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Sulis

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Sulis
Rayuwa
Sana'a
Gilt tagulla shugaban daga al'ada mutum-mutumi na Sulis Minerva daga Haikali a Bath, samu a Stall Street a 1727 kuma yanzu nuna kuma a Roman Baths (Bath) .
hoton sylis gunki
Sulis
abun bautane
Via Vincenzo Sulis
Sulis

A cikin mushrikan Celtic na gida da ake yi a Birtaniya Sulis wani abin bautawa ne da ake bautawa a wurin bazara na Bath (yanzu a Somerset ). Romano-British ne ya bauta mata a matsayin Sulis Minerva, wanda abubuwan da aka rubuta da kuma allunan dalma da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa an haife ta duka biyu a matsayin allahiya mai gina jiki, mai ba da rai kuma a matsayin wakili mai tasiri na la'anar da masu rinjayenta ke so. [1]

Asalin kalma

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Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar sunan Sulis ya kasance batun muhawara, amma yarjejeniya mai tasowa tsakanin masana ilimin harshe game da sunan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon Irish súil ("ido, gani"). [2] [3]

Tushen Proto-Celtic gama gari *sūli-, masu alaƙa da ire-iren kalmomin Indo-Turai don “rana” (cf. Homeric Greek ηέλιος, Sanskrit sūryah, daga c * suh 2 lio-) kuma an ba da shawarar, [2] kodayake kalmomin Brittonic na "rana" (Old Breton houl, Old Welsh heul) yana nuna diphthong wanda ba ya nan daga Sulis kuma suna ba a ba da shaida a matsayin nau'i na mata ko tare da -i- inflection . [3] Pierre-Yves Lambert yayi jayayya da sigar Proto-Celtic * su-wli-, wanda ya ƙunshi prefix su- ("mai kyau") a haɗe zuwa jigon fi'ili na Celtic * wel- ("gani"). [2]

Sunan sirri na tsakiyar Welsh Sulgen (< Sulien ; "an haife shi daga Sulis") da sunan sirri na Breton Sul, wanda wani waliyyi na gida ya haifa, suna da alaƙa. [3]

Cult a Bath

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Sulis ita ce allahn gida na maɓuɓɓugan zafi wanda har yanzu ke ciyar da wuraren wanka a Bath, wanda Romawa suka kira Aquae Sulis ("ruwa na Sulis"). [4] Wataƙila an girmama Sulis a matsayin allahntaka mai warkarwa, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na iya warkar da wahala ta jiki ko ta ruhaniya. A cewar masanin Miranda Green, al'adun Sulis a Bath yana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar karni na huɗu AZ. Sunanta da farko ya bayyana a rubuce-rubucen da aka gano a wani yanki mai faɗi a wurinta a Bath, tare da misali guda ɗaya kawai a wajen Birtaniya a Alzey, Jamus.

Duban sama na Babban Baho na Ruman Baths a Bath

A haikalin Romawa da ke Bath, ƙarin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da aka yi a wurin bagadin sun nuna cewa hadaya tana da babban sashe na bautar allahiya. [5] Wataƙila an yi amfani da wurin da ke kewaye da bagadin don yin jerin gwano da hadayun nama da ruwaye na jama'a. [5] Yawancin abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bazara sun ƙunshi tsabar kudi da allunan la'ana (duba: Allunan da aka rubuta), tare da tsabar kuɗin Roma sama da dubu goma sha biyu da rabi da tsabar Celtic goma sha takwas da aka samu a cikin tafki. [5] Bugu da ƙari, an kuma dawo da abubuwa waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance na sirri, kamar kayan ado, duwatsu masu daraja, faranti, kwano, kayan soja, kayan katako da fata. [5]

Tasoshin Pewter da aka samu a cikin tafki na bazara ya sa wasu masana suka kammala cewa hulɗar jiki da ruwa na iya zama mahimmanci don canja wurin kayan warkarwa, tare da waɗannan tasoshin ana amfani da su don zubar da ruwa a kan jikin baƙi.

