Taimako na aikin gona

Tallafin noma (wanda kuma ake kira tallafin noma) wani tallafi ne da gwamnati ke bayarwa ga ’yan kasuwan noma, ƙungiyoyin noma da gonaki don ƙara samun kuɗin shiga, kula da samar da kayan amfanin gona, da yin tasiri ga farashi da wadata irin waɗannan kayayyaki.

Misalan irin waɗannan kayayyaki sun haɗa da: alkama, hatsin abinci (abincin da ake amfani da shi azaman abinci, kamar masara ko masara, dawa, sha'ir da hatsi), auduga, madara, shinkafa, gyada, sukari, taba, irin mai irin su waken soya da nama kamar su. naman sa, naman alade, da rago da naman nama.^[1]

Wani bincike da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa ana baiwa manoma dala biliyan 540 a duk shekara tsakanin shekarar 2013 zuwa 2018 a tallafin da duniya ke bayarwa. Binciken ya gano wadannan tallafin na da illa ta hanyoyi da dama. A cikin ƙasashe masu arziki, suna lalata lafiya ta hanyar haɓaka yawan cin nama.

A cikin kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba suna karfafa cin abinci maras amfani, kamar shinkafa. Tallafin kuma yana taimakawa wajen rikicin yanayi, ta hanyar ƙarfafa sare itatuwa; sannan kuma suna haifar da rashin daidaito saboda kananan manoma, wadanda yawancinsu mata ne, an cire su. A cewar shugaban hukumar ta UNDP, Achim Steiner, karkatar da tallafin zai inganta rayuwar kananan manoma miliyan 500 a duk duniya ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen filin wasa tare da manyan kamfanonin noma. Wani rahoto na daban, ta Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya a watan Agustan 2021, ya ce ba tare da gyara ba, tallafin noma "zai sa faɗuwar ƙasa mai lafiya ta zama mara amfani".^[2]

Tarihi

A farkon sanannen shisshigi a kasuwannin noma shine Dokokin Masara na Ingilishi, waɗanda suka tsara shigo da fitar da hatsi a Burtaniya da Ireland tsawon ƙarni. An soke dokokin ne a shekara ta 1846. Tallafin noma a karni na ashirin an tsara shi ne don daidaita kasuwanni, da taimakawa manoma masu karamin karfi, da taimakon raya karkara. [Madogararsa mai tushe] A Amurka, Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Daidaita Aikin Noma, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sabon Yarjejeniyar a 1933. A lokacin tattalin arzikin yana cikin mawuyacin hali kuma manoma suna fuskantar mafi ƙarancin farashin noma tun daga 1890s. . An yi shirin kara farashin kayayyakin amfanin gona iri-iri ta hanyar biyan manoman su lalata wasu dabbobinsu ko kuma kada su yi amfani da wasu gonakinsu - wanda aka fi sani da zaman banza. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar wadata da kuma rarar rarar noma. Da farko ana sarrafa kayayyaki bakwai: (masara, alkama, auduga, shinkafa, gyada, taba da madara). Ba kamar tallafin gargajiya da ke haɓaka haɓakar samfuran ba, wannan tsari ya haɓaka farashin noma ta hanyar iyakance haɓakar waɗannan amfanin gona.

A cikin Turai, an ƙaddamar da manufofin aikin gona na gama gari (CAP) a cikin 1962 don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona. A cewar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, dokar tana da niyya

Tallafa wa manoma da inganta aikin noma, ta yadda masu amfani za su samu kwanciyar hankali na abinci mai araha
Tabbatar cewa manoman Tarayyar Turai (EU) za su iya yin rayuwa mai ma'ana
Taimakawa wajen magance sauyin yanayi da kuma kula da albarkatun kasa mai dorewa
Kula da yankunan karkara da shimfidar wurare a cikin EU
Tsayar da tattalin arzikin karkara a raye ta hanyar haɓaka ayyukan yi a aikin noma, masana'antar agri-abinci da sassa masu alaƙa ^[3]

Ta hanyar yanki

Kanada

Tallafin noma na Kanada a halin yanzu Noma da Agri-Food Kanada ne ke sarrafa su. Ana ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar Shirye-shiryen Haɗin gwiwar Noma na Kanada. Haɗin gwiwar aikin gona na Kanada ya fara ne a cikin Afrilu 2018 kuma ana shirin yin aiki sama da shekaru biyar tare da haɗa hannun jarin tarayya, lardi da yanki na dala biliyan uku. Wasu shirye-shiryen sun ba da batutuwan da suka haɗa da AgriAssurance, shirye-shiryen ba da damar aikin gona, haɓaka bambancin noma, inshorar amfanin gona da kiwo, ayyukan talla, rage haɗari, da ƙari. Kafin Haɗin gwiwar Aikin Noma na Kanada, an shirya tallafin noma ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar Growing Forward 2 daga 2013 zuwa 2018.^[4]

Tarayyar Turai

A shekarar 2010, Tarayyar Turai ta kashe Yuro biliyan 57 wajen bunkasa aikin gona, inda aka kashe Euro biliyan 39 wajen bayar da tallafi kai tsaye. Tallafin noma da kamun kifi ya kai sama da kashi 40% na kasafin kuɗin EU. Tun daga 1992 (musamman tun daga 2005), Tsarin Manufofin Aikin Noma na gama gari na EU ya sami canji mai mahimmanci yayin da tallafin galibi an raba shi daga samarwa. Mafi girman tallafin shine Biyan Kuɗin Farm Single.

