan da aka rubuta da kuma allunan dalma da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa an haife ta duka biyu a matsayin allahiya mai gina jiki, mai ba da rai kuma a matsayin wakili mai tasiri na la'anar da masu rinjayenta ke so. <ref>Joyce Reynolds and Terence Volk, "Review: Gifts, Curses, Cult and Society at Bath", reviewing ''The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath'': vol. 2 ''The Finds from the Sacred Spring'', in ''Britannia'' '''21''' (1990:379-391).</ref>

== Asalin kalma ==
Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar sunan ''Sulis'' ya kasance batun muhawara, amma yarjejeniya mai tasowa tsakanin masana ilimin harshe game da sunan a matsayin haɗin ''gwiwa'' tare da tsohon Irish súil ("ido, gani"). {{Sfn|Delamarre|2003}} {{Sfn|Lambert|2008}} 

Tushen Proto-Celtic ''gama gari *sūli-'', masu alaƙa da ire-iren kalmomin Indo-Turai don “rana” (cf. Homeric Greek ηέλιος, Sanskrit ''sūryah'', daga c ''* suh <sub>2</sub> lio-'') kuma an ba da shawarar, {{Sfn|Delamarre|2003}} kodayake kalmomin Brittonic na "rana" (Old Breton ''houl'', Old Welsh ''heul'') yana nuna diphthong wanda ba ya nan daga ''Sulis'' kuma suna ba a ba da shaida a matsayin nau'i na mata ko tare da ''-i-'' inflection . {{Sfn|Lambert|2008}} Pierre-Yves Lambert yayi jayayya da sigar Proto-Celtic ''* su-wli-'', wanda ya ƙunshi prefix ''su-'' ("mai kyau") a haɗe zuwa jigon fi'ili na Celtic ''* wel-'' ("gani"). {{Sfn|Delamarre|2003}}

Sunan sirri na tsakiyar Welsh ''Sulgen'' (< ''Sulien'' ; "an haife shi daga Sulis") da sunan sirri na Breton ''Sul'', wanda wani waliyyi na gida ya haifa, suna da alaƙa. {{Sfn|Lambert|2008}}

== Cult a Bath ==
Sulis ita ce allahn gida na maɓuɓɓugan zafi wanda har yanzu ke ciyar da wuraren wanka a Bath, wanda [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] suka kira ''Aquae Sulis'' ("ruwa na Sulis"). <ref>The standard introduction to the archaeology and architectural reconstruction of the sanctuary, with its classic temple raised on a podium at the center, and the monumental baths, with the sacred spring between them, is [[Barry Cunliffe]], ed. ''Roman Bath'' (Oxford University Press) 1969.</ref> Wataƙila an girmama Sulis a matsayin allahntaka mai warkarwa, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na iya warkar da wahala ta jiki ko ta ruhaniya.  A cewar masanin Miranda Green, al'adun Sulis a Bath yana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar karni na huɗu AZ.  Sunanta da farko ya bayyana a rubuce-rubucen da aka gano a wani yanki mai faɗi a wurinta a Bath, tare da misali guda ɗaya kawai a wajen [[Birtaniya]] a Alzey, [[Jamus]].  
[[File:The_Great_Bath_of_the_Roman_Baths_at_Bath.jpg|thumb| Duban sama na Babban Baho na Ruman Baths a Bath]]
A haikalin Romawa da ke Bath, ƙarin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da aka yi a wurin bagadin sun nuna cewa hadaya tana da babban sashe na bautar allahiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=218–219}}</ref> Wataƙila an yi amfani da wurin da ke kewaye da bagadin don yin jerin gwano da hadayun nama da ruwaye na jama'a. <ref name=":1" /> Yawancin abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bazara sun ƙunshi tsabar kudi da allunan la'ana (duba: Allunan da aka rubuta), tare da tsabar kuɗin Roma sama da dubu goma sha biyu da rabi da tsabar Celtic goma sha takwas da aka samu a cikin tafki. <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, an kuma dawo da abubuwa waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance na sirri, kamar kayan ado, duwatsu masu daraja, faranti, kwano, kayan soja, kayan katako da fata. <ref name=":1" />

Tasoshin Pewter da aka samu a cikin tafki na bazara ya sa wasu masana suka kammala cewa hulɗar jiki da ruwa na iya zama mahimmanci don canja wurin kayan warkarwa, tare da waɗannan tasoshin ana amfani da su don zubar da ruwa a kan jikin baƙi. 

