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Yancin Dan Adam a Turkiya

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Yancin Dan Adam a Turkiya
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
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Ƙasa Turkiyya

Yancin Dan Adam a turkiya Ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turkiyya ta wasu yarjejeniyoyin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda ke kan gaba da dokokin cikin gida, bisa ga Mataki na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1982. Turkiyya ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) ba har sai 2000.[1] Ya zuwa yau, duk da haka, Turkiyya tana cikin yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam 16 cikin 18 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[2] Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga tattaunawa da Tarayyar Turai (EU). A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kima hakkin ɗan adam na Turkiyya a kashi 32 cikin 100 (ba kyauta bane).[3]

Bin Sahu

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Manyan batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da musamman matsayin Kurdawa a Turkiyya. Rikicin Kurdawa-Turkiyya ya haifar da cin zarafi masu yawa na 'yancin ɗan adam tsawon shekaru. Akwai muhawara mai gudana a cikin ƙasar kan 'yancin rayuwa, azabtarwa, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma 'yancin addini,  taro da   dama. A cikin 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta fitar da rahotanni guda biyu da ke bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin bil'adama da suka hada da azabtarwa, cin zarafi da kuma ware kananan kungiyoyi a gidan yari[4]Rahotonni sun yi nuni da mutuwar mutane 419 a gidan yari a cikin shekaru 15 na mulkin soja tare da mutuwar mutane 39 a gidan yari a shekarar 2008 kadai. A karkashin dokar ta-baci, murkushe 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai ya karu tare da kama wasu 'yan jarida da tsare su a gidajen yari, gidajen watsa labarai da aka rufe ko kuma suka karbe su a kan zargin ta'addanci, "ayyukan adawa da gwamnati" da "cika da Turkiyya" ko " Tozarta Musulunci[5][6]Har yanzu Turkiyya na kiyaye dokokin da ake ganin sun sabawa tsarin demokradiyya ko kuma masu mulki, kamar hana tsiraru samun ilimin firamare a harshensu na asali. Mafi yawan 'yan tsiraru a kasar, Kurdawa, wadanda suka kunshi kashi 15% na al'ummar kasar, ba su da 'yancin cin gashin kai duk da cewa Turkiyya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ICCPR. A watan Maris din shekarar 2017, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zargi gwamnatin Turkiyya da "lalata, kashe-kashe da kuma take hakkin dan Adam da dama" kan 'yan tsirarun Kurdawa.[7]

Tabbatar Da alkawari kan doka ta kasa akan yancin Dan Adam

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Jumhuriyar Turkiyya ta shiga cikin alƙawura daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam, wasu daga cikinsu an bayyana su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turkiyya na 1982, Sashe na Biyu wanda ya ba da tabbacin “hakkoki na asali da ’yanci” kamar ‘yancin rayuwa, tsaron mutum, da haƙƙin mallaka. Bugu da kari, Turkiyya ta rattaba hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin da aka nuna a cikin jadawalin da ke kasa Jumhuriyar Turkiyya ta shiga cikin alƙawura daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam, wasu daga cikinsu an bayyana su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turkiyya na 1982, Sashe na Biyu wanda ya ba da tabbacin “hakkoki na asali da ’yanci” kamar ‘yancin rayuwa, tsaron mutum, da haƙƙin mallaka. Bugu da kari, Turkiyya ta rattaba hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin da aka nuna a cikin jadawalin da ke kasa[8]An rattaba hannu kan sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya a cikin 1949.[9] Yarjejeniyar Turai kan haƙƙin ɗan adam (1954) ta sanya Turkiyya ƙarƙashin ikon Kotun Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Turai (ECtHR). A cikin 1987, Turkiyya ta amince da yancin yin amfani da kowane ɗayansu ga ECtHR (Mataki na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Turai game da Haƙƙin Bil Adama ECHR) kuma 1990 ta amince da hukuncin tilas na Kotun Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Turai a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 46 na ECHR[9]A cikin watan Oktoban 2009 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan faɗaɗa ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta tabbatar da cewa Turkiyya wasu ci gaba kan kiyaye dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa. Koyaya, aiwatar da wasu hukunce-hukuncen ECHR da ke buƙatar gyaran majalisa ya yi fice tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa tsarin hukumomi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman game da kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma na Ombudsman.[10]A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2017, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Turai Thorbjørn Jagland ya yi kira da a saki 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da ake tsare da su a Turkiyya a wata tattaunawa ta wayar tarho da ministan shari'a na Turkiyya Abdulhamit gul[11]