Malawi

Karin farashin abinci da takin zamani ya nuna rashin lahani ga gidajen talakawa na birane da karkara a kasashe masu tasowa da dama, musamman ma a nahiyar Afirka, wanda hakan ya kara mai da hankali kan masu tsara manufofi kan bukatar kara yawan amfanin gonakin abinci.

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Raya Kasashen Waje ta yi ya kimanta fa'idar Shirin Tallafin Kayan Aikin Noma na Gwamnatin Malawi, wanda aka aiwatar a cikin 2006-2007 don inganta samun dama da amfani da takin zamani wajen noman masara da taba don kara yawan amfanin gona da wadatar abinci. An aiwatar da tallafin ta hanyar tsarin takardun shaida wanda masu karɓa za su iya fansa don nau'ikan taki a kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farashin kuɗi na yau da kullun. Bisa ga ƙarshe na manufofin Cibiyar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Waje, baucan don tsarin coupon na iya zama hanya mai inganci ta rabo da niyya samun tallafin tallafi don haɓaka samarwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Yawancin ƙalubalen aiki da na siyasa sun kasance a cikin ƙira da aiwatar da shirin da ake buƙata don haɓaka haɓaka aiki, sarrafa farashi, da iyakance tallafi da zamba..^[5]

New Zealand

^[6]Ana kyautata zaton New Zealand ce ke da mafi bude kasuwannin noma a duniya bayan sauye-sauyen da aka fara a shekarar 1984 da Gwamnatin Kwadago ta Hudu ta dakatar da duk wani tallafi..

A cikin 1984 Gwamnatin New Zealand ta Labour ta ɗauki mataki mai ban mamaki na kawo ƙarshen duk tallafin gonaki, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan biyan kuɗi 30 daban-daban na samarwa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa zuwa fitarwa. Wannan wani mataki ne mai ban mamaki da gaske, saboda tattalin arzikin New Zealand ya fi dogaro da noma kusan sau biyar fiye da yadda tattalin arzikin Amurka yake, wanda aka auna ta hanyar samarwa ko aiki. Tallafin tallafi a New Zealand ya kai sama da kashi 30 na ƙimar samarwa kafin yin garambawul, da ɗan sama da tallafin da Amurka ke bayarwa a yau. Kuma noman New Zealand ya fuskanci matsaloli iri ɗaya da tallafin Amurka ya haifar, da suka haɗa da wuce gona da iri, lalacewar muhalli da hauhawar farashin ƙasa.

^[7] ^[8] Kasancewar kasar ta kasance babbar mai fitar da kayan noma zuwa kasashen waje, ci gaba da tallafin da wasu kasashe ke yi wani kashin baya ne da aka dade ana takaddama a kai, inda kasar New Zealand ta kasance memba a kungiyar Cairns mai mambobi 20 da ke fafutukar inganta kasuwar kayayyakin amfanin gona da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen ketare.

Turkiyya

Samfuri:Excerpt

Amurka

Dokar Tsaron Farmaki da Dokokin Zuba Jari na Karkara na 2002, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Dokar Aikin Noma ta 2002, ta magance batutuwa iri-iri da suka shafi noma, muhalli, makamashi, kasuwanci, da abinci mai gina jiki. An sanya hannu bayan harin 11 ga Satumba na 2001, dokar ta ba da umarnin kusan dala biliyan 16.5 na tallafin gwamnati ga tallafin noma kowace shekara. Wannan tallafin ya yi tasiri sosai kan samar da hatsi, irin mai, da auduga na sama. Amurka ta biya kusan dala biliyan 20 a shekara ta 2005 ga manoma a cikin tallafin kai tsaye a matsayin "daidaitawar kudin shiga gona" ta hanyar lissafin gona. Gabaɗaya tallafin noma a cikin 2010 an kiyasta dala biliyan 172 ta ƙungiyar masana'antar noma ta Turai; duk da haka, yawancin wannan kiyasin sun ƙunshi tamburan abinci da sauran tallafin mabukaci, don haka ba ya kamanta da ƙiyasin 2005..^[10]

