Yaren Leco
Yaren Leco wanda kuma aka rubuta a matsayin Leko, yare ne wanda, ko da yake an daɗe ana ba da rahoton bacewarsa, mutane 20-40 ke magana a yankunan gabashin tafkin Titicaca,kasar Bolivia. Yawan kabilar Leco ya kasance 13,527 a cikin shekarar 2012.[1]
Rabewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kodayake ana ɗaukar Leco a matsayin keɓewar harshe, Kaufman (shekarar 1994: 64) ƙungiyoyin Leco tare da harsunan Sechura–Catacao a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin Macro-Lecoan da aka tsara.[3] Har ila yau, an ba da shawarar cewa za a iya haɗa Leco tare da ɓatattun harsunan Puquina da ake magana da su a kudancin tafkin Titicaca.[2][3]
Tuntuɓar harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jolkesky shekarar (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya na ƙamus tare da Kulle, Omurano, Taushiro, Urarina, Arawak, Cholon-Hibito, Jaqi, da dangin Quechua saboda tuntuɓar su.[4]
| gloss | Leco |
|---|---|
| one | ver |
| two | foi |
| three | chishai |
| head | barua |
| eye | bisiri |
| hand | bu-eú |
| woman | chusna |
| water | dua |
| sun | heno |
| maize | ta |
gloss Leco one ver two foi three chishai head barua eye bisiri hand bu-eú woman chusna water dua sun heno maize ta
Fage[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tarihi
Baya ga wasu taƙaitaccen jerin ƙamus, babban takaddar da aka san Leco don ita ce koyaswar Kirista da ɗan mishan Andrés Herrero ya tattara a farkon ƙarni na 19. Lafone Quevedo ne ya buga wannan koyaswar a cikin shekarar 1905, wanda ya yi amfani da shi azaman tushe don yin bayanin nahawu na harshe. Wannan aikin kusan shine kawai daftarin aiki da aka samu game da Leco, har sai masanin ilimin harshe Simon van de Kerke shekarar (1994) ya gano wasu masu magana da yaren kuma ya tattara wasu ƙarin hujjoji waɗanda suka haɓaka nazarin Quevedo.
Amfani da bayanin
A cikin Grimes shekarar (1988), Leco an rarraba shi azaman keɓewar harshe kuma ana ɗaukarsa bacewa. Duk da haka, Montaño Aragón shekarar (1987) ya sami wasu masu magana da harshe a yankin Atén da kuma a Apolo, La Paz, a lardin Franz Tamayo a cikin Bolivia na La Paz, tare da kogin Mapiri a Lardin Larecaja (wanda yake kuma a cikin sashen na La Paz). La Paz).
Van de Kerke (shekarar 1994–shekarar 97) ya kori wasu masu magana. Waɗannan masu magana, galibi maza, sun girmi shekaru 50 kuma ba su saba amfani da yaren ba tun da daɗewa kafin lokacin. Van de Kerke ya ba da labarin cewa masu magana ba su da isasshen kwanciyar hankali don gudanar da tattaunawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba a Leco.
Bayanin harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fassarar sauti
Dangane da phonology na Leco, mutum zai iya nuna waɗannan abubuwa (bisa van de Kerke, 2009: 289-291).
Leco yana da wayoyi guda shida: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ da /ɨ/. An bambanta adawa a cikin wasula biyar na farko a cikin bayanan, amma ana samun adawa tsakanin /e/ da /ɨ/ a cikin ƙayyadaddun kalmomi, misali pele 'balsa' da pèlè 'sunan shuka'.