Alkalancin Kotun Turai Akan Yancin Dan Adam

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Tun da dadewa ake ci gaba da jan hankalin al'amuran kare hakkin dan Adam na Turkiyya a ciki da wajen kasar. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, an yanke wa Turkiyya hukuncin Yuro miliyan 33 a cikin shari'o'i daban-daban 567 tsakanin 1990 - lokacin da Turkiyya ta ba da izinin shigar da karar mutum guda zuwa Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai (ECtHR) - da kuma 2006[12]A shekara ta 2007, an gabatar da kararraki 2830 a kan Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a gaban kotun ECHR kuma a sakamakon haka an yanke hukunci 331 kan cancantar da ke tabbatar da cin zarafi 319 da rashin keta guda 9 [13]A shekara ta 2008, Turkiyya ta zo ta biyu bayan Rasha a cikin jerin kasashen da suka fi yawan shari'o'in take hakkin dan Adam da aka bude a Kotun Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Turai, tare da kararraki 9,000 a watan Agustan 2008.[14]A shekara ta 2011, ECtHR ta fitar da hukunce-hukunce 159 da suka gano cewa Turkiyya ta keta doka, mafi yawan kowace kasa, inda Rasha ta zo ta biyu da hukunci 121[15]Tsakanin 1 ga Nuwamba 1998 da 31 Disamba 2008 ECtHR ta karɓi aikace-aikacen 24,945 daga Turkiyya. Ya ayyana kararraki 2,237 da ba a yarda da su ba kuma 13,615 ba za a amince da su ba[16]A lokaci guda ya kai 1,905 hukunce-hukuncen samun aƙalla cin zarafi ɗaya a cikin shari'o'i 1,652[17]Duk da yake da wuya babu wani yanke shawara game da Mataki na 14 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin ƴan Adam ta Turai (haramcin wariya), yawancin hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi Mataki na 2 (haƙƙin rayuwa) da kuma Mataki na 3 na yarjejeniyar (haramcin azabtarwa) an ɗauki su bisa dalilai na tsari maimakon a ɗauka. shaida shigar hukumomin Jiha[18]A cewar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai EU Turkiyya na ci gaba da samun ci gaba kan aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen ECtHR. An biya duk diyya akan lokaci, jimlar €5.2 million a cikin 2008[19]ECthHR ta saurari kararraki tara akan Turkiyya game da haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa da Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Turkiyya ta yi[20]A cikin dukkan shari’o’i guda daya (wanda ya shafi jam’iyyar masu ra’ayin kishin Islama), Kotun Turai ta yanke hukuncin kin amincewa da hukuncin dakatarwa, inda ta gano cewa Turkiyya ta keta ka’idoji 10 da 11 na Yarjejeniyar Turai (’yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin yin tarayya)[21]An soki hukuncin ECtHR game da Jam'iyyar Welfare saboda rashin daidaito da sauran hukunce-hukuncen ta, musamman ta Human Rights Watch.</ref>Wani hukunci na ECtHR ya yanke wa Turkiyya tarar Yuro 103,000 saboda yanke hukuncin da ta yanke game da 'yan ta'addar Yüksekova (wanda aka fi sani da "gungun masu sanye da kayan aiki"), da ke da alaka da sashin leken asiri na JİTEM[22]EHCR ta kuma yanke wa Turkiyya hukuncin tarar Yuro 28,500 a shekarar 2006 saboda kisan gillar da JİTEM ta yi wa marubucin Kurdawa mai shekaru 72 Musa Anter a shekarar 1992 a Diyarbakir[23]Sauran shari’o’in sun haɗa da hukuncin 2000 Akkoç v. Turkiyya , game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa; ko kuma shari’ar Loizidou da Turkiyya a shekarar 1996, wadda ta kafa tarihi a rikicin Cyprus, kamar yadda hukumar ECtHR ta umurci Turkiyya da ta bayar da diyya ta kudi ga mutumin da aka kore shi daga yankin Cyprus da Turkiyya ke iko da shi. ECtHR ta kuma ba wa mataimakiyar Kurdawa Leyla Zana a shekara ta 2005 €9000 daga gwamnatin Turkiyya, wanda ke mulkin Turkiyya ya keta hakkinta na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Zana, wanda Amnesty International ta amince da shi a matsayin fursunan lamiri kuma Majalisar Turai ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Sakharov, an daure shi a shekara ta 1994, bisa zargin kasancewa memba na haramtacciyar kungiyar PKK, amma a hukumance saboda ya yi magana da Kurdawa a bainar jama'a lokacin rantsuwar ta na majalisa Sauran shari’o’in sun haɗa da hukuncin 2000 Akkoç v. Turkiyya , game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa; ko kuma shari’ar Loizidou da Turkiyya a shekarar 1996, wadda ta kafa tarihi a rikicin Cyprus, kamar yadda hukumar ECtHR ta umurci Turkiyya da ta bayar da diyya ta kudi ga mutumin da aka kore shi daga yankin Cyprus da Turkiyya ke iko da shi. ECtHR ta kuma ba wa mataimakiyar Kurdawa Leyla Zana a shekara ta 2005 €9000 daga gwamnatin Turkiyya, wanda ke mulkin Turkiyya ya keta hakkinta na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Zana, wanda Amnesty International ta amince da shi a matsayin fursunan lamiri kuma Majalisar Turai ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Sakharov, an daure shi a shekara ta 1994, bisa zargin kasancewa memba na haramtacciyar kungiyar PKK, amma a hukumance saboda ya yi magana da Kurdawa a bainar jama'a lokacin rantsuwar ta na majalisa.