Ana canza manufofin noma na Amurka, ƙara ko ƙari, ta Dokar Kuɗi na Farm da ke wucewa duk bayan shekaru biyar ko makamancin haka. Bayanan game da yadda shirin ke aiki zai iya zama daidai a lokaci guda, a mafi kyau, amma mai yiwuwa ba su isa ba don tantance manufofin aikin gona a wasu lokuta a lokaci. Misali, ba a haɗa babban ɓangare na tallafi ga shirin amfanin gona kai tsaye zuwa abubuwan da ake fitarwa na yanzu tun daga Dokar Inganta Aikin Noma ta Tarayya ta 1996 (PL. 104-127). Maimakon haka, waɗannan biyan kuɗi an danganta su da haƙƙin tarihi, ba dasa shuki na yanzu ba. Misali, ba daidai ba ne a danganta biyan kuɗin da ke da alaƙa da yankin alkama zuwa samar da alkama a yanzu saboda ana iya raba ƙasar ga kowane adadin amfani da aka yarda, gami da riƙon aiki. A tsawon lokaci, Bill Bills Farm na gaba sun haɗa waɗannan biyan kuɗi kai tsaye zuwa farashin kasuwa ko kudaden shiga, amma ba don samarwa ba. Sabanin haka, wasu shirye-shirye, kamar Shirin Lamuni na Talla wanda zai iya ƙirƙirar wani abu na farashin bene wanda masu samarwa ke karɓar kowane ɗayan da aka sayar, suna da alaƙa da samarwa. Wato, idan farashin alkama a shekara ta 2002 ya kasance $3.80, manoma za su sami ƙarin 58 ¢ a kowace bushel (52 ¢ tare da bambancin farashin 6 ¢). Noman 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu ba su cancanci tallafi ba.

Masara ita ce mafi girman amfanin gona don biyan tallafin kafin 2011. Dokar Manufofin Makamashi ta 2005 ta umurci cewa a haɗa biliyoyin gallon na ethanol a cikin man abin hawa a kowace shekara, yana tabbatar da buƙata, amma tallafin ethanol na masara na Amurka ya kasance tsakanin dala biliyan 5.5 da dala biliyan 7.3 a kowace shekara. . Furodusa kuma sun ci gajiyar tallafin da gwamnatin tarayya ta bayar na cents 51 ga galan, ƙarin tallafin jihohi, da tallafin amfanin gona na gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya kai jimillar centi 85 akan galan ko fiye. Koyaya, tallafin ethanol na tarayya ya ƙare 31 Disamba 2011.^[11]

2018 Kudin Lance na Amurka ^[12]
Kasuwanci	Kudin rance ga kowane raka'a
Masara	$ 1.95/bushel
Yankin auduga	$0.52/pound
Alkama	$2.94/bushel
Shinkafa	$ 6.50 / nauyin ɗari
Peanuts	$ 355.00/ton
Soya	$ 5.00/bushel
Magana ta hatsi	$ 1.95/bushel
Barley	$ 1.95/bushel
Oats	$1.39/bushel
Sanyen mai (sunflower, flaxseed, canola, rapeseed, safflower, mustard, crambe, sassame seed)	$0.1009/pound

Asiya

A Taimako na gona na Asiya ya kasance batun jayayya a tattaunawar kasuwanci ta duniya.^[13]^[14]

China

A shekarar 2016, kasar Sin ta ba da tallafin noma dala biliyan 212. A shekarar 2018, kasar Sin ta kara tallafin da take baiwa manoman waken soya a lardunansu na arewa maso gabas. Manoman masara, duk da haka, sun sami raguwar tallafi saboda manufar 2017 na Beijing da ta yi niyyar rage yawan tarin da take samu. Manoman waken soya a lardunan Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, da Mongoliya ta ciki za su sami karin tallafi daga Beijing fiye da manoman masara. Yanke gonakin masara da kuma dagawa na waken soya ya zo ne a shekarar 2016 a matsayin turawa daga kasar Sin don sake daidaita hannun jarin hatsi. Bugu da kari, Beijing za ta ba da tallafin injuna da kayan aikin noma ga manoma

Indonesia

A shekarar 1971, a matsayin hanyar fadada wadatar shinkafa a Indonesia, gwamnati ta fara ba da tallafin taki ga manoma bayan an gano tare da bullo da sabbin nau'in shinkafa masu yawan gaske. A shekarar 2012, Indonesia ta ba da tallafin noma dala biliyan 28..^[15]

Japan

A cikin 2000s, Japan tana sake fasalin tsarin tallafin noma mai karimci don tallafawa ƙarin manoma masu dogaro da kasuwanci. Duk da haka, tallafin ya kasance mai girma a kwatankwacin ƙasashen duniya. A cikin 2009, Japan ta biya dalar Amurka biliyan 46.5 a matsayin tallafi ga manomanta, kuma ci gaba da tallafin da jihohi ke baiwa manoma a Japan ya kasance batu mai cike da cece-kuce. A shekarar 2012, Japan ta ba da tallafin noma dala biliyan 65.^[15]

Koriya ta Kudu

Koriya ta Kudu ta yi yunkurin yin garambawul a fannin noma, duk da turjiya daga masu son rai. A cikin 2012, Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da kusan dala biliyan 20 a tallafin noma.^[15]

