Tsotsitaal da Camtho

Tsotsitaal		Flaaital		Dan ƙasa ku	Afirka ta Kudu
Zamani	Creolized ta 1930, amfani har zuwa ca. 1980. </br> Yanzu L2 kawai.
Iyalin harshe	Tswana crole
Lambobin harshe
ISO 639-3	fly
Glottolog	tsot1242
Lambar code	S40C (Shalambombo)

Camtho
Isicamtho
Asali a	South Africa
Zamani	developed in the 1980s
Dangin harshen	Tsotsitaal–Zulu pidgin
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	cmt
Glottolog	camt1236
Guthrie code	S40B

An gina tsotsitaal a kan harshe na harsuna ɗaya ko da yawa, wanda aka kara kalmomin daga wasu harsuna ko takamaiman kalmomin da al'ummar masu magana suka kirkira. Aiki ne na dindindin na cakuda harshe, sauya harshe, da ƙididdigar kalmomi.

Tarihi

Al'amarin tsotsitaal ya samo asali ne da nau'in nau'in nau'in da aka sani da Flaaitaal ko Flytaal, sannan Tsotsitaal, wanda ya zama sananne a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan na ƙarshe a cikin ƙauyen Sophiatown, yammacin Johannesburg, a cikin 1940s da 1950s. Tsotsitaal, nau'in asali na asali, ya dogara ne akan Afrikaans, wanda asalinsa an ƙara kalmomin SeTswana, kuma daga baya kalmomi daga IsiXhosa, IsiZulu da sauran harsunan Afirka ta Kudu. Tsotsitaal ya fara yadawa a matsayin harshen laifi, saboda yana da ikon tabbatar da sirri a cikin magana: kawai masu laifi da farko zasu iya fahimtar shi.

Daga baya, a matsayin wata babbar alama ta tawaye ga jihar da 'yan sandanta, kuma yayin da ƴan gungun matasa ke sha'awar matasa waɗanda za su ga misalan nasara a cikin su, Tsotsitaal ya zama matashi kuma yaren titi. A lokacin, za a ji shi na musamman a cikin gidaje, saboda al'adar ba ta yarda a yi amfani da yaren ƴan daba a gidan ba. Amma da sauri ya zama alamar gauraye al'adun kabilanci, al'adu, da harshe na Sophiatown. Tsotsitaal yanzu ya zama iri-iri a cikin garuruwan baƙar fata, saboda masu magana da shi sun fi shekaru 70. Duk da haka, an kiyaye ta ta ɗanɗano nau'i daban-daban a matsayin harshen kurkuku da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin baƙar fata waɗanda ke jin Afirkaans.

Daga ainihin Tsotsitaal, sunan tsotsitaal ya zo ne don nufin kowane yaren gungun mutane ko yaren titi a Afirka ta Kudu. Koyaya, takamaiman nau'in da ke bayan kalmar zai dogara ne akan ainihin yarukan da ke cikin takamaiman yanayin birni wanda tsotsitaal ɗaya ya bayyana. Mafi mahimmanci tsotsitaal a zamanin yau a Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ta daga garin Soweto, birni mafi girma kuma wurin da ke nuna yanayin harshe daban-daban a cikin ƙasar.

An fara saninsa da Iscamtho ko Isicamtho </link> (daga Zulu, haɗe-haɗe ne na prefix na aji 7 isi- nan yana wakiltar harshe — duba azuzuwan Noun a cikin Zulu ; tare da samo ukuqamunda [uk'u!amunda], ma'ana 'magana da son rai'), amma shi ne. yanzu mafi sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin Ringas (daga Turanci ringers, kamar yadda a cikin mutane forming zobe don hira). Sauran madadin sunayen su ne Isitsoti ko Setsotsi ('harshen tsotsi ' a cikin Zulu ko Sotho), Sekasi (harshen garin, daga kalmar Iscamtho kasi 'garin', ita kanta ta samo asali daga Afrikaans lokasie ), ko kuma kawai i-taal 'harshen' .