Yancin Rayuwa

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Ana iya yi wa haƙƙin rayuwa barazana ta wasu hanyoyi ban da hukuncin kisa. Musamman a cikin shekarun 1990s akwai lokuta da yawa na kisan gilla, (siyasa) kashe-kashen wadanda ba a san ko su waye ba (faili meçhul cinayetler) da kuma shari'o'in "bacewar.waɗannan fursunonin ana tsare da su a cikin ɗakuna ɗaya a cikin manyan gidajen yari kuma ana ba su damar motsa jiki a cikin yadi makwabta sa'a ɗaya kowace rana. Suna da ƙarin iyakance damar yin amfani da ayyukan kuma ba a ba su damar yin aiki ba.

Kisan Gilla

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A cikin 1990 Amnesty International ta buga rahotonta na farko game da kisan gilla a Turkiyya.[22] A cikin shekaru masu zuwa matsalar ta ƙara tsananta. Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta tantance wadannan alkaluma kan hukuncin kisa a Turkiyya na shekarun 1991 zuwa 2001[24]A shekara ta 2001 Mataimakiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba tare da shari'a ba, a taqaice ko kuma hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba, Ms. Asma Jahangir, ta gabatar da rahoto kan ziyarar da ta kai Turkiyya.[25]Tsawon shekaru 2000-2008  Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam (HRA) tana ba da alkaluma masu zuwa kan shakku kan mace-mace da aka yi a gidan yari/hukunce-hukunce ko azabtarwa Dag's masu gadin ƙauye da ake biya.