Daga shaidar rubutun jana'izar da aka gano a wurin, ya bayyana cewa maziyartan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki na iya haɗawa da sojoji da suka yi ritaya, sojoji masu yin yawon buɗe ido, da/ko sojoji masu neman taimako daga rauni ko rashin lafiya. Domin samun kuɗin rubutun, waɗanda suka rubuta ziyararsu da bagadai ko duwatsun kaburbura wataƙila sun kasance suna da matsayi mafi girma. [6]

Haikali zuwa Sulis Minerva an san shi da ƙona gawayi a cikin bagadin wuta maimakon itace. Da bayi ko bayi ne suka kawo wannan gawayi, waɗanda kuma za su taimaka wajen tsaftacewa da hidimar abinci na ibada. [7]

Mutum - mutumin al'adun gargajiya na Sulis Minerva "ya bayyana an lalata shi da gangan" wani lokaci daga baya Antiquity, watakila ta hanyar maharan barasa, masu kishin Kirista, ko wasu sojojin. [8]

Allunan da aka rubuta

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  Kimanin allunan la'ana guda 130, galibi ana magana da Sulis, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a wuraren wanka na Romawa a Bath. Yawanci, rubutun akan allunan da aka miƙa wa Sulis yana da alaƙa da sata; misali, na ƴan kuɗi kaɗan ko tufafi daga gidan wanka. A bayyane yake, daga salon Latin da aka yi amfani da shi (" British Latin ") da aka yi amfani da shi, cewa yawancin allunan sun fito ne daga al'ummar ƙasar. [9] A cikin tsari, sau da yawa na doka, yare, allunan sun yi kira ga allahn Sulis da ta hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin da aka sani ko ba a san su ba har sai an biya su. Ana buƙatar Sulis yawanci don cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mai laifi, ta hanyar hana barci, ta hanyar sa ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun su ƙare ko ma mutuwa. Wadannan wahalhalu za su gushe ne kawai idan aka mayar da dukiyar ga mai shi ko kuma a zubar da ita yadda mai shi ke so, sau da yawa ta hanyar sadaukar da ita ga baiwar Allah. Wata saƙo da aka samu a kan kwamfutar hannu a cikin Haikali a Bath (da zarar an canza lambar) ta karanta: "Docimedis ya rasa safar hannu guda biyu kuma ya nemi barawon da ke da alhakin ya rasa tunaninsu [sic] da idanu a cikin haikalin allahiya."

Epitaph na Latin na Gaius Calpurnius, firist na Sulis a Bath, wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 75 kuma matarsa, 'yar 'yanci ta tuna da shi

Ana yawan rubuta allunan a cikin lamba, ta hanyar haruffa ko kalmomi da ake rubuta su a baya; Za a iya jujjuya tsarin kalmomi kuma ana iya rubuta layi a madadin kwatance, daga hagu zuwa dama sannan dama zuwa hagu (boustrophedon). Duk da yake mafi yawan rubutu daga Roman Birtaniya suna cikin Latin, rubutun biyu da aka samo a nan, waɗanda aka rubuta akan zanen gado, suna cikin yaren da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama Brythonic. Su ne kawai misalan rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan harshe da aka taɓa samu. [10]

Kwamfutar kwanan wata daya tilo na tarin ita ce kwamfutar hannu Bath 94, kodayake ba a bayar da shekara tare da ranar da wata ba. Ana iya fahimtar wannan, ko da yake, idan aka kwatanta da rubutun hannu da aka yi amfani da su a kan wasu allunan, wanda ya tashi daga 'Tsohon lankwasa' na Romawa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ zuwa 'Sabuwar lasifikan Romawa' na ƙarni na huɗu AD. [11] Kamar yadda Tomlin ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2020, wannan yana nuna shaharar rubutun, sabili da haka yuwuwar yarda da ingancin su, na aƙalla ƙarni biyu. [11]

Syncretism tare da Minerva

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A Bath, an keɓe haikalin Roman ga Sulis Minerva a matsayin babban abin bautar haikalin. Wataƙila sadaukarwa ga Sulis ta wanzu a Bath kafin kasancewar Roman a yankin, ta ƙabilar Celtic Dobunni na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun yi imani cewa Sulis yana da ikon warkarwa. [12] Kasancewar Sulis kafin zuwan Romawa kuma an ba da shawarar ta hanyar gano tsabar shekarun Celtic Iron Age goma sha takwas a mafi ƙanƙanta matakan rukunin yanar gizon, kamar yadda Barry Cunliffe ya rubuta a cikin 1988. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa aka fara suna Sulis a cikin syncretic Sulis Minerva. Ta hanyar Roman Minerva syncresis, daga baya masana tatsuniyoyi sun gano cewa Sulis ma allahiya ce ta hikima da yanke shawara.