Indiya

Tallafin noma a Indiya a farko ya ƙunshi tallafi kamar, taki, ban ruwa, kayan aiki, tallafin bashi, tallafin iri, tallafin fitar da abinci da dai sauransu Gwamnatin tsakiya ce ke ba da tallafin takin zamani yayin da gwamnatocin jihohi ke ba da tallafin ruwa da ban ruwa. Yin la'akari da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan, tallafin gwamnatin tsakiya na shekara-shekara ga manoma zai kasance na ₹ 120,500 crore (daidai da ₹ tiriliyan 1.4 ko dalar Amurka biliyan 17 a shekarar 2023) a matsayin jimillar tallafin taki (₹70,000 crore (kwatankwacin 802 crore). biliyan ko dalar Amurka biliyan 9.9 a 2023), 2017/18), tallafin bashi (₹20,000 crore (daidai da ₹240 biliyan ko dalar Amurka biliyan 2.8 a 2023), 2017/18), tallafin inshorar amfanin gona (€ 6,5e0) biliyan 77 ko dalar Amurka miliyan 920 a shekarar 2023), 2018/19) da kuma kashe kudade don tallafawa farashi (₹24,000 crore (daidai da ₹ 280 biliyan ko dalar Amurka biliyan 3.4 a 2023) da aka kiyasta na 2016/17). Jimlar tallafin da ake ba manoma a Indiya yana cikin kewayon dala biliyan 45 zuwa biliyan 50, ya kai kashi 2%-2.5% na GDP. Amma kowane manomi tallafin ya kai kusan dala 48 a Indiya, idan aka kwatanta da sama da dala 7,000 a Amurka.

Armenia

Tallafin kai tsaye, na ma’aikatar noma, ya hada da tallafin takin zamani, ingantaccen iri, sinadarai na noma, da mai. Manufar tallafin ita ce a taimaka wa kananan manoma a fannin. Musamman ma, matsakaicin girman lamuni don tallafin ruwa ba shi da yawa, kuma gonakin da bai wuce ha 3 ba ne suka cancanci tallafin mai, taki, sinadarai, da tallafin iri. Don rancen dala miliyan 3 (kimanin dalar Amurka 6,185 a farashin canji na yanzu), tallafin yana rage yawan riba daga 10% – 12% zuwa 4% – 6% a ƙoƙarin tallafawa ƙananan gonakin Armeniya.^[16]

Tasirin tallafi

Farashin abinci na duniya da cinikayya ta duniya

Ko da yake wasu masu suka da masu goyon bayan kungiyar ciniki ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa tallafin da ake bayarwa a kasashen waje, ta hanyar rage farashin kayayyakin masarufi, na iya samar da abinci mai arha ga masu amfani da shi a kasashe masu tasowa, karancin farashi na da illa ga manoman da ba sa samun tallafin. Domin galibi kasashe masu arziki ne ke iya samun tallafin cikin gida, masu sukar lamirin suna ganin suna inganta talauci a kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar rage farashin amfanin gona a duniya.^[17]

Gabaɗaya, ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da kwatankwacin fa'ida wajen samar da kayayyakin noma, [abubuwan da ake buƙata] amma ƙarancin farashin amfanin gona yana ƙarfafa ƙasashe masu tasowa su zama masu dogaro da abinci daga ƙasashe masu arziki. Don haka manoman gida maimakon su inganta harkar noma da tattalin arzikin kasarsu, sai a tilasta musu fita daga kasuwa, watakila har ma da filayensu. Hakan na faruwa ne a sakamakon wani tsari da aka fi sani da "Dargin kasa da kasa" inda manoman da ke samun tallafi ke iya "zuba" kayayyakin noma masu rahusa a kasuwannin kasashen waje kan farashin da manoman da ba su ba da tallafi ba za su iya yin gogayya da su. Tallafin noma sau da yawa yakan zama abin tuntuɓe a cikin tattaunawar kasuwanci. A shekara ta 2006, tattaunawar da aka yi a zagayen Doha na shawarwarin kasuwanci na WTO ta tsaya cik, saboda Amurka ta ki rage tallafin da take ba wa wasu kasashe da ba ta ba da tallafi ba..^[18]

Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa kasuwar duniya da ke da tallafin gonaki da sauran karkatattun kasuwanni (kamar yadda yake faruwa a yau) yana haifar da hauhawar farashin abinci, maimakon rage farashin abinci, idan aka kwatanta da kasuwa mai 'yanci.^[19]

A shekara ta 2002, Mark Malloch Brown, tsohon shugaban shirin raya ci gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ya ƙiyasta cewa tallafin noma ya jawo asarar kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 50 a duk shekara ga ƙasashen matalauta.

