Warrongo language
Warrongo (ko War (r) ungu) yare ne na asalin Australiya, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna goma sha biyu na reshen Maric na Iyalin Pama-Nyungan . Mutanen Warrongo ne suka taɓa magana da shi a yankin da ke kusa da Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Mai magana [3] shi na karshe shi ne Alf Palmer, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1981.
[3] mutuwarsa, masanan harsuna Tasaku Tsunoda da Peter Sutton sun yi aiki tare da Palmer don adana harshe (Warrungu daidai); godiya ga kokarin da suka yi, an fara farfado da harshe.
[3] daga cikin sanannun fasalin harshe shine ergativity.
Kamar Ethnologue ya lura, harshe a halin yanzu ba ya aiki ma'ana cewa babu masu magana da asali / ƙwarewa.
Sauran sunayen sun ha[3] da Warrangu, Warrango, War (r) uŋu, War-oong-oo, 'Gudjal' da Gudjal.
[4] yaren Warungu ya haɗa da yankuna daga Kogin Upper Herbert zuwa Dutsen Garnet .
Yanayin zamantakewa da harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
[3] zamanin yau mutanen da ke nuna kansu a matsayin Warrongo suna zaune a cikin yankin gargajiya na Warrongo (Mount Garnet) da waje da shi (Palm Island, Townsville, Ingham, Cardwell, da Cairns). [1] Harshen ya ƙare tun lokacin da mai magana na ƙarshe, Alf Palmer, ya mutu a 1981. [5] ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ko farkon shekarun 2000 wani yunkuri na farfado da harshe ya fara ne daga al'umma na mutane, mafi yawansu jikokin masu magana na ƙarshe, babban mutum shine Rachel Cummins, jikokin Alf Palmer. [2] Al'umma ta tuntubi Tsunoda, masanin harshe wanda ya yi aiki tare da masu magana na ƙarshe a cikin shekarun 1970s, kuma tsakanin 2002 da 2006 ya gudanar da zaman darussan 5, na kwanaki 4-5 kowannensu. A sakamakon haka, harshe da alama ya sami iyakantaccen saiti na ayyuka na alama. [5] fara amfani da shi wajen yin ba'a tsakanin yara, kuma a matsayin tushen sunayen sirri.
Rarraba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai aƙalla yaruka biyu [3] za a iya fahimtar juna. Warrongo na cikin iyalin Pama-Nyungan (macro). Harsunan [3] suka fi dacewa da su sune Gugu Badhun (90% na rabawa dangane da ƙamus na Hale na 99) da Gujal (94% na rabawa). [1] Matsakaicin matakin rarraba wannan rukuni yana [3] tabbas: shaidar daga takardun sauti, sunaye da tushen aikatau sun nuna cewa yana cikin ƙungiyar Maric (tare da Bidjara, Gungabula, Marganj, Gunja, Biri da Nyaygungu), yayin da yanayin jujjuyawa magana yayi kama da na ƙungiyar Hebert River (wanda ya haɗa da Dyirbal, Warrg, Nyawaygi da Manbarra). An ba da shawarar cewa ƙididdigar ƙididdigal na magana na iya zama sakamakon rance mai yawa. [3]
Fasahar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sauti [ha:ha:]-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[h]"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwzw" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[h] ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin interjection [hai] 'Hi!' da kuma furcin mamaki [haha] (ko [ha: ha:]) [3] Dentalized consonants suna bayyana a cikin yaren Gugu-Badhun. [6] bayyana kusanci na alveolar [ɹ] don bayyana a cikin yaren Gugu-Badhun. Matsayin retroflex /ɻ/ kusanci /ī/ a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe ba za a iya gane shi ba a matsayin retroflex tap.Tsayar da lamino-palatal a mafi yawan lokuta shine a cikin sauti [tʃ] ko [dʒ]. [3]Magana ba ta da bambanci ga tsayawa. Dokokin murya suna [3] rikitarwa sosai, amma har yanzu ba zai yiwu a hango shi a kowane hali ba. Abubuwan da ke tattare da su sune wurin magana (da wuri mafi girma a gaban tsayawa, mai yiwuwa ne a bayyana shi), yanayin sauti, matsayi dangane da iyakokin kalma, kuma mai yiwuwa ma da tsawon kalma, yawan kalmomin da ke bin tsayawa da wurin damuwa.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Northern Maric". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Y133 Warungu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Tsunoda 2011.
- ↑ State Library of Queensland.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tsunoda & Tsunoda 2010.
- ↑ Sutton 1973.