Kashe-Kashen Da ba'awar ware ba

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Tauye hakkin bil adama da aka yi a yankunan kudu maso gabas da gabashin Turkiyya da ke da yawan al'ummar Kurdawa a shekarun 1990 ya dauki nauyin bacewar wasu da ba a san ko su wane ne ba da kuma kashe-kashen da hukumomin jihar suka nuna ba su da niyyar warwarewa.[26]An kafa kwamitin majalisar don gudanar da bincike kan kashe-kashen da wadanda ba a san ko su waye ba (faili meçhul cinayetleri araştırma komisyonu) suka kafa a shekarar 1993 kuma ya yi aiki kusan shekaru biyu. Mambobin da dama sun koka da cewa ba a taimaka musu ba kuma an tauye musu ayyukansu[27]Daya daga cikin memba na hukumar Eyüp Aşık ya bayyana cewa kungiyar Hizbullah ta Turkiyya ce ke da alhakin kashe wadannan kashe-kashe da dama sannan ya kara da cewa jihar na da ingantattun makamai guda uku a yaki da ta'addanci: tawagogi na musamman da masu gadin kauye da kuma Hizbullah. Ko da yake ya shaida kusan ayyuka 80 na kungiyar Hizbullah a lardin Adiyaman ministan harkokin cikin gida na lokacin ya ce babu wani abu da ake cewa. Hakan ya sa ya yi imanin cewa Gwamnati tana goyon bayan Hizbullah Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta fara kiran da a gudanar da bincike kan alakar da ke tsakanin Hezbollah da jami'an tsaro a shekarar 1992.[28]A wani rahoto na daban HRW ta bayyana cewa: A cikin 1992 an sami ƙaruwa mai matukar tayar da hankali a cikin adadin wadanda ake zargin sun mutu a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya. Wasu mahara da ba a san ko su wanene ba sun kashe daruruwan mutane; da yawa daga cikin wadancan mutane sun kasance shugabanni ko kuma masu rike da mukamai a cikin al'ummar Kurdawa - likitoci, lauyoyi, malamai, shugabannin siyasa, 'yan jarida, masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, 'yan kasuwa ... 'Yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama na daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Goma sha uku daga cikin kisan gilla da aka yi tun watan Janairun 1992 na 'yan jarida ne[29]Bisa bayanan da ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gidan kasar ta fitar, jaridar "Zaman" ta yi rahoton cewa, a tsakanin shekarar 1987 zuwa 2001, an kashe mutane 2,914 na siyasa, 1,334 daga cikinsu a bangaren 'yan sanda da kuma 1,580 a yankin na Jandarma a Gabas. da kuma Kudancin Gabashin Anatoliya. 457 na kashe-kashen da aka yi a yankunan 'yan sanda da 1,291 a yankunan Jandarma ba a yi karin haske ba.[30]A Turkiyya, yakin da sojoji ke yi kan 'yan awaren Kurdawa a gabashin Anatoliya na da nasaba da bacewar da aka tilastawa yin amfani da su, wanda kuma ya haifar da hukuncin da kotun Turai ta yanke na kisan kai.[31]An sami 'yan kaɗan na bacewar a Turkiyya a cikin shekarun 1980, amma adadi mai yawa na mace-mace na gidan yari.

