Yaren Laro
| Yaren Laro | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
lro |
| Glottolog |
laro1243[1] |
Laro, kuma Laru, Aaleira, Ngwullaro, Yillaro, yare ne na Nijar-Congo a cikin dangin Heiban da ake magana a Dutsen Nuba a Kordofan, Sudan .
Kauyuka su ne Oya, Rodong (Hajar Medani), Hajar Baco, Gunisaia, Serif, Tondly, Reli, Lagau (Serfinila), Getaw (Hajar Tiya), da Orme (Ando) ( Ethnologue, bugu na 22).
"Laru [lro] yaren Niger-Kordofanian ne a cikin kungiyar Heiban (Schadeberg 1981) wanda ya hada da yarukan Heiban, Moro, Otoro, Kwalib, Tira, Hadra, da Shoai. Manyan yarukan Laru guda uku sune Yilaru, Yïdündïlï da Yogo. 'romany. Biyu na ƙarshe suna kusa da harshen maƙwabta na Kwalib, kuma fahimtar juna yana da girma. Wannan gabatarwar ta dogara ne akan yare na farko-Yilaru." (Abdalla 2015: 1)
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Consonants
| Wayoyin Consonant | ||||||
| bibial | hakori | alveolar | palatal | maras kyau | labilised velar | |
| plsitives mara murya | p | t² | t³ | c | k | (k w) |
| fursunoni | b | d | ɖ | Ɗa | ɡ | (g w) |
| hanci | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | (ŋ w) | |
| prenasalized plosives | m b | n d | ɲ f | da ɡ | (ŋ g w) | |
| kusanta | w | l | j | |||
| kada | ɽ | |||||
| trill | r | |||||
(Wayoyin Consonant a Laru Locatives, an daidaita su daga Abdalla 2015: 2)
Akwai wurare guda biyar a cikin bakin da ake samar da sautin magana, musamman a lebe (bilabial), a kan hakora (hakori), a kan tudu da ke bayan haƙoran gaba na sama (alveolar), a kan ɓangarorin baki (palatal), da bayan baki akan lallausan baki (velar). Baƙaƙen da ke cikin wannan harshe za a iya rarraba su zuwa 10 obstruents (baƙaƙe tare da takurewar iska), 4 hanci (baƙaƙen da aka samar da iska ta hanci), kimanin 3 (baƙaƙen da aka samar tare da ƙarancin ƙuntatawa), da rhotics 2 (bak'i masu inganci). kama da Ingilishi "r"). An zayyana waɗannan nau'ikan a cikin Table 1 bisa ga Abdalla da Stirtz (2005). Yana da kyau a lura cewa baƙaƙen labialized, waɗanda ke faruwa keɓance a cikin prefixes, an rufe su cikin baƙaƙe. (Abdalla 2015: 1-2)
Walali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Shigar da wasali | ||
| a | ɡ-ɲɛ̀n → ɡˈɪɲɛ̀n | 'CM-kare' |
| b | ɡ-bəɽu → ɡˈbəɽu | 'CM-Cloud' |
| c | ɡ-ɛn → ɡɛn | 'CM-dutse' |
(Insertion na wasali a cikin Laru Locatives, an daidaita shi daga Abdalla 2015: 3)
Laru yana da tsarin wasali 8. An gabatar da wasulan a jeri biyu a cikin Tebura, inda [ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ] [-ATR] kuma [i ə u] [+ATR]. (Abdalla 2015:2)
Wasula masu kimar [ATR] iri ɗaya ne kawai ke iya faruwa tare a tushen kalmar. Ingantacciyar wasalin [+ATR] ta yi rinjaye a cikin Laru, tana yaɗuwa zuwa duka prefixes da suffixes daga tushen suna da tushen fi'ili, da kuma yaɗuwa daga suffixes na fi'ili zuwa tushen (Abdalla 2012).
Walali Elision[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani al'amari na harshe da ake kira "wasali elision" a cikin harshen da ake nazari. Wasan wasali yana faruwa ne idan aka haɗa wasulan guda biyu ta hanyar affixation, wanda ke nufin ƙara ƙaranci ko kari ga kalma. Harshen ba ya ƙyale jerin wasula, wanda ke nufin cewa wasula biyu ba za su iya bayyana kusa da juna a kalma ɗaya ba. Don hana faruwar jerin wasula biyu, na farko daga cikin wasulan guda biyu ya goge, wanda ke nufin an goge shi ko a cire shi daga kalmar.