Wannan dai shi ne mummunar gurbacewar kasuwancin duniya, inda kasashen Yamma ke kashe dalar Amurka biliyan 360 a duk shekara wajen kare aikin noma tare da tsarin ba da tallafi da kuma harajin haraji wanda ke janyo asarar dala biliyan 50 ga kasashe masu tasowa wajen yin asarar kayayyakin noma zuwa kasashen waje. Dala biliyan 50 daidai da matakin taimakon raya kasa na yau.^[20]

Talauci a kasashe masu tasowa

Tasirin tallafin noma a kasashen da suka ci gaba kan manoman kasashe masu tasowa da kuma ci gaban kasa da kasa yana da kyau. Tallafin noma na iya taimakawa rage farashin farashi don amfanar masu amfani da shi, amma kuma yana nufin manoman ƙasashe masu tasowa ba su da tallafi suna da wahalar yin takara a kasuwannin duniya; sannan kuma illar da talauci ke haifarwa musamman idan aka samar da tallafi ga amfanin gona da ake nomawa a kasashe masu tasowa tunda dole ne manoman kasashe masu tasowa su yi gogayya kai tsaye da manoman kasashen da suka ci gaba, misali auduga da sikari. Hukumar ta IFPRI ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2003 cewa tasirin tallafin ya janyo asarar dala biliyan 24 ga kasashe masu tasowa a cikin asarar kudaden shiga da ke zuwa ga noma da noma; sannan sama da dala biliyan 40 ne suka rasa matsugunansu daga fitar da kayan amfanin gona da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. Haka kuma, wannan binciken ya gano cewa kasashe mafi karancin ci gaba suna da kaso mafi girma na GDP da suka dogara kan noma, kusan kashi 36.7%, don haka na iya zama ma fi fuskantar illar tallafin. An yi nuni da cewa, tallafin noma a kasashen da suka ci gaba na daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa; wanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye wajen rage kudaden shigar da ake samu don saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa na karkara kamar kiwon lafiya, samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da wutar lantarki ga talakawan karkara. Adadin tallafin da ake bayarwa ga aikin noma a ƙasashen OECD ya zarce adadin da ƙasashe ke bayarwa na taimakon raya ƙasa. Dangane da nahiyar Afirka, an yi kiyasin cewa karuwar kashi 1 cikin 100 na yawan noma da take fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje zai iya daukaka GDPn ta da dala biliyan 70, kusan sau biyar abin da yankin ke bayarwa a jimillar taimakon da kasashen waje ke bayarwa.

Haiti da shigo da shinkafa na Amurka

Haiti kyakkyawan misali ne na ƙasa mai tasowa wanda tallafin noma ya shafa a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Haiti kasa ce mai karfin noman shinkafa kuma a lokaci guda ta kasance mai dogaro da kanta wajen biyan bukatunta. A halin yanzu, Haiti ba ta samar da isasshen abin da za ta ciyar da mutanenta; Kashi 60 na abincin da ake ci a kasar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje. Biyo bayan shawarwarin samar da walwala ga tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar rage haraji, shinkafar da ake nomawa a cikin gida ta rasa muhallansu sakamakon tallafin shinkafa mai rahusa daga Amurka. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta bayyana wannan tsari na sassaucin ra'ayi a matsayin kawar da shinge na kasuwanci da kuma sauƙaƙe haraji, wanda ke rage farashi ga masu amfani da kuma inganta inganci a tsakanin masu samarwa.^[21]

Bude tattalin arzikin Haiti ya baiwa masu amfani damar samun abinci a farashi mai rahusa; baiwa masu noman kasashen waje damar fafatawa a kasuwar Haiti ya jawo faduwar farashin shinkafa. Duk da haka, ga manoman shinkafa na Haiti ba tare da samun tallafi ba, raguwar matsin lamba kan farashin ya haifar da raguwar riba. Tallafin da manoman shinkafa na Amurka suka samu, da kuma ƙarin inganci, ya sa takwarorinsu na Haiti ba su iya yin takara ba. A cewar Oxfam da asusun ba da lamuni na IMF, harajin shigo da kayayyaki ya ragu daga kashi 50 cikin 100 zuwa kashi uku a shekarar 1995 kuma a halin yanzu kasar na shigo da kashi 80 na shinkafar da take ci.^[22]^[23]

Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta lura cewa tun daga 1980, noman shinkafa a Haiti bai canza ba, yayin da amfani a daya bangaren, ya ninka sau takwas a cikin wannan shekarar. Haiti na daga cikin manyan mutane uku masu amfani da dogayen shinkafar niƙa da ake samarwa a Amurka.

Yayin da manoman shinkafa ke fafutukar neman fafatawa, da yawa sun yi hijira daga karkara zuwa birane domin neman wata damammaki na tattalin arziki.

