Yancin Gaskiya

Yancin Gaskiya

Gaskiya

Matan ƙungiyar dangin waɗanda aka tsare sun bace a gaban Fadar La Moneda lokacin mulkin soja na Pinochet, suna neman bayani kan masoyan da aka tilasta batan su .

'Yancin gaskiya shi ne hakki, dangane da mummunan take hakkin dan adam, ga wadanda abin ya shafa da danginsu ko al'ummominsu domin samun gaskiyar abinda ya faru. Hakkin gaskiya yana da kusanci da shi, to amma ya bambanta da, wajibin jihar na yin bincike da kuma hukunta manyan take Haƙƙin dan Adam. 'Yancin gaskiya wani nau'i ne na haƙƙin waɗanda aka zalunta ya dace musamman da yin canjin yanayi game da cin zarafin ɗan Adam a baya da aka rinka damu. A shekara ta 2006, Yasmin Naqvi ta kammala da cewa, "haƙƙin gaskiya yana tsaye a wani wuri a ƙofar ƙa'idar doka da kuma kayan magana a wani wuri sama da kyakkyawar hujja kuma a wani wuri a ƙasan ƙa'idar doka."

Asali/Tushe

Tunanin haƙƙin shari'a bisa gaskiya ya bambanta da fahimtar da ta gabata game da muhimmancin kafa gaskiya game da abin da ya faru a cikin batun take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A cikin 1977, Yarjejeniyar zuwa Geneva ta sanya haƙƙin dangin mutanen da aka kashe a cikin rikice-rikicen muƙamai domin ganin asalin abinda ya faru. Wani taro na shekara ta 1993 a Cibiyar Katolika ta Harkokin International kasashen Duniya ya yi magana akan haƙƙin gaskiya. Dama zuwa ga gaskiya da aka gane a duniya taushi dokar kida kamar da United Nations Principles magance hukunci a shekarar (2005) da kuma babban taron MDD (Majilisar dinkin duniya) Resolution 60/147, kazalika da 2011 na da wani United Nations Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan kaddamar da Gaskiya, Adalci, Sakawa da Garanti na rashin dawowa. A cikin shekarata 2006, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai, "yancin da ba za a iya kwacewa ba kuma mai cin gashin kans." na gaskiya. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta kare dukkan mutane daga Bacewar ta tilasta kuma ta ba wadanda aka tilastawa bacewa damar bincike domin danin yadda bacewar ta kasance to amma ba a amince da ita a duniya ba.

A cewar Patricia Naftali, haƙƙin gaskiya ya kasance babu wuya saboda ra'ayi ne da ke da ma'ana daban-daban (wani lokacin ma yana cin karo da juna), wanda aka girka don tallafawa da'awar da dama na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam.

Lamura

Tunawa da shi a Villa Grimaldi tare da sunayen daruruwan mutane ko dai ƴan sanda asirin Chile sun ɓace ko sun kashe a can ƙarƙashin mulkin kama karya na Pinochet .

Sakamakon ƙararraki a gaban kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa da suka gano jihohi na keta Haƙƙin dan Adam, an bukaci jihohi da:

1. Gudanar da bincike mai inganci kuma a tuhumi mutanen da ke da alhakin
2. Bayyana bayanai game da mutanen da suka ɓace
3. Neman gafara a bainar jama'a tare da amincewa da take Haƙƙin mutane
4. Buga hukuncin kotu
5. Rama wadanda abin ya shafa
6. Sake biyan kuɗin kotu na masu da’awar
7. Inganta tsaro domin bada damar dawowar ‘yan gudun hijirar
8. Dauki matakai don hana sake faruwar abin da ya faru
9. Canja dokokin kasa
10. Cibiyar ta ɗauki matakan inganta bin ka’idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa
11. Gina abubuwan tunawa don tunawa da take hakkin ɗan' Adam

Kwamitin Kare Haƙƙin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

Shari'ar farko da ta bayyana hakki zuwa gaskiya a fikihun kare Haƙƙin dan Adam na ƙasa da kasa shine batun bacewar tilas, Quinteros v. Uruguay (1983); Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke hukuncin cewa, a cewar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, mahaifiyar wanda aka kashe din tana da, ''hakkin sanin abin da ya faru da yarta. Ta wannan mahangar, ita ma an cutar da ita ne game da keta alƙawarin da diyarta ta fuskanta musamman, na labarin 7 [ICCPR]." A Saadoun v. Aljeriya (2003), game da mutumin da ya ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Aljeriya, Kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa rashin yin bincike ya haifar da wani sabon cin zarafin (ICCPR). A wannan halin da ake ciki na take hakki, Algeria ta sanar da yin afuwa ga laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin "bala'in kasa"

Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam

Dokar shari'ar Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta karkata zuwa ga ikon cin gashin kansa na gaskiya. Saboda hakkin kimanta gaskiya, kungiyar (IACHR) ta warware yarjeniyoyi da ke ba da afuwa ga masu keta hakkin dan Adam, kamar yadda yake a Barrios Altos v. Perú Barrios Altos v. Perú (2001). A cikin shekarata 1985, shekaru shida kafin Guatemala ta karɓi ikon (IACHR), ɗan jaridar Amurka Nicholas Blake ya ɓace. A cikin Blake v. Guatemala (1998), kungiyar IACHR ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙoƙarin Guatemalan na kawo cikas ga binciken danginsa game da gaskiyar ya haifar da cutar rashin mutunci sabanin Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.