Misali: Elision wasali:
a. daɽɪ - ala → daɽala 'on the tree'
b. ɡʊlʊ - ala → ɡʊlala 'on the fence'
(Abdalla 2015: 3)
Wannan tsari na kawar da wasali sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin magana da aka haɗa a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙa lafazin magana da sauƙaƙe jujjuyawar sassauƙa tsakanin kalmomi. Lamarin na yau da kullun ne na phonology a cikin yaruka da yawa.
- a wannan yanayin, wasalin "ʊ" daga kalmar farko "kʊtu" ya ɓace idan ya haɗu da kalmar "ala."
- wasalin "ʊ" daga kalmar farko "ɡʊlʊ" yana goge idan ya haɗu da kalmar "ala" ta biyu.
Waɗannan misalan suna nuna al'amarin ɓarkewar wasali, inda aka jefar da wasali ko kuma a bar shi don sauƙaƙa saurin lafazi a cikin magana mai alaƙa.
Nahawu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mazauna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Mazauna | ||
| Na wuri | Gloss | Ma'ana |
| -ala | 'a sama' | sama da matakin ƙasa |
| - alu | 'a kan. level' | a matakin kasa |
| - wani | 'karkashin, ciki' | karkashin kasa matakin, ciki |
| babu | 'a kusa da' | a kusa da matakin ƙasa |
(Locatives in Laru Locatives, an samo asali daga Abdalla 2015: 3)
- Wuraren -ala da -alʊ sun ƙayyade matsayi a sama da kan matakin ƙasa, bi da bi.
- Locative -anʊ yana nufin kasancewa ƙarƙashin matakin ƙasa ko cikin wani abu.
- Locative nɔnɔ yana nuna matsayi a kusa da matakin ƙasa.
- Waɗannan wuraren suna ba da hanya don bayyanawa da fahimtar alaƙar sararin samaniya da wurare a cikin harshen.
Tattaunawar yanzu ta koma inda ake bayan an taƙaita wasu fasalolin sauti. Mazauna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayyana matsayi ko wurin abubuwa a cikin harshe. Table Locatives yana gabatar da enclitics uku na wuri da kalma ɗaya mara ɗaure, kowace tana ba da isar da alaƙar sararin samaniya daban-daban. Waɗannan wuraren suna haɗe zuwa nau'ikan kalmomi daban-daban don ba da takamaiman bayani game da jeri ko daidaita abubuwa a cikin mahallin harshe. (Abdalla 2015: 4)
Sunan Classes[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Sunan Classes | |||||
| Class | Alamar aji | Singular | Jam'i | Gloss | Yankin Semantic |
| 1-2 | d-/ŋʷ- | ɗiɗi | ɗʷùɟì | mutum | manyan abubuwa |
| 3-4 | l-/ŋʷ- | lə̀blə̀ɗi | ŋʷə̀blə̀ɗ | bindiga | m,, zagaye abubuwa |
| 5-6 | ɡ-/j- | ɡìɟì | jiji | yaro | ƙananan, sirara, dogayen, abubuwa masu nuni |
| 7 | j- | já | ruwa | ruwaye, abubuwan da ba za a iya gani ba | |
| 8-9 | -0/-ŋə | mə́ | mə̀ŋə́ | kakar | sharuddan dangantaka |
(Azuzuwan suna a Laru Locatives, an daidaita su daga Abdalla 2015: 4)
Harshen Laru yana ɗaukar tsarin ajin suna mai ƙayataccen tsari tare da azuzuwan tara, yana rarraba sunaye zuwa wurare daban-daban guda biyar, kamar yadda aka zayyana a cikin Table 4. Azuzuwan biyu na farko an keɓance su ne don ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mutane, bishiyoyi, da dabbobi. Komawa zuwa aji na uku da na huɗu, an mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da aka siffanta su da sarari ko zagaye. Azuzuwan biyar da shida an keɓance su don ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, suna nufin abubuwa ƙanana, sirara, dogo, ko masu nuni. Ajin na bakwai ya ƙunshi sunaye masu alaƙa da ruwaye da ra'ayoyi ko ra'ayoyi. A ƙarshe, azuzuwan na takwas da na tara sun keɓe ne ga sunayen sunaye, gami da karin magana da kalmomin da suka shafi dangi. (Abdalla 2015: 4)
Tushen Suna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Teburin yana nuna ƙanƙanta da bambanci nau'i-nau'i na tushen suna a cikin harshen Laru.