Tasirin abinci mai gina jiki

Wani bincike da aka yi bita na tsara ya nuna cewa duk wani tasiri na manufofin gonakin Amurka akan yanayin kiba na Amurka lallai ya kasance ba komai. Duk da haka, wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa ƙananan farashi na wucin gadi sakamakon tallafi yana haifar da rashin lafiya ga masu amfani. Misali, a Amurka, an maye gurbin sukarin rake da sigar masara mai arha, wanda ya sa abinci mai yawan sukari ya yi arha; gwoza da sukari na rake suna ƙarƙashin tallafi, sarrafa farashi, da kuma shigo da jadawalin kuɗin fito wanda ke gurbata farashin waɗannan samfuran kuma.

Karancin farashin abinci masu yawan kuzari kamar hatsi da sikari na iya zama dalili daya da ya sa masu karamin karfi da masu karancin abinci a kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu suka fi fuskantar matsalar kiba da kiba. A cewar Kwamitin Likitoci don Kula da Magunguna, samar da nama da kiwo suna karɓar 63% na tallafi a Amurka, da kuma tallafin sukari don abinci mara kyau, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga cututtukan zuciya, kiba da ciwon sukari, tare da tsada mai yawa ga sashin lafiya. ^[24]^[24]

Karyawar kasuwa sakamakon tallafin da ake bayarwa ya haifar da karuwar shanun masara maimakon ciyawa. Shanun da ake ciyar da masara suna buƙatar ƙarin maganin rigakafi kuma naman sa yana da yawan mai.^[25]

Motsi na kasuwanci na kan iyaka

Har ila yau haraji kan sukari ya sa manyan masu yin alewa a Amurka ƙaura zuwa Kanada da Mexico, inda sukari yakan kai rabin zuwa kashi uku na farashin. Yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta Jamhuriyar Dominican Amurka ta Tsakiya (CAFTA), ko da yake, ba ta da tasiri sosai a wannan yanki. Batun sukari da ke haifar da ƙararrawa yana da dalili saboda irin tasirin da za a iya samu ta hanyar jadawalin kuɗin fito da kuma makomar irin waɗannan shawarwarin da ba a tantance ba dangane da shigo da sukari a Amurka. Sakamakon rikice-rikice iri-iri na ci gaba a cikin kasuwanci, Mexico ta fara samun ƙarancin fitar da sukari zuwa Amurka, inda Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) ta yarda. Wadanda suka bar kuma suka nemi wasu kamfanoni don sukari sun fi karkata zuwa Kanada fiye da Mexico. Farashin kuɗin fito shine abin da ke kiyaye babban matsin lamba daga gasar daga kudancin Rio Grande a bay.^[26]

Kamfanonin da ba na noma ba

Ana kuma ba da tallafi ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da noman gargajiya. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi mafi girma na kudaden da ake ba wa waɗannan kamfanoni yana gudana zuwa kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar kamfanonin abinci, masu sarrafa sukari da masu sarrafa barasa. Misali, a Faransa, wanda ya fi kowa cin gajiyar shi shine na'urar sarrafa kaji Groupe Doux, akan Yuro miliyan 62.8, kuma masana'antun sukari kusan goma sha biyu suka biyo bayansu wanda tare suka girbe sama da €103m.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Tasirin tattalin arzikin jama'a

Sa hannun gwamnati, ta hanyar tallafin noma, yana yin katsalandan ga tsarin farashin wanda yawanci zai iya ƙayyade farashin kayayyaki, galibi yana haifar da yawan amfanin gona da nuna wariya a kasuwa.

Dan jarida Michael Pollan yayi jayayya cewa masara ya zama babban amfanin gona don yawan samarwa (kuma ta haka ne tallafi) saboda yana da nau'i mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta da sassauci; amfani da masara na tarihi a matsayin abinci da kayayyaki ya haifar da haɓakar ta da tsarin jari-hujja. Sakamakon karuwar noman noma da faduwar farashin, an baiwa manoma tallafin da gwamnati ta biya kai tsaye. Matsin da aka yi na samar da ɗimbin masara, duk da haka, ya haifar da manoma masu kula da noma guda ɗaya. Kamar yadda Pollan ke jayayya, wannan ba kawai ya kori ƙananan gonaki da yawa daga kasuwanci ba, har ma ya haifar da "hamadar abinci.

Tallafin kuma rashin ingantaccen amfani da kuɗin mai biyan haraji ne. Misali, a cikin 2006, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta kiyasta cewa matsakaicin kuɗin shiga gidan gona ya kai $77,654 ko kuma kusan kashi 17% sama da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar gida na Amurka. Ta fuskar tattalin arzikin jama'a, tallafin kowane nau'i na aiki don ƙirƙirar ma'auni na zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ba lallai ba ne Pareto mai inganci.