Daga shaidar rubutun jana'izar da aka gano a wurin, ya bayyana cewa maziyartan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki na iya haɗawa da sojoji da suka yi ritaya, sojoji masu yin yawon buɗe ido, da/ko sojoji masu neman taimako daga rauni ko rashin lafiya.  Domin samun kuɗin rubutun, waɗanda suka rubuta ziyararsu da bagadai ko duwatsun kaburbura wataƙila sun kasance suna da matsayi mafi girma. <ref name=":83" />

Haikali zuwa Sulis Minerva an san shi da ƙona gawayi a cikin bagadin wuta maimakon itace.  Da bayi ko bayi ne suka kawo wannan gawayi, waɗanda kuma za su taimaka wajen tsaftacewa da hidimar abinci na ibada. <ref name=":4" />

Mutum - mutumin al'adun gargajiya na Sulis Minerva "ya bayyana an lalata shi da gangan" wani lokaci daga baya Antiquity, watakila ta hanyar maharan barasa, masu kishin Kirista, ko wasu sojojin. <ref>[http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/ The Official Roman Baths Museum Web Site in the City of Bath]</ref>

=== Allunan da aka rubuta ===
 
Kimanin allunan la'ana guda 130, galibi ana magana da Sulis, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a wuraren wanka na Romawa a Bath.  Yawanci, rubutun akan allunan da aka miƙa wa Sulis yana da alaƙa da sata; misali, na ƴan kuɗi kaɗan ko tufafi daga gidan wanka. A bayyane yake, daga salon Latin da aka yi amfani da shi (" British Latin ") da aka yi amfani da shi, cewa yawancin allunan sun fito ne daga al'ummar ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1–26}}</ref> A cikin tsari, sau da yawa na doka, yare, allunan sun yi kira ga allahn Sulis da ta hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin da aka sani ko ba a san su ba har sai an biya su. Ana buƙatar Sulis yawanci don cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mai laifi, ta hanyar hana barci, ta hanyar sa ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun su ƙare ko ma mutuwa. Wadannan wahalhalu za su gushe ne kawai idan aka mayar da dukiyar ga mai shi ko kuma a zubar da ita yadda mai shi ke so, sau da yawa ta hanyar sadaukar da ita ga baiwar Allah.  Wata saƙo da aka samu a kan kwamfutar hannu a cikin Haikali a Bath (da zarar an canza lambar) ta karanta: "Docimedis ya rasa safar hannu guda biyu kuma ya nemi barawon da ke da alhakin ya rasa tunaninsu [''sic''] da idanu a cikin haikalin allahiya." 
[[File:RIB155Bath.jpg|left|thumb| Epitaph na Latin na Gaius Calpurnius, firist na Sulis a Bath, wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 75 kuma matarsa, 'yar 'yanci ta tuna da shi ]]
Ana yawan rubuta allunan a cikin lamba, ta hanyar haruffa ko kalmomi da ake rubuta su a baya; Za a iya jujjuya tsarin kalmomi kuma ana iya rubuta layi a madadin kwatance, daga hagu zuwa dama sannan dama zuwa hagu (boustrophedon). Duk da yake mafi yawan rubutu daga Roman [[Birtaniya]] suna cikin Latin, rubutun biyu da aka samo a nan, waɗanda aka rubuta akan zanen gado, suna cikin yaren da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama Brythonic. Su ne kawai misalan rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan harshe da aka taɓa samu. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=18–35}}</ref>

Kwamfutar kwanan wata daya tilo na tarin ita ce kwamfutar hannu Bath 94, kodayake ba a bayar da shekara tare da ranar da wata ba.  Ana iya fahimtar wannan, ko da yake, idan aka kwatanta da rubutun hannu da aka yi amfani da su a kan wasu allunan, wanda ya tashi daga 'Tsohon lankwasa' na Romawa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ zuwa 'Sabuwar lasifikan Romawa' na ƙarni na huɗu AD. <ref name=":0" /> Kamar yadda Tomlin ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2020, wannan yana nuna shaharar rubutun, sabili da haka yuwuwar yarda da ingancin su, na aƙalla ƙarni biyu. <ref name=":0" />

== Syncretism tare da Minerva ==
A Bath, an keɓe haikalin Roman ga Sulis Minerva a matsayin babban abin bautar haikalin. Wataƙila sadaukarwa ga Sulis ta wanzu a Bath kafin kasancewar Roman a yankin, ta ƙabilar Celtic Dobunni na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun yi imani cewa Sulis yana da ikon warkarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=285–286}}</ref> Kasancewar Sulis kafin zuwan Romawa kuma an ba da shawarar ta hanyar gano tsabar shekarun Celtic Iron Age goma sha takwas a mafi ƙanƙanta matakan rukunin yanar gizon, kamar yadda Barry Cunliffe ya rubuta a cikin 1988.  Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa aka fara suna Sulis a cikin syncretic Sulis Minerva.  Ta hanyar Roman Minerva syncresis, daga baya masana tatsuniyoyi sun gano cewa Sulis ma allahiya ce ta hikima da yanke shawara.