| wasali | Laru | Turanci | Laru | Turanci |
| ɪ-ɛ | d- ina | 'kaho' | d-ɛl | 'da kyau' |
| dˈ-ɽɪ́ | kostick | g'-ɽɛ́ | 'kotree' | |
| d-ira | 'zaki' | g-iya | 'yarinya' | |
| g-ìlíɲ | 'komushroom' | d-ɛ̀lɛ́ɲ | 'shugaba | |
| d'-l: yi | 'kafada' | ǀˈ-ǀːɛ́ | 'Dutsen nika' | |
| ba-a | j-in | 'dutse' | j- ina | 'madara' |
| g'-ɽɛ̀ | 'itace' | gˈ-ɽà | 'kai' | |
| ɡ-ɛ̀rá | 'yarinya' | g-ɛ̀rɛ́ | 'sky' | |
| d-ɔ̀rɛ́ | 'kwando' | d-ɔ̀rá | ' dubura' | |
| g-ɔ̀ɽɛ̀ | 'tsari' | g-ara | 'kowood' | |
| a-ɔ | j- ina | 'madara' | j-ɔn | ' hatsi |
| ɔ-ʊ | d-ɔ̀ɽá | 'masussuka' | d-ʊ̀ɽà | 'Winder' |
| d-ɔ̀rá | ' dubura' | d-ʊ̀rà | 'sihiri sanda | |
| g-ɔ̀bɔ̀ | 'haikali' | g-ʊ̀bʊ̀ | 'compod' | |
| g-ɔ̀ʈà | 'kofruit' | g-ɗa | 'kofruit' | |
| g-ɔ̀ɲ | 'abu | g-ʊ̀ɲ | 'veranda' | |
| ɪ - i | d-ìrìɲ | 'kugu | d-ìrìɲ | 'kwari' |
| a-ə | d-àmà | 'fara' | d-ə̀mə̀ | 'rauni' |
| d-adaɲ | 'wuka' | d-ə́də́ɲ | 'kogon kadangare' | |
| g-áɲá | 'ciyawar ciyawa | d-ə̀ɲə̀ | 'kayan lambu | |
| d'-ráɲ | 'kograss' | dˈ-rə́ŋ | 'hatimin kudan zuma' | |
| g'- ɗà | 'kai' | g'-ɗə́ | 'Tsuntsaye' | |
| ku - ku | g'-lʊ̀ | 'laka | d'-lù | 'shan taba' |
| g'ɗaɗ | 'rafi' | d'-ƙaura | 'dutse' | |
| g'-bʊ̀ŋ | 'rami a cikin bishiya' | g'-bùn | 'pool' | |
| d-ʊ̀wà | 'baffa' | d-úwə́ | 'wata' | |
| g-úwá | 'tushen' | g-úwə́ | 'akuya' |
(Tsarin Suna cikin Harmony na Laru Walali daga Abdalla 2012: 28)
Alamun Suna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana nuna yuwuwar prefixes, suffixes da enclitics akan sunaye a cikin Tebura.
| Alamun Suna | ||||
| Hanyar
Alamar alama |
Class
Alamar alama |
Accuative
Alamar alama |
Na wuri | |
| ɡ- | d- | Tushen | -ɲ | -ala |
| d- | ɡ- | -ku | - al ʊ | |
| ŋʷ- | ||||
| C tsayi | l- | - wani | ||
| j-
ŋʷ- |
||||
(Affixes of Nouns in Laru Locatives, wanda aka samo daga Abdalla 2015:7)
Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Alamun kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Waɗannan teburi suna ba da haske game da fannoni daban-daban na ilimin halittar fi'ili a cikin harshe, wanda ya ƙunshi yarjejeniya kan jigo, alamomi masu iyaka, ƙirar ƙira, da ƙayyadaddun wuri. Suna ba da cikakken ra'ayi na yadda ake tsara fi'ili da amfani da su a cikin harshe, suna aiki azaman bayanai masu mahimmanci ga masana harshe ko masu koyan sha'awar fahimtar fasalin nahawu na harshe.