Koyaya, Iscamtho ya bambanta da ainihin Tsotsitaal. Ya samo asali ne a cikin wani nau'in laifi na daban wanda gungun AmaLaita suka kirkira a cikin 1920s wanda aka fi sani da Shalambombo . Ba a kan Afirkaans ba, amma akan nahawu na Bantu, galibi Zulu da Sotho. Iri na Zulu da na Sotho sun fi yaɗu a Soweto, amma mutum na iya gina Iscamtho a kan kowane nahawu na yaren Bantu na Afirka ta Kudu, kamar Xhosa, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda da sauransu. Amma da yake Zulu shine yaren da ya mamaye Soweto, kuma kamar yadda Sotho a Soweto yakan haɗa Sesotho, Setswana da Sepedi a cikin nau'in iri ɗaya kuma shine yare na biyu mafi shahara a cikin garin, ana amfani da Iscamtho sau da yawa "a" Zulu ko "a" Sotho.

Tsotsitaal ya kasance abin koyi ga Iscamtho, saboda martabar al'adar Sophiatown. Amma matasa sun yi watsi da shi a cikin 1970s, lokacin da Afrikaans ya zama ba a haɗa shi da ikon gwamnati ba, kamar yadda aka sani ya zuwa yanzu, amma an amince da shi a matsayin harshen wariyar launin fata da zalunci (musamman bayan 1976 Soweto Uprising). Daga nan Iscamtho ya zama yaren matasa guda ɗaya a Soweto.

Tsarin

Yawan sharuɗɗan Afrikaans daga Tsotsitaal sun kiyaye a cikin Iscamtho (kamar niks, vandag, goed, maat, "daso", "darr", vrou, vriendin, mooi ). Har ila yau, an watsa ɗanɗanon masu magana da Tsotsitaal don canza kalmomi, haɗa harshe da ƙirƙirar kalmomi zuwa masu magana da Iscamtho. Don haka, ƙirƙira harshe shine babban halayen masu magana da harshen Sowetan. Kuma ko da yake tana da nau'o'i daban-daban, Iscamtho yana ɗauke da asali guda ɗaya ga dukan masu magana da shi, waɗanda suka gane shi a matsayin iri ɗaya, kowane nau'i.

Wannan ya faru ne saboda yadda harshen ke aiki: daga nahawu ɗaya wanda ke aiki azaman matrix, mai magana yana ƙara kalmomi daga wasu harsuna (ciki har da Ingilishi, Afrikaans, da harsunan Bantu daban-daban) ko galibi kalmomin Iscamtho. Hakanan mutum na iya ƙirƙirar kalmomi ta hanyar gyara waɗanda suke da su ko ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin kalmomi gaba ɗaya. Don haka, Iscamtho da sauran tsotsitaals suna fuskantar ci gaba da juyin halitta. Wani lokaci, sabbin sharuɗɗan da fitattun masu fasaha suka yi suna na iya yaɗuwa cikin sauri da maye gurbin tsoffin kalmomin.

Iscamtho da Tsotsitaal sun yi kama da juna a cikin tsari da kuma cikin kayan da ke samar da ƙamus. Amma tun cikin shekarun saba'in da dalilai na siyasa, an cire amfani da Afrikaans a matsayin matrix a cikin Iscamtho. Saboda shaharar Soweto a tsakanin matasan Bakar fata na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma saboda muhimmancin masu fasahar Soweto a cikin al'adun da suka gabata bayan wariyar launin fata, kwaito, Iscamtho yana yaduwa zuwa ga sauran matasan garin a cikin kasar, kuma an yi tsotsitaals daban-daban. wadatar da yawanci kayan Iscamtho. Don haka wani nau'i na "daidaita" na tsotsitaals a kusa da al'ada na Iscamtho na iya kasancewa a hanya. Wannan shi ne babban sakamakon kasancewar Iscamtho a rediyo (ta hanyar kiɗa amma kuma saboda yawancin gidajen rediyon ƙasa suna zaune a Soweto da Johannesburg), akan talabijin (a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da nishaɗi) da kuma a cikin al'adun kwaito.

Ma'anar zamantakewa

A matsayin harshen gangster, Tsotsitaal asalin yare ne kawai na maza. Hakanan ya shafi Iscamtho. Sannan za a gane mace mai magana a matsayin budurwar ƴan daba ko kuma karuwa. Ga masu magana da maza, da sauri yaren ya sami ma'anar rashin hankali na birni da hikimar titi, kuma saninsa shine hujjar cewa mutum ya san yanayin birni sosai don jurewa kuma kada a yi masa barazana. Duk da haka, yayin da Tsotsitaal ya zama alamar rayuwar al'adun Sophiatown (kafin a kawar da yankin daga mazaunanta a tsakiyar shekarun 1950) mata da yawa sun karbe shi. Amma mata masu zaman kansu kawai kuma masu dogaro da kansu za su zama masu magana da Tsotsitaal.