Lexicon da azuzuwan kalmomi Dangane da ƙamus da azuzuwan kalmomi a cikin Leco, mutum na iya ambaton waɗannan (van de Kerke, shekarar 2009: 293–297):
A cikin Leco, an bambanta manyan nau'ikan kalmomi guda huɗu: suna, siffa, fi'ili, da lallausan magana. Bayan haka, harshen yana da rukuni na ƙananan nau'o'i: sunayen mutane, karin magana na sirri, karin magana, lambobi, karin magana, da sauransu. Ana siffanta sunaye ta hanyar morphosyntactically ta hanyar samar da tsakiya na jumlar suna da kuma barin jujjuya lamba da harka. Wasu suna ko dalilai a cikin Leco ana samun nasara 'gida' da 'yar' phose. Dangane da karin magana, Leco ya bambanta iri hudu: karin magana na sirri, kamar zamanin 'I', iya 'kai (mufurai)', kibi 'shi/ita'; ma'anar karin magana, kamar hoo 'wannan, kusa da mai magana', akan 'wannan, kusa da mai magana' da hino 'cewa, nesa da mai magana da mai magana'; karin magana mai tambaya, kamar ha 'who', u 'what', nora 'where'; da karin magana mara iyaka, waɗanda aka bayyana ta hanyar jumlolin dubatative, waɗanda suka ƙunshi karin magana mai tambaya da kari-kamar 'kuma' da -ka 'como'. Leco yana da adadi mai yawa na lexemes na adjectival, waɗanda ke siffata ta hanyar bayyana halayen mahalli. Don haka muna da, alal misali, lais 'bueno', suma 'kanana'. Leco tana da tsarin adadi na goma, wanda ya ƙunshi raka'o'i masu zuwa: 'daya', kuma 'biyu', chai 'uku', dirai 'hudu', bercha 'biyar', berphahmo 'shida', toiphahmo 'bakwai', ch' aiphahmo 'takwas', beepila 'nine', and beriki 'ten'. Lambobi shida zuwa takwas suna bin tsari a tushe biyar, kamar yadda yake cikin Aymara: 6 = 5 + 1, da sauransu. Leco yana da iyakataccen adadin lexemes na adverbial, kamar misali: kumte 'latti', ch'eka 'jiya', china 'sosai'. Har ila yau, tana da rukunin matsayi, waɗanda ke bayyana wurin kuma waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin sauƙi tare da alamomin harka, kamar su hekor 'out', apor 'near', haz 'down'. Dangane da fi’ili, ana siffanta su da aiki a matsayin jigon jumlar magana da kuma karɓar ɓangarorin lokaci da mutum, baya ga samun jerin ƙayyadaddun kari. Baya ga mataimakan wuya da kach, Leco yana da fi'ilai masu jujjuyawa, masu jujjuyawa, da ma'ana. Siffar dabi'ar wannan harshe ita ce ta ba da hankali sosai ga matsayi na abubuwa. Yana bayyana kansa, alal misali, a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa, waɗanda ko da yaushe suna haɗa suna mai bayyana matsayi tare da ma'anar kach 'don zama': chelkach 'da za a aza rabin kan wani abu', lewakach 'da za a rataye', chakach 'to zama zaune', da sauransu. Ilimin Halitta Dangane da halayen halayen Leco, wanda zai iya nuna waɗannan abubuwa (van de Kerke, shekarar 2009: 297-313).
Leco babban yare ne mai ban tsoro kuma yana amfani da galibin kari. Dangane da ilimin halittar jiki na sunaye, sunaye suna da juzu'i ga lamba, ta hanyar ma'anar kalmar jam'i -aya, kamar yadda a cikin choswai-tha-aya [mace-DIM-PL] 'kananan mata', da juzu'i ga harka, misali genitive -moki, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da abubuwan da ba su dace ba kamar kuchi 'perro' a cikin yo-moki kuchi [1SG-GEN] 'mi perro'; dative (i)ki, wanda ke nuna alkibla ko manufa, kamar yadda yake cikin (1); Locative -ra ko -te, wanda ke nuna alamar madaidaicin wuri ko wuri mai jagora, kamar a cikin (2); ablative -rep / -bet, wanda ke nuna asalin wurin, kamar yadda yake cikin (3), da sauransu. (1) san-ki
duk-da
hu-ku-ate
3pl-dar-pas.1
dulsi
alewa
'Ga duk na ba alewa.'