- Alamar inite suna ba da bayani game da nau'in aikin, ko ci gaba ne, cikakke, ko a cikin sigar tsoho.
- Siffofin da aka samo asali suna ƙara nau'o'i daban-daban ga fi'ili, kamar juzu'i, rashin jin daɗi, ayyuka na yau da kullun, daidaitawa, ayyukan umarni, ayyuka na lokaci ɗaya, ayyuka masu maimaitawa, da haddasawa.
- Locative enclitics suna ba da bayani game da wuri ko alkiblar aikin.
| Alamun kalmomi | ||||
| Yarjejeniyar Magana | Alamar Ƙarshe | Ƙaddamarwa
Morphemes |
Na wuri
Enclitics | |
| ɡ- | Tushen | -di (ci gaba mai canzawa) | -nɪ (REF) | -ala 'on. sama' |
| da w - | -ti (cikakke mai canzawa) | - ni (PASS) | -alu 'on.level' | |
| l- | -u (default) | (MAN) | -anu 'ciki, karkashin' | |
| da w - | -dɪ (REC) | |||
| d- | - (DIR) | |||
| -tɪ (SIM) | ||||
| - ʈɪ (REP) | ||||
| -j (CAU) | ||||
(Afixes na fi'ili a cikin Laru Locatives, an daidaita shi daga Abdalla 2015: 14)
Teburin yana da ginshiƙai guda biyar: Yarjejeniyar Jigo, Ƙaƙƙarfan Alama, Ƙaƙƙarfan Maɗaukaki, Ƙwararren na Ƙaƙwalwa .
Siffofin Fi'ili da aka Samu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wannan tebur yana kwatanta siffofin fi'ili da aka samo a cikin harshe, gami da kari daban-daban da ayyukansu. Kowane jeri yana ba da misalan misalan fi'ili masu sheki da madaidaicin fi'ili da aka samu bayan amfani da ƙayyadaddun suffixes.
| Siffofin Fi'ili da aka Samu | |||||
| kari | Aiki | Verb mara iyaka | Gloss | An samu
fi'ili |
Gloss |
| -nɪ | reflexive (REF) | eŋɡá | 'a gani' | èŋɡà-nɪ́ | 'kallan kai' |
| -ni | m (PASS) | lɛ̀ŋɛ | 'don sani' | lɛ̀ŋɛ-ní | 'da za a sani' |
| - Ƙwararru | manipulative (MAN) | rʊ́ | 'zama' | rʊ̀-ɪ́ | 'don zama' |
| -dɪ | reciprocal (REC) | pí | 'don doke' | pɪ̀-dɪ́ | 'don fada da juna' |
| -cɪ | umarnin (DIR) | maniya | 'dafa' | mànɪ̀-cɪ́ | 'don dafa wa wani' |
| - ku | lokaci guda (SIM) | lʊ́ | 'don tona' | lʊ̀-tí | 'don tona' |
| - ʈi | maimaituwa (REP) | uku | 'don yanke' | ɗi-ʈí | 'don yanke sau da yawa' |
| -jƙa | causative (CAU) | raɗaɗi | 'yi wasa' | rɪ̀tɪ̀-jɪ́ | 'sakamakon wani abu
wasa' |
(Forms Verb Forms a Laru Locatives, an daidaita su daga Abdalla 2015:13)
- Teburin yana nuna jujjuyawar waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi don canza ma'anar fi'ili.
- Kowane suffix yana gabatar da takamaiman aikin ma'ana, kamar juzu'i, rashin jin daɗi, ayyuka na yau da kullun, daidaitawa, ayyukan umarni, ayyuka na lokaci ɗaya, ayyuka masu maimaitawa, da haddasawa.
- Waɗannan nau'ikan sifofi suna ba da gudummawa ga fa'ida da daidaiton harshe, yana ba masu magana damar isar da ayyuka da yawa na ɓarna da alaƙa tsakanin ayyuka.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Laro". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Abdalla Kuku, Nabil (2012), Laru wasali jituwa. Takardu na lokaci-lokaci a cikin nazarin Harsunan Sudan 10:17-35.
Abdalla Kuku, Nabil (2015), Laru Locatives. Takardu na lokaci-lokaci a cikin Nazarin Harsunan Sudan 11:1-16.
Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1981), Binciken Kordofanian Volume 1: Ƙungiyar Heiban. Helmut Buske: Hamburg.