Batattu

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A Turkiyya, yakin da sojoji ke yi kan 'yan awaren Kurdawa a gabashin yankin Anatoliya na da nasaba da bacewar da aka tilasta musu yin amfani da su, wanda kuma ya haifar da hukuncin da kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai ta yanke na kisan kai.[32]An sami 'yan kaɗan na bacewar a Turkiyya a cikin shekarun 1980, amma adadi mai yawa na mace-mace a gidan yari.[33]Akasin haka ya kasance a shekarun 1990, lokacin da adadin mutanen da suka “bace” bayan da jami’an Jihohi suka yi garkuwa da su ya karu.[34]A cikin 1998 Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan tilastawa ko bacewar ba da son rai ba ta ba da rahoto game da ziyarar da wasu mambobi biyu na ƙungiyar aiki suka kai Turkiyya daga 20 zuwa 26 ga Satumba 1998. Ta bayyana cewa: Galibin bacewar mutanen sun shafi 'yan kabilar Kurdawa ne kuma sun faru ne a lardunan Diyarbakir da Siirt da ke kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya, inda sojoji da jami'an tsaro ke yaki da 'yan ta'addar PKK, inda aka kafa dokar ta baci. Wasu daga cikin bacewar da aka bayar sun faru ne a Antalya, İzmir da Istanbul. Yawancin shari'o'in dai sun bi irin wannan tsari: An kama wadanda suka bace a gidajensu bisa zargin 'yan ta'addar PKK da kai su ofishin 'yan sanda amma daga bisani hukumomi suka musanta tsare su.[35]A cikin rahotonta na 18 ga Disamba 2001 mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan rashin shari'a, taƙaitawa ko kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba, Ms. Asma Jahangir, ta rubuta cewa: Yayin da adadin sace-sacen mutane ko "bayyanuwa" ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, a lokacin da ake gudanar da shari'ar. Ziyarar mai aiko da rahotanni ta musamman na ci gaba da faruwa, musamman a lunguna da sako na kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya, kuma an nuna damuwa matuka dangane da bacewar wasu mutane biyu a baya-bayan nan.[36]A wasu wurare akan Intanet ana iya samun jerin sunayen da aka danganta ga HRA (amma ba akan gidan yanar gizon HRA ba). An ce asalin lissafin ya ƙunshi sunaye 839, amma ƙarin sunaye ya ƙunshi sunaye 1,251 a ƙarshe.[39] A cikin lissafin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima wanda ya shafi lokacin tsakanin 1980 zuwa 1999 Helmut Oberdiek ya kai adadi na 818 na "bacewar" a Turkiyya.[37]Iyayen Asabar  sun gudanar da zanga-zangar mako-mako don nuna adawa da "bayyanu" tsakanin Mayu 1995 zuwa 1999[38]

Azaba

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Kungiyar Amnesty International (AI) ta fara ganin yadda ake yawan azabtarwa da kuma tsare-tsare a Turkiyya bayan juyin mulkin Turkiyya na 1971.[39]Har zuwa 2002 kungiyar ta ci gaba da magana game da azabtarwa na yau da kullun a Turkiyya[40] Verheugen, Kwamishinan Faɗakarwar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai  ya je Turkiyya a watan Satumba na 2004 kuma ya ci gaba da cewa azabtarwa ba ta zama tsari ba a Turkiyya[41]Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam (HRA) ta yi zanga-zangar adawa da wannan kimantawa[42]kuma ya yi nuni da alkaluman baya-bayan nan da ma'anar azabtarwa ta tsari ta kwamitin Turai don rigakafin azabtarwa da kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa.[43]Tun shekara ta 2005 abubuwan da suka faru na azabtarwa da alama suna karuwa[44]A cewar rahoton da hukumar kare hakin bil-Adama ta Firayim Minista (HRP) ta fitar a watan Oktoba, adadin azabtarwa da muggan laifuka da aka samu a watanni shida na farkon shekarar ya zarce adadin da aka bayar a farkon rabin shekarar 2007. Hukumar ta HRP ta ce, a cikin A rabin farkon shekarar, mutane 178 sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da 26 sun ba da rahoton azabtarwa, sama da rahotanni 79 na zalunci da kuma rahotanni 17 na azabtarwa a daidai wannan lokacin na 2007.[45]A cikin rahoton game da ci gaban Nuwamba 2008 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ce, "yawan aikace-aikacen ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu dangane da azabtarwa da cin zarafi ya karu, musamman a waje da wuraren da ake tsare da su, musamman a lokacin tsoro, canja wuri, ko a cikin bude ba tare da rajistar tsare mutane ba...Akwai rashin gudanar da bincike cikin gaggawa, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, kan zargin take hakkin dan Adam da jami'an tsaro ke yi.[46]A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2009 Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa: "Rahotanni na azabtarwa da sauran musgunawa sun taso a shekarar 2008, musamman a wajen wuraren da ake tsare da su, har ma a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da gidajen yari."[47]A cikin bitarta na shekara ta 2012, Freedom from Torture Kungiyar agaji ta Burtaniya da ke aiki tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga azabar azaba, ta bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta karɓi mutane 79 na mutane daga Turkiyya don jinya da sauran ayyuka.[48]