(2) ku
me
trabajo-ra
aiki-loc
cera
mu
abo-da-no-ne
sami-fut-NML-int
lamka-sich-ne
aiki-inf-top
‘A cikin wane aiki za mu sami aiki (a cikin gari)?’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);
(3) lilwo
farar fata
ubus-no-te
fito-NML-DCL
lal-rep/lal wara-rep
duniya-abl / duniya ciki-abl
‘Ciwa tana fitowa daga ƙasa/daga cikin ƙasa.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);
Ana iya haɗa sunayen sunaye, ƙari ga haka, tare da saitin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai suke, kamar yadda ake haɗa su da maƙasudin -tha, wanda ban da haɗa su da wasu abubuwa, kamar yadda a cikin won-tha [gida-DIM] 'kananan gida', an haɗa shi da sifa, kamar yadda aka gani a (4). Wani kari wanda ya shafi sunaye shine 'delimitative' -beka, wanda ke bayyana ra'ayin 'babu', 'kawai', kamar yadda aka gani a cikin (5). Har ila yau, Leco yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kalmomi (waɗanda ke samo sunaye daga fi'ili), misali, infinitivizer -sich in (6), wanda ke samun sigar ƙarshe wanda ke aiki azaman jigon jumla; da wakili -no, wanda ke samar da sunaye da aka samo waɗanda ke bayyana wakili, kamar lamas-no [aiki-AG] 'ma'aikaci'. (4) wata
Guana
ba-ta-ta
far-dim-DCL
‘Guanay ya ɗan yi nisa kaɗan.’ Ba a san gajarta (s) mai sheki ba (taimako);
(5) yo-phos-beka
1sg-yar-del
ho-ra
wannan-loc
ba-ba-ba
live-NML-DCL
‘Yata ba ta ƙara zama a nan.’ Unknown short glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);
(6) lamka-shi
aiki-inf
yu-gustas-in-te
1.O-don Allah-neg-DCL
‘Aiki baya faranta min rai.’ Unknown short glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);
Dangane da ilimin halittar jiki, fi’ili suna da jujjuyawar mutum, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar karimi wanda ma. rk mutumin jigon da prefixes wanda ke yiwa abu alama, kamar yadda aka nuna a (7). (7) ya-ache-ki
1sg-baba-gen
yo-moki
1sg-jin
aycha
nama
yin-ko-ka-te
1.ben-ci-PF-aux-DCL
‘Mahaifina ya ci naman.’ (Ban iya ci ba kuma) Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);
Kamar yadda aka gani a hoto na 2, ban da jujjuyawar mutum, ana iya haɗa kalmar fi'ili a Leco tare da jerin ƙayyadaddun ƙaranci (waɗanda, alal misali, bambance-bambancen nau'in yanayi-lokaci). Misali, (8) ya nuna yadda ake amfani da kari na ilimin kaikaice (CID) -mono, wanda aka hada da fi’ili moch ‘ce’ wanda daga ciki aka samo shi. Samfuri:Interlinear Samfuri:Interlinear Samfuri:Interlinear Samfuri:Interlinear
- In regard to verbal morphology, verbs have inflection of person, which is formed by means of suffixes which mark the person of the subject and prefixes which mark the object, as is shown in (7).
| Verbal root | PROG | NEG | NML/N/ADJ | PL | CID | AUX | PAS | DCL/INT | Person |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -o | |||||||||
| Adj/N | -t | -m/-n | |||||||
| -aya | -mono | -ka | -taah | ||||||
| V | -cha | -in | -no | -ne | -am/-an | ||||
| -ir | -a | -no(h) | |||||||
| -ich | -s |
- In regard to the category of mood, in Leco one uses suffixes like -kama 'power', -bibi 'almost