Daga cikin bagadai 17 na sadaukarwa da sansanonin da aka samu a haikalin Roman a Bath, 9 sun kori Sulis Minerva ta hanyar sunanta ɗaya ko biyu. [13] Musamman, akwai bagadai guda biyu da aka samo a Cross Bath (RIB 146) da Hot Bath (RIB 150) shafukan bi da bi, waɗanda ke jera 'Sulis Minerva' a cikakke. [13] Bagadin da aka samu a Bath mai zafi yana karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cika alkawarinsa" (RIB 150). [14]

Bagadi daga Wurin wanka mai zafi, wanda ya karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cancanci cika alkawarinsa."

Sulis ba shine kawai allahn da ke nuna syncretism tare da Minerva ba. Sunan Senua ya bayyana a kan allunan zabe masu ɗauke da hoton Minerva,[ana buƙatar hujja] yayin da Brigantia kuma yana raba halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Minerva. Gano gumakan Celtic da yawa tare da allahn Romawa ɗaya ba sabon abu bane (dukansu Mars da Mercury an haɗa su tare da yawan sunayen Celtic). A gefe guda, alloli na Celtic sun yi tsayayya da syncretism; Sulis Minerva yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka tabbatar da haɗin kai na allahn Celtic tare da takwararta na Romawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Sadaukarwa ga “ Minerva ” na gama-gari a cikin Birtaniya da nahiyar Turai, galibi ba tare da wani taswirar Celtic ko fassarar ba (cf. Belisama don banda ɗaya).

Ubangijin rana

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Dangane da ilimin asalin sunanta, da kuma wasu halaye da yawa, kamar haɗin gwiwa tare da gani, dokokin jama'a, da abubuwan da suka shafi haske, an fassara Sulis a matsayin allahntakar rana, aƙalla a zamanin Romawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]Wasu masu bincike sun kara ba da shawara a matsayin de facto Celtic hasken rana allahntaka, hade suna zama shaida na allahiya a wani wuri. [15] [16]

Ibadar zamani

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Sulis yana da adadin masu bauta na zamani a tsakanin al'ummomin Wiccan da arna. [17] Tun daga shekarun 1998, wasu mutane har yanzu suna ajiye hadayu a cikin ruwan wanka na Romawa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana ƙarfafa baƙi su jefa tsabar kudi a cikin Bakin Da'ira, wanda aka tattara kuma ana amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin Bath Archaeological Trust. [18]

Sulis a cikin Art da Epigraphy

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Sulis Minerva shugaban

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An gano wani shugaban tagulla na allahiya Sulis Minerva a cikin Bath a cikin shekarar 1727 (duba saman dama), wanda mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga wani mutum-mutumi na al'ada da ke tsaye a cikin haikalinta, kusa da Bahar Mai Tsarki. Wataƙila wannan mutum-mutumin an ajiye shi a cikin farfajiyar Haikali daga wurin bagaden hadaya. [19] Mutum-mutumin na iya kasancewa samfuri na harsashin ginin Rum, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na farko AZ. [19] Akwai wasu sanannun gilt tagulla guda biyu ne kawai daga Roman Birtaniyya. [19]

Haikali Pediment da Gorgon ta Head

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An gano shi a cikin shekarar 1790, wannan pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva yana da babban kan Gorgon a tsakiyarsa. Wataƙila an sassaƙa shi a ƙarni na farko AZ, da ’yan fasaha daga arewacin Gaul. [20] Asali a tsayin mita goma sha biyar, da ginshiƙai guda huɗu suna goyan bayan pediment ɗin. [21] Har ila yau, akwai hotuna da yawa masu raka a kan pediment, irin su Tritons (masu bautar rabin kifi da rabin maza zuwa Neptune), hular fuska mai kama da kan dolphin, ƙaramin mujiya, da Nasarar mata da ke tsaye a kan globes. [21]

Pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva a Bath

Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton tsakiya, yana ba da sunan sunan, shine cewa kai yana wakiltar Gorgon na tatsuniya. Kamar yadda tarihin Girkanci ke da shi, jarumi Perseus ya kashe Gorgon kuma ya ba da kai ga Athena, wanda ya sa shi a kan sulke. Don haka, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin Gorgon zuwa gunkin Sulis Minerva (Minerva kasancewar Roman daidai da Girkanci Athena). [22] Yayin da Gorgon a kan pediment namiji ne kuma Gorgon tatsuniya mace ce, an nuna cewa an canza hoton pediment don nuna haɗe-haɗe na salon Celtic da na gargajiya. [22]

Wani fassarar kuma ita ce shugaban tsakiya yana nuna allahn ruwa, saboda kamanceceniya da sauran alloli na ruwa daga Biritaniya. Alal misali, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna wani tasa na azurfa daga Mindenhall wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus.