Mutuwa a tsare

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Muhimmiyar siffa ta lokacin da ta biyo  12 Satumba 1980 na shiga tsakani na soji ita ce rashin kula da 'yancin rayuwa da ƙaruwar shari'o'in azabtarwa da mutuwa saboda azabtarwa.[49]Hukumar ta HRFT ta buga rahotanni guda biyu kan Mutuwar da ake tsare da su (shekaru 14 da 15 tun lokacin da sojoji suka karbe ragamar mulkin kasar) inda suka gabatar da jerin wadanda suka mutu a gidan yari 419 (a cikin shekaru 15) tare da zargin cewa watakila azabtarwa ta kasance dalilin. An kuma danganta mutuwar wasu 15 da yajin yunwa yayin da aka ba da rashin kulawar likitoci a matsayin dalilin mutuwar mutane 26[50]A kan wannan jeri Helmut Oberdiek ya tattara lissafin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima na shekaru 20 (12 Satumba 1980 zuwa 12 Satumba 2000) kuma ya kammala cewa a cikin lokuta 428 azabtarwa na iya zama dalilin mutuwar fursunoni.[51]A shekara ta 2008 kadai gidauniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 39 a gidan yari. A wasu lokuta ana azabtar da mutane[52]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Arat, Zehra F. Kabasakal (1 January 2011). Human Rights in Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812201147 – via Google Books
  2. ↑ The info was achieved through [1] Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 11 January 2022
  3. ↑ Freedom House, 2022 report
  4. ↑ The report of Amnesty International on Prosecution of Religious Activists Archived 2019-11-10 at the Wayback Machine was published in November 1987
  5. ↑ Russia, China and Turkey top yearly list of music freedom violations". freemuse.org. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015
  6. ↑ Turkey". freedomhouse.org. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2015
  7. ↑ The information was taken from a page of the University of Minnesota Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 10 September 2009
  8. ↑ Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Report of State Party – Turkey by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights, 2001
  10. ↑ Report on Progress Archived 2016-05-28 at the Wayback Machine announced on 14 October 2009
  11. ↑ ouncil of Europe head calls on Turkey's minister for release of human rights activists - World News". Hürriyet Daily News. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2020-09-09
  12. ↑ Duvakli, Melik. JİTEM's illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune, Today's Zaman, 27 August 2008; reprinted by Info Turk edition 360, August 2008 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Cases against Turkey before the ECtHR in 2007 Archived April 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Duvakli, Melik. JİTEM's illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune, Today's Zaman, 27 August 2008; reprinted by Info Turk edition 360, August 2008 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Annual Report 2011 (PDF). France: European Court of Human Rights. 2012. ISBN 978-92-871-9972-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  16. ↑ Statistics compiled by using the official data of the ECtHR Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Statistics compiled by using the official data of the ECtHR Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Entry of Helmut Oberdiek in his private Wiki Archived 2019-11-22 at the Wayback Machine and additional article on his website Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ 2009 Report on Progress Archived 2016-05-28 at the Wayback Machine announced on 14 October 2009
  20. ↑ Turkey: Party Case Shows Need for Reform – Ruling Party Narrowly Escapes Court Ban Archived 2008-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 31 July 2008
  21. ↑ Turkey: Party Case Shows Need for Reform – Ruling Party Narrowly Escapes Court Ban Archived 2008-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 31 July 2008
  22. ↑ Duvakli, Melik. JİTEM's illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune, Today's Zaman, 27 August 2008; reprinted by Info Turk edition 360, August 2008 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Duvakli, Melik. JİTEM's illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune, Today's Zaman, 27 August 2008; reprinted by Info Turk edition 360, August 2008 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ The full report as pdf-file Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 10 September 2009
  25. ↑ The full report as pdf-file Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 10 September 2009