Daga cikin bagadai 17 na sadaukarwa da sansanonin da aka samu a haikalin Roman a Bath, 9 sun kori Sulis Minerva ta hanyar sunanta ɗaya ko biyu. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|url-status=218–219}}</ref> Musamman, akwai bagadai guda biyu da aka samo a Cross Bath (RIB 146)  da Hot Bath (RIB 150)  shafukan bi da bi, waɗanda ke jera 'Sulis Minerva' a cikakke. <ref name=":12" /> Bagadin da aka samu a Bath mai zafi yana karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cika alkawarinsa" (RIB 150). <ref name=":2" />
[[File:Roman_baths_2014_53.jpg|thumb| Bagadi daga Wurin wanka mai zafi, wanda ya karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cancanci cika alkawarinsa."]]
Sulis ba shine kawai allahn da ke nuna syncretism tare da Minerva ba. Sunan Senua ya bayyana a kan allunan zabe masu ɗauke da hoton Minerva,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} yayin da Brigantia kuma yana raba halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Minerva. Gano gumakan Celtic da yawa tare da allahn Romawa ɗaya ba sabon abu bane (dukansu Mars da Mercury an haɗa su tare da yawan sunayen Celtic). A gefe guda, alloli na Celtic sun yi tsayayya da syncretism; Sulis Minerva yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka tabbatar da haɗin kai na allahn Celtic tare da takwararta na Romawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}

Sadaukarwa ga “ Minerva ” na gama-gari a cikin [[Birtaniya]] da nahiyar [[Turai]], galibi ba tare da wani taswirar Celtic ko fassarar ba (cf. Belisama don banda ɗaya).

== Ubangijin rana ==
Dangane da ilimin asalin sunanta, da kuma wasu halaye da yawa, kamar haɗin gwiwa tare da gani, dokokin jama'a, da abubuwan da suka shafi haske, an fassara Sulis a matsayin allahntakar rana, aƙalla a zamanin Romawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}Wasu masu bincike sun kara ba da shawara a matsayin ''de facto'' Celtic hasken rana allahntaka, hade  suna zama shaida na allahiya a wani wuri. <ref>[[Patricia Monaghan]], ''The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore'', page 433.</ref> <ref>Kotch, John T., ''Celtic Culture: Aberdeen breviary-celticism'', page 1636.</ref>

== Ibadar zamani ==
Sulis yana da adadin masu bauta na zamani a tsakanin al'ummomin Wiccan da arna. <ref name="bowman" /> Tun daga shekarun 1998, wasu mutane har yanzu suna ajiye hadayu a cikin ruwan wanka na Romawa.  Gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana ƙarfafa baƙi su jefa tsabar kudi a cikin Bakin Da'ira, wanda aka tattara kuma ana amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin Bath Archaeological Trust. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=25–31}}</ref>

== Sulis a cikin Art da Epigraphy ==

=== Sulis Minerva shugaban ===
An gano wani shugaban tagulla na allahiya Sulis Minerva a cikin Bath a cikin shekarar 1727 (duba saman dama), wanda mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga wani mutum-mutumi na al'ada da ke tsaye a cikin haikalinta, kusa da Bahar Mai Tsarki.  Wataƙila wannan mutum-mutumin an ajiye shi a cikin farfajiyar Haikali daga wurin bagaden hadaya. <ref name=":3" /> Mutum-mutumin na iya kasancewa samfuri na harsashin ginin [[Rum]], tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na farko AZ. <ref name=":3" /> Akwai wasu sanannun gilt tagulla guda biyu ne kawai daga Roman Birtaniyya. <ref name=":3" />

=== Haikali Pediment da Gorgon ta Head ===
An gano shi a cikin shekarar 1790, wannan pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva yana da babban kan Gorgon a tsakiyarsa.  Wataƙila an [[sassaƙa]] shi a ƙarni na farko AZ, da ’yan fasaha daga arewacin Gaul. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|url-status=99–118}}</ref> Asali a tsayin mita goma sha biyar, da ginshiƙai guda huɗu suna goyan bayan pediment ɗin. <ref name=":32" /> Har ila yau, akwai hotuna da yawa masu raka a kan pediment, irin su Tritons (masu bautar rabin kifi da rabin maza zuwa Neptune), hular fuska mai kama da kan dolphin, ƙaramin mujiya, da Nasarar mata da ke tsaye a kan globes. <ref name=":32" />
[[File:'Gorgon's_Head'_-_Bath_Temple_Pediment.jpg|thumb| Pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva a Bath]]
Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton tsakiya, yana ba da sunan sunan, shine cewa kai yana wakiltar Gorgon na tatsuniya.  Kamar yadda tarihin [[Gerkanci|Girkanci]] ke da shi, jarumi Perseus ya kashe Gorgon kuma ya ba da kai ga Athena, wanda ya sa shi a kan sulke. Don haka, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin Gorgon zuwa gunkin Sulis Minerva (Minerva kasancewar Roman daidai da Girkanci Athena). <ref name=":33" /> Yayin da Gorgon a kan pediment namiji ne kuma Gorgon tatsuniya mace ce, an nuna cewa an canza hoton pediment don nuna haɗe-haɗe na salon Celtic da na gargajiya. <ref name=":33" />