(IACHR) ta sha maimaita ra'ayinsa cewa:

Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam

Har ila yau akwai dokar shari'ar Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da ta dace da haƙƙin gaskiya. A cikin Cyprus v. Turkiya (2001), (ECHR) sun yanke hukunci akan Turkiya dangane da batun 'yan Cyprus 'yan Girka da aka yi musu ganin karshe a hannun sojojin Turkiyya. Tashin hankalin dangin da ke raye sun haifar da "cigaba da take doka ta 3 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR) game da dangin mutanen Girka-Cyprus da suka ɓace." A cikin El-Masri v. Macedonia (2012), (ECtHR) sun tabbatar da cewa Arewacin Macedoniya suna yawan keta Yarjejeniyar ta yadda aka kyale El-Masri ya shiga hannun Amurka yayin ba da mamaki. Kotun ta lura cewa hukumomin Macedonia sun "hana mai neman sanar da shi abin da ya faru, gami da samun sahihin bayani game da wahalhalun da ake zargin ya sha da kuma rawar wadanda ke da alhakin abin da ya faɗa" da kuma boye wannan bayanan daga jama'a gaba daya. A cewar farfesa a fannin shari'a Arianna Vedaschi, "hukuncin da aka yanke a El-Masri ya nuna tunanin kirkire-kirkire na doka da kuma cikakkiyar halayyar kirki ta alkalai game da tabbatar da aiwatar da Haƙƙin gaskiya." A cikin Janowiec da Sauransu v. Rasha (2013), kotun ba ta sami cin zarafin taron ba game da binciken da Rasha ta yi game da kisan kiyashin Katyn na 1940, amma wannan hukuncin ya kasance bisa ka'idar rashin sake komowa saboda kisan gillar ya faru ne kafin a tsara (ECHR)

Masanin shari'a James A. Sweeney ya soki tsarin (ECTHR) game da batun gaskiya-gaskiya, yana mai cewa:

Dokar ƙasa

Dokar ƙasar Argentina ta amince da haƙƙin gaskiya da adalci, tare da yin shari'ar sui generis da ake kira juicio por la verdad (fitina game da gaskiya) ta cigaba ne bayan mulkin kama-karya na sojan Argentina.

Wuraren da ake iya yi

An ba da shawarar cewa waɗanda abin ya shafa na iya dogaro da Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar kasashen Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a a cikin shari'oin gaskiya a gaban Kotun Afirka kan Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a. Tsarin kotun da ke hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa wanda aka zalunta na iya zama tabbatacce ga hakkin gaskiya da adalci.

Sauran misalai

An binne Talaat Pasha, wanda ya ƙirƙiro da kisan kiyashi a Armenia a 1943 a wurin tunawa da 'yanci, Istanbul a matsayin gwarzo na kasa.

A cewar masanin ilimin shari'a Agostina Latino, haƙƙin gaskiyar da ke da nasaba da kisan kare dangin Armeniya ya zarce waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan Armeniya ga zuriyarsu da kuma Armeniya gaba ɗaya. Latino ta bayyana cewa, a matsayina na magajin gwamnatin Ottoman da ta aikata kisan kare dangi, musanta kisan kare dangi da gwamnatin Turkiya ke yi wa Armeniya ya keta hakkinsu na gaskiya. Misali, akwai wuraren tarihi da tituna da aka lasafta sunayen wadanda suka aikata laifin, amma ba wadanda abin ya shafa ba.

Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da wasu masu nazarin ra'ayin sun ba da shawarar cewa faɗin gaskiya na iya zama wani nau'i na biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu game da 'yancin ɗan Adam. Yancin gaskiya na da nasaba da yaki da rashin hukuntawa kamar yadda kafa gaskiya game da abin da ya faru a baya shi ne mataki na farko wajen hukunta masu aikata laifi.

Dama zuwa Ranar Gaskiya

Tun daga shekarar 2010, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ke yin bikin Ranar Duniya don 'Yancin Gaskiya game da Babban take Haƙƙin Dan-Adam da Darajar waɗanda abin ya shafa, ko Dama zuwa Ranar Gaskiya, a ranar 24 ga Maris, ranar tunawa da kisan babban malamin El Salvador Óscar Arnulfo Romero.