Tasirin muhalli

Wani bincike da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar ya gano kashi 87% na dala biliyan 540 da ake baiwa manoma a duk shekara tsakanin 2013 da 2018 a cikin tallafin da duniya ke bayarwa na da illa ga mutane da muhalli. Tsarin monoculture da ke da alaƙa da tallafi mai girma na samarwa an haɗa shi a matsayin abin da ke ba da gudummawa a cikin Rushewar Colony Collapse Disorder wanda ya shafi yawan kudan zuma. Pollination na kudan zuma shine muhimmin sabis na tsarin muhalli mai mahimmanci don samar da nau'ikan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari masu yawa. Taimako yakan tafi wajen tallafawa samar da nama wanda ke da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi abinci da muhalli; kuma an gano cewa daga cikin tallafin dala biliyan 200 don tallafawa amfanin gona daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 2010 kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na abincin dabbobi, taba da kuma noman auduga. A daya bangaren kuma, manoma masu noman 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ba su samu tallafin kai tsaye ba. Tasirin muhalli na samar da nama yana da yawa saboda albarkatu da bukatun makamashi da ke shiga samar da abinci ga dabbobi a tsawon rayuwarsu, alal misali, kilo na naman sa yana amfani da ruwa kusan sau 60 daidai da adadin dankalin turawa. Tallafin yana ba da gudummawa ga cin nama ta hanyar ba da izini don ƙarancin farashi na kayan nama.^[31]

Sauran hanyoyin

Masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa tallafin yana karkatar da kuzari ga kasuwancin duniya na kayan amfanin gona wanda wasu ƙasashe na iya samun fa'ida. Ba da izinin ƙasashe su kware a cikin kayayyaki waɗanda suke da fa'ida a cikin kwatankwacin ciniki sannan kuma su yi ciniki cikin 'yanci a kan iyakokin zai haɓaka jin daɗin duniya tare da rage farashin abinci. Ƙarshen biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ga manoma tare da hana masana'antar noma zai kawar da rashin aiki da asarar kiba da gwamnati ke haifarwa.

Duk da haka, wasu ba su yarda ba, suna jayayya cewa ana buƙatar canji mai mahimmanci na aikin noma, wanda ke jagorancin ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya inganta canjin yanayi a aikin gona ba tare da sauye-sauye masu kama da juna a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa, al'adu da tattalin arziki da suka dace da kuma ƙayyade aikin noma. Ƙungiyoyin manoman da aka tsara da na ƴan asalin ƙasar, misali. Ta hanyar Campesina, ɗauki mataki ta hanyar jayayya cewa kawai ta hanyar canza tsarin jagorancin masana'antu na manyan gonaki, wanda ba tare da ciniki ba, zai iya dakatar da abin da suka kira koma baya na talauci, ƙarancin albashi, ƙaura zuwa birane, yunwa da lalata muhalli.^[32]

Dubi kuma

Taimako ga Dukan!
Taimako na aikin gona mara kyau
Kariya
Kasuwanci kyauta
Manufofin Noma
Tallafin farashi
Darajar ƙofar gona
Rikicin farashin abinci na duniya na 2007-2008
Ingancin wutar lantarki a gonakin Amurka

Bayanan da aka ambata

↑ Karnik, Ajit; Lalvani, Mala (1996). "Interest Groups, Subsidies and Public Goods: Farm Lobby in Indian Agriculture". Economic and Political Weekly. 31 (13): 818–820. JSTOR 4403965.
↑ Repurposing Agricultural Subsidies to Restore Degraded Farmland and Grow Rural Prosperity, World Resources Institute
↑ "The common agricultural policy at a glance". European Commission - European Commission (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-27.
↑ "Canadian Agricultural Partnership - Home". cap.alberta.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
↑ "Towards 'smart' subsidies in agriculture? Lessons from recent experience in Malawi". Overseas Development Institute. September 2008.
↑ "Save the Farms – End the Subsidies". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
↑ "Return of US dairy subsidies sours Kiwis". Television New Zealand. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
↑ "Why bother with a US FTA?". The New Zealand Herald. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
↑ "Budget Summary". www.usda.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-08.
↑ "The per-capita farm support is close to three times higher in the United States than in the European Union". Momagri. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
↑ Sweet, William (January 2007). "Corn-O-Copia". IEEE Spectrum. 44 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2007.273036. S2CID 208802093.
↑ "2018 National Average Loan Rates" (PDF). USDA. 7 April 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
↑ "US, India, Japan Farm Subsidies Face WTO Ag Committee Scrutiny". ICTSD. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
↑ Ashok B Sharma (2012-03-28). "BRICS for end to rich nations' farm subsidies". The Indian Awaaz.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 "Agricultural Subsidies Remain a Staple in the Industrial World | Worldwatch Institute". www.worldwatch.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
↑ Garry, Christensen (May 2017). "Sustainable, Inclusive Agriculture Sector Growth in Armenia" (in English). doi:10.1596/29699.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Andrew Cassel (6 May 2002). "Why U.S. Farm Subsidies Are Bad for the World". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
↑ Alan Beattie; Frances Williams (24 July 2006). "US blamed as Trade Talks end in acrimony". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
↑ "Farm Subsidies Are Making Your Food More Expensive". John Locke Foundation (in Turanci). 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
↑ "The Millennium Development Goals and Africa: A new framework for a new future". Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-10. Address by Mark Malloch Brown, UNDP Administrator, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, 12 November 2002
↑ "Chapter 4. Trade liberalization and food security in developing countries[45]". Fao.org. 12 July 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
↑ "Haiti No Longer Grows Much of Its Own Rice and Families Now Go Hungry | Oxfam International". Oxfam.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
↑ "Haiti: Selected Issues" (PDF). IMF. Jan 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 17, 2023.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 "PCRM - Taxing America's Health: Subsidies for Meat and Dairy Products". archive.is. 15 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
↑ Kummer, Corby (May 2003). "Back To Grass". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
↑ "The Sugar Industry and Corporate Welfare". Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
↑ "French farmers survive but multinationals cash in on EU subsidies". The Daily Telegraph. 30 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03.
↑ "EU Farm Subsidies More Skewed than Ever: Report". Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
↑ http://farmsubsidy.openspending.org/ Europe’s Vast Farm Subsidies Face Challenges
↑ "Farmsubsidy.org". Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
↑ "What We Do". UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. 20 April 2020.
↑ Altieri, Miguel A. (8 July 2009). "Agroecology, Small Farms, and Food Sovereignty". Monthly Review. 61 (3): 102. doi:10.14452/mr-061-03-2009-07_8.