Wani fassarar kuma ita ce shugaban tsakiya yana nuna allahn ruwa, saboda kamanceceniya da sauran alloli na ruwa daga Biritaniya. Alal misali, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna wani tasa na azurfa daga Mindenhall wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus. 
[[File:Mildenhall_treasure_great_dish_british_museum.JPG|thumb| Azurfa tasa wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus daga dukiyar Mildenhall da aka samu a Suffolk, Ingila, a cikin 1942 ko 1943.]]
A cikin labarin 2016, Eleri H. Cousins sun yi jayayya cewa yawancin hotuna a kan pediment za a iya danganta su da alamar mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Nasara, itacen oak da kuma tauraron a koli. <ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|url-status=99–118}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Cousins sun haskaka wasu misalan irin abubuwan gine-gine na ƙarni na farko da na biyu, musamman hotunan Gorgon da aka samu a Gaul da [[Ispaniya|Spain]], don nuna cewa an yi amfani da Forum na Augustus a Roma a matsayin babban nau'i na archetype. <ref name=":72" /> A cewar Cousins, pediment da hotunansa ba kawai 'Romawa' ko 'Celtic' ba ne, amma sun samo asali ne daga cakuda salo da ra'ayoyi daga "na gida zuwa daular". <ref name=":72" />

=== Tushen Mutum-mutumi mai kama da Altar ===
An sami ginin mutum-mutumi mai kama da bagadi a kan shimfidar da ke kusa da matakan Haikali na Sulis Minerva.  Tushen yana karanta, "Ga gunkin Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, boka, ya ba (wannan) kyauta" (RIB III, 3049).  Wannan shine kawai sanannen misali na haruspex, ko ƙwararriyar duba wanda ya fassara haƙoran dabbobi da aka sadaukar, daga [[Birtaniya]]. <ref name=":5" /> Rubutun asali ya yi amfani da gajarta 'HAR' don bambanta Memor a matsayin haruspex, amma ya bayyana akwai ƙarin haruffan 'VSP' daga baya. <ref name=":02" /> Wannan yana iya kasancewa ƙoƙari ne na bayyana matsayinsa fiye da 'boka' na yau da kullun, kuma yana nuna cewa Memor bazai kasance a haɗe da haikalin da kansa ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya kasance memba na ma'aikatan gwamna. <ref name=":5" />

=== Altar-kamar Dutsen kabari ===
Wannan kabari mai kama da bagadi (duba sama a hagu) an same shi tare da kayan cinerary guda biyu a wajen birnin Bath,  a cikin Ikklesiya ta Bathwick, mita 800 arewa-gabas da wuraren wanka na [[Roman]].  Dutsen kabari ya karanta, "Ga ruhohin da suka tafi; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, firist na allahiya Sulis, ya rayu shekaru 75; Calpurnia Trifosa, 'yar'uwarsa (da) matarsa, ya kafa wannan" (RIB 155). <ref name=":6" /> Sunan gwauruwa Receptus, Trifosa, Hellenanci ne kuma yana nufin 'De Luxe', kuma da alama an ba ta suna lokacin da take bawa, kafin ta 'yanta ta kuma auri tsohon mai gidanta, firist Receptus. <ref name=":03" />

== Sulis a Adabin Zamani ==
Sulis ya dauki hankalin marubuta da masu ba da labari da yawa. 

Sulis da Roman Baths an sake yin tunani a cikin ayyukan almara na tarihi masu zuwa:

* ''Ruwan Sul'' (1989) - Moyra Caldecott
* ''Sirrin Flavia'' (2008) - Lindsay Townsend
* ''Crown na Acorns'' (2010) - Catherine Fisher
* ''Mai La'anta'' (2011) - Kelli Stanley
* ''Memento Mori: Littafin Laifi na Daular Roma'' (2018) - Ruth Downie

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin gumakan hasken rana
* Dutsen Solsbury
* Ruwa da addini

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Littafi Mai Tsarki ===

* {{Cite book|last3=Xavier Delamarre}}
* {{Cite journal|last6=Pierre-Yves Lambert|url-status=89–101}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Commons category-inline|Sulis}}{{Celtic mythology (ancient)}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]