  26. ↑ Report by Amnesty International: The Entrenched Culture of Impunity Must End Archived 2018-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Index Number: EUR 44/008/2007, Date Published: 5 July 2007
  27. ↑ Radikal, 24 October 2008, Faili meçhul komisyonu üyeleri 1000 cinayeti 15 yıl önce görmüştü
  28. ↑ The HRW backgrounder: What is Turkey's Hizbullah? Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine was published in 2000; accessed on 12 September
  29. ↑ Quotes taken from the HRW Report The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture Archived 2020-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, March 1993, accessed on 12 September 2009
  30. ↑ Quote taken from the English version of the Annual Report 2001 of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, Ankara 2003, p. 68, ISBN 975-7217-38-7
  31. ↑ Draft Resolution (Doc. 10679) of 19 September 2005 on Enforced disappearances Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, prepared by the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights for the General Assembly of the Council of Europe; accessed on 13 September 2009
  32. ↑ Draft Resolution (Doc. 10679) of 19 September 2005 on Enforced disappearances Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, prepared by the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights for the General Assembly of the Council of Europe; accessed on 13 September 2009
  33. ↑ Article by Helmut Oberdiek on The Right to Life: Disappearances Archived 2020-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, report compiled in 2007, accessed on 12 September 2009
  34. ↑ See a press release of the Human Rights Association of 15 May 1995 Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 12 September 2009
  35. ↑ Full text of the Report of the UN Working Group Archived 2023-01-17 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 13. September 2009
  36. ↑ The full report as pdf-file Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 10 September
  37. ↑ The cover article on the right to life in Turkey Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine and details on cases of "disappearances" Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine in English; accessed on 13 September 2009
  38. ↑ See the Annual Report 1999 of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (English, page 338); accessed on 15 September 2009
  39. ↑ The File on Torture that was included in the newsletter of September 1987 is not available any more. A copy of images can be found as Illustrated Reports of Amnesty International Archived 2010-04-17 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 14 September 2009
  40. ↑ Letter of AI to Günter Verheugen, quoted on Bianet of 19 September 2002 Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 14 September 200
  41. ↑ See a press release Archived 2018-07-28 at the Wayback Machine of the European People's Party in the European Parliament of 6 October 2004; accessed on 14 September
  42. ↑ See press release of 10 September 2004 Archived 5 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine (Turkish); accessed on 14 September 2009
  43. ↑ See paragraph 36 of the Report A/48/44/Add.1 of 15 November 1993 of the UN Committee against Torture Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 14 September 2009
  44. ↑ 2008 Human Rights Report: Turkey, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor as part of the US Department of State on February 25, 2009; accessed on 16 September 200
  45. ↑ key". Archived from the original on 2009-02-26.
  46. ↑ Report of the EU Commission – Enlargement of 5 November 2008
  47. ↑ The report reflecting the development in 2008 Archived 2009-12-26 at the Wayback Machine was accessed on 17 August 2009
  48. ↑ Freedom from Torture's Annual Review 2012" (PDF). Freedomfortorture.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2012-08-03
  49. ↑ Report of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey: File of Torture: Deaths in Detention Places or Prisons (12 September 1980 to 12 September 1995), Ankara, March 1996 ISBN 975-7217-09-3, page 20
  50. ↑ Report of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey: File of Torture: Deaths in Detention Places or Prisons (12 September 1980 to 12 September 1995), Ankara, March 1996 ISBN 975-7217-09-3, pages 51 to 68
  51. ↑ "Turkey: Deaths in Custody – B-Ob8ungen". ob.nubati.net. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  52. ↑ See the Annual Report 2008 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (Turkish); accessed on 17 September 2009
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