[1] Karnik, Ajit; Lalvani, Mala (1996). "Interest Groups, Subsidies and Public Goods: Farm Lobby in Indian Agriculture". Economic and Political Weekly. 31 (13): 818–820. JSTOR 4403965.

[2] Repurposing Agricultural Subsidies to Restore Degraded Farmland and Grow Rural Prosperity, World Resources Institute

[3] "The common agricultural policy at a glance". European Commission - European Commission (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-27.

[cap.alberta.ca-4] "Canadian Agricultural Partnership - Home". cap.alberta.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-26.

[malawi-5] "Towards 'smart' subsidies in agriculture? Lessons from recent experience in Malawi". Overseas Development Institute. September 2008.

[6] "Save the Farms – End the Subsidies". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.

[TVNZ_2755476-7] "Return of US dairy subsidies sours Kiwis". Television New Zealand. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.

[NZ_Herald_10633801-8] "Why bother with a US FTA?". The New Zealand Herald. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2011.

[9] "Budget Summary". www.usda.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-08.

[10] "The per-capita farm support is close to three times higher in the United States than in the European Union". Momagri. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[11] Sweet, William (January 2007). "Corn-O-Copia". IEEE Spectrum. 44 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2007.273036. S2CID 208802093.

[12] "2018 National Average Loan Rates" (PDF). USDA. 7 April 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.

[13] "US, India, Japan Farm Subsidies Face WTO Ag Committee Scrutiny". ICTSD. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

[14] Ashok B Sharma (2012-03-28). "BRICS for end to rich nations' farm subsidies". The Indian Awaaz.

[:0-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 "Agricultural Subsidies Remain a Staple in the Industrial World | Worldwatch Institute". www.worldwatch.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-02.

[16] Garry, Christensen (May 2017). "Sustainable, Inclusive Agriculture Sector Growth in Armenia" (in English). doi:10.1596/29699.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[17] Andrew Cassel (6 May 2002). "Why U.S. Farm Subsidies Are Bad for the World". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.

[18] Alan Beattie; Frances Williams (24 July 2006). "US blamed as Trade Talks end in acrimony". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 May 2008.

[19] "Farm Subsidies Are Making Your Food More Expensive". John Locke Foundation (in Turanci). 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-06-17.

[20] "The Millennium Development Goals and Africa: A new framework for a new future". Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-10. Address by Mark Malloch Brown, UNDP Administrator, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, 12 November 2002

[21] "Chapter 4. Trade liberalization and food security in developing countries[45]". Fao.org. 12 July 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2012.

[22] "Haiti No Longer Grows Much of Its Own Rice and Families Now Go Hungry | Oxfam International". Oxfam.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.

[23] "Haiti: Selected Issues" (PDF). IMF. Jan 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 17, 2023.

[pcfrm-24] 24.0 ^24.1 "PCRM - Taxing America's Health: Subsidies for Meat and Dairy Products". archive.is. 15 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2018.

[corn-25] Kummer, Corby (May 2003). "Back To Grass". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.

[The_Sugar_Industry_and_Corporate_Welfare-26] "The Sugar Industry and Corporate Welfare". Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2011.

[27] "French farmers survive but multinationals cash in on EU subsidies". The Daily Telegraph. 30 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03.

[28] "EU Farm Subsidies More Skewed than Ever: Report". Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[29] ttp://farmsubsidy.openspending.org/ Europe’s Vast Farm Subsidies Face Challenges

[30] "Farmsubsidy.org". Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[31] "What We Do". UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. 20 April 2020.

[32] Altieri, Miguel A. (8 July 2009). "Agroecology, Small Farms, and Food Sovereignty". Monthly Review. 61 (3): 102. doi:10.14452/mr-061-03-2009-07_8.

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