Saboda mahimmancin ƴan daba a Soweto sama da kusan shekaru arba'in da kuma saboda yawan matasan Sowetan waɗanda suka fuskanci kurkuku saboda aikata laifuka ko siyasa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata na mulkin wariyar launin fata, matsayin Iscamtho ya canza: daga harshen titi, ya zama. Babban harshen mafi yawan matasa, ya fara zama a cikin gidaje tsakanin matasa, sannan kuma tsakanin matasa da manya. A cikin shekarun 1980 na baya-bayan nan, Iscamtho ya kai matsayin yaren uwa ga dubban matasan Sowetan, ma'ana yara sun koyi Iscamtho a cikin shimfiɗar jariri daga iyayensu tare da sauran harsunan danginsu. A yau, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Iscamtho da Zulu na birni ko kuma Sotho na birni a cikin Soweto yana da ƙaranci yayin da dubban ɗaruruwan matasa ke magana da Iscamtho a matsayin yaren farko.

Bugu da kari, juyin halittar bayan wariyar launin fata ya kasance riko da Iscamtho da sauran tsotsitaals daga yawancin masu magana da mata. Musamman, 'yan mata da yawa a cikin zurfin Soweto yanzu suna da Iscamtho a matsayin (ɗaya daga) yarensu(s). Iscamtho a matsayin alama ta matasa, slickness na birni da kuma harsuna da yawa na dimokuradiyyar Afirka ta Kudu (kowane harshe ana wakilta a cikin Iscamtho) ya zama yaren da ya dace ga masu magana da maza da mata duk da wasu halaye masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da la'akari ga masu magana da mata. Musamman a tsakanin matasa 'yan madigo. Ana amfani da Iscamtho sau da yawa azaman alamar alama mai ƙarfi, kuma yawancin matasa 'yan madigo suna yaba shi kuma suna amfani da shi azaman babban yarensu.

Har ila yau, Iscamtho ya zama yaren da ake amfani da shi wajen mu'amala da tsofaffi, waɗanda a da za a yi musu laifi idan a yi musu magana da harshen tsotsi . Amma kamar yadda masu jin harshen Iscamtho suka ƙi a nuna musu wariya, sau da yawa sukan tilasta harshensu a musayar, kuma suna la'akari da shi a matsayin girmamawa kamar kowane.

Iscamtho a cikin kafofin watsa labarai

Bayan kawar da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1994, kwaito, wanda ya riga ya shahara a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma masu fasahar sa sun zo sun rungumi amfani da tsotsitaal a cikin abubuwan da suka dace. Domin suna da alaƙa da ƴan baranda na birni da kuma masu aikata laifuka, tsotsitaals da Iscamtho mutane da yawa suna ganin su a matsayin wani nau'i na gangsta na Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da haka, yaren bai wuce ɓatanci kawai ba, kuma masu magana da shi suna kiransa da "harshenmu". Tare da samun karuwar masu matsakaicin matsayi da manyan baki a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma muhimmancin zinare ga tarihi da al'adun Afirka ta Kudu, halayen da suka mamaye kidan kwaito sun dace da zinariya ga ra'ayoyin nasara da wadata. Saboda yanayin birane da yanayinsu, tsotsitaals sun zama alamar halayen matasa talakawa bakaken fata na Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata, wadanda galibi ba su da siyasa, musamman ga wakilcin nasara da wadata.

A yau, waƙar kwaito ta amfani da tsotsitaal musamman Iscamtho ana iya jin ta a gidajen rediyo na ƙasa kamar YFM (na Youth FM). Wasu fitattun masu fasaha irin su Zola7 suna magana Iscamtho lokacin da suke fitowa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai (Zola7 musamman yana da nasa wasan kwaikwayo na TV na yau da kullun). Ana kuma amfani da Iscamtho wajen talla, ga duk samfuran da ke nufin matasa. A ƙarshe, Iscamtho ya yada a talabijin, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen matasa irin su jerin (musamman Yizo Yizo ), sabulu ( Rhythm City ko Generations ) da kuma abubuwan nishaɗi. Daga 2007, an buɗe gidan talabijin na gida a Orlando West, Soweto. Ana kiranta SowetoTV, wannan tashar tana amfani da Iscamtho a matsayin ɗayan manyan harsunanta, tare da Ingilishi, Zulu da Sotho. Yawancin shirye-shirye don matasa suna cikin Iscamtho kawai, kamar Dlalangeringas (wanda ke nufin "Bari mu yi magana Iscamtho").

Ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma la'akari da ikon alama na Soweto a kan matasan baƙar fata, Iscamtho yana rinjayar matasa masu magana da tsotsitaals a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma da yawa suna amfani da kalmomi ko maganganun da suka gano a talabijin ko a kwaito. Don haka, Iscamtho yana tasiri kai tsaye da kuma sake fasalin tsotsitaals na gida.

Al'ummomin masu jin Iscamtho na asali

A zamanin yau a Soweto, mai yiyuwa zuwa matasa 500,000 suna magana da Iscamtho a matsayin babban yarensu ko ɗaya daga cikin manyan yarensu. Wasu daga cikinsu sun koyi shi tun daga haihuwa, kuma sun kware Iscamtho fiye da kowane harshe. Kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ya tanadi cewa kowa ya sami ilimi cikin harshensa na asali, matsalolin harshe a cikin tsarin ilimi lamari ne mai mahimmanci a Soweto: yaran da hukumomi ke la'akari da su a matsayin masu jin harshen Zulu ko Sotho suna samun ilimi a cikin waɗannan harsuna. Amma harsunan da ake amfani da su a makaranta sune daidaitattun harsuna. Sakamakon haka, ɗalibai da yawa suna fuskantar matsalolin fahimta, saboda ba su san ainihin ƙa'idodin karkara ba. Wasu na iya rasa kusan kashi 30% na bayanan da suke karɓa. Kuma har yanzu ba a yarda malamai su yi amfani da Iscamtho ba, kodayake yawancinsu suna yin hakan ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Har ila yau, batun harshe a cikin tsarin shari'a yana fama da rashin amincewa da Iscamtho. 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu suna da 'yancin a yi musu shari'a a cikin yarensu, amma ana ba da ra'ayi don harsuna 11 kawai na ƙasar. Sakamakon haka, masu magana da harshen Iscamtho na yaren farko suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a, saboda ana iya gwada su cikin yaren da ba shine wanda suka fi dacewa ba. Akasin haka, sa’ad da suke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da yaren “su” a kotu, ba kasafai suke samun damar samun goyon bayan wani mafassaran da zai iya fahimtar wannan yaren ba, domin ana ɗaukar mafassara don ƙwarewarsu a ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin harsuna 11 na hukuma.

Ya kamata a yi la'akari da cewa abin da ke faruwa tare da al'ummomin Iscamtho na asali kuma za a iya amfani da su ga sauran al'ummomin tsotsitaal a Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin garuruwan Baƙar fata da kuma a cikin garuruwa masu launi, inda al'ummar Afrikaans ke da nasu tsotsitaals.

Sau da yawa, idan aka yi bikin a fagen watsa labarai ko sararin samaniya, ana gabatar da masu magana da tsotsi taal ta hanyar da za a bayyana tsofaffin al'adun irin wannan; adalci tashin hankali, conniving kuma m. Irin wannan siffa ta kafofin watsa labarai yawanci tana yada dabaru; kamar duk yarukan da aka ware da kuma waɗanda ba na hukuma ba; cewa babu ko ba zai iya zama muryar hankali, hankali, soyayya ko ma girmamawa a tsakanin masu magana da shi. Wannan yana iya zama dalilin dalilin da yasa yawancin al'ummomi da cibiyoyi ba su san harshen ba. Duk da haka akwai wani matakin girmamawa na musamman tare da harshe wanda mutane da yawa ba za su fahimta ba. Lokacin da ɗan'uwan tsotsi taal mai magana ya gani ya gamu da wani; za a iya shaida ma'ana mai zurfi ta girmamawa da zama. Kalmar "ka" wanda ke biye da abin da yammacin duniya za su kira kullun hannu shine a al'ada ta taƙaitaccen lokaci don "kasi" ma'ana gari - magana mai girman kai da ke nuna daga inda mutum ya fito - ƙauyuka.

Duba kuma

• Yaruka na tarihi na Afrikaans
• Tsotsi, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2005 Academy Award don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje.
• Suit (fim na 2016), ɗan gajeren fim ne wanda Jarryd Coetsee ya jagoranta, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1950s Sophiatown.
• Mapantsula, wani fim na 1988 wanda Oliver Schmitz ya jagoranta.
• Fanagalo
• Pretoria Sotho

Bayanan kula

Karatun da ya dace 

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