Azurfa tasa wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus daga dukiyar Mildenhall da aka samu a Suffolk, Ingila, a cikin 1942 ko 1943.

A cikin labarin 2016, Eleri H. Cousins sun yi jayayya cewa yawancin hotuna a kan pediment za a iya danganta su da alamar mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Nasara, itacen oak da kuma tauraron a koli. [23] Bugu da ƙari, Cousins sun haskaka wasu misalan irin abubuwan gine-gine na ƙarni na farko da na biyu, musamman hotunan Gorgon da aka samu a Gaul da Spain, don nuna cewa an yi amfani da Forum na Augustus a Roma a matsayin babban nau'i na archetype. [23] A cewar Cousins, pediment da hotunansa ba kawai 'Romawa' ko 'Celtic' ba ne, amma sun samo asali ne daga cakuda salo da ra'ayoyi daga "na gida zuwa daular". [23]

Tushen Mutum-mutumi mai kama da Altar

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An sami ginin mutum-mutumi mai kama da bagadi a kan shimfidar da ke kusa da matakan Haikali na Sulis Minerva. Tushen yana karanta, "Ga gunkin Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, boka, ya ba (wannan) kyauta" (RIB III, 3049). Wannan shine kawai sanannen misali na haruspex, ko ƙwararriyar duba wanda ya fassara haƙoran dabbobi da aka sadaukar, daga Birtaniya. [24] Rubutun asali ya yi amfani da gajarta 'HAR' don bambanta Memor a matsayin haruspex, amma ya bayyana akwai ƙarin haruffan 'VSP' daga baya. [25] Wannan yana iya kasancewa ƙoƙari ne na bayyana matsayinsa fiye da 'boka' na yau da kullun, kuma yana nuna cewa Memor bazai kasance a haɗe da haikalin da kansa ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya kasance memba na ma'aikatan gwamna. [24]

Altar-kamar Dutsen kabari

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Wannan kabari mai kama da bagadi (duba sama a hagu) an same shi tare da kayan cinerary guda biyu a wajen birnin Bath, a cikin Ikklesiya ta Bathwick, mita 800 arewa-gabas da wuraren wanka na Roman. Dutsen kabari ya karanta, "Ga ruhohin da suka tafi; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, firist na allahiya Sulis, ya rayu shekaru 75; Calpurnia Trifosa, 'yar'uwarsa (da) matarsa, ya kafa wannan" (RIB 155). [26] Sunan gwauruwa Receptus, Trifosa, Hellenanci ne kuma yana nufin 'De Luxe', kuma da alama an ba ta suna lokacin da take bawa, kafin ta 'yanta ta kuma auri tsohon mai gidanta, firist Receptus. [27]

Sulis a Adabin Zamani

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Sulis ya dauki hankalin marubuta da masu ba da labari da yawa.

Sulis da Roman Baths an sake yin tunani a cikin ayyukan almara na tarihi masu zuwa:

  • Ruwan Sul (1989) - Moyra Caldecott
  • Sirrin Flavia (2008) - Lindsay Townsend
  • Crown na Acorns (2010) - Catherine Fisher
  • Mai La'anta (2011) - Kelli Stanley
  • Memento Mori: Littafin Laifi na Daular Roma (2018) - Ruth Downie

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin gumakan hasken rana
  • Dutsen Solsbury
  • Ruwa da addini

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Joyce Reynolds and Terence Volk, "Review: Gifts, Curses, Cult and Society at Bath", reviewing The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath: vol. 2 The Finds from the Sacred Spring, in Britannia 21 (1990:379-391).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Delamarre 2003.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lambert 2008.
  4. ↑ The standard introduction to the archaeology and architectural reconstruction of the sanctuary, with its classic temple raised on a podium at the center, and the monumental baths, with the sacred spring between them, is Barry Cunliffe, ed. Roman Bath (Oxford University Press) 1969.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :83
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  8. ↑ The Official Roman Baths Museum Web Site in the City of Bath
  9. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  12. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Empty citation (help)
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  15. ↑ Patricia Monaghan, The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore, page 433.
  16. ↑ Kotch, John T., Celtic Culture: Aberdeen breviary-celticism, page 1636.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bowman
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  20. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :32
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :33
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Empty citation (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :02
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :03

Littafi Mai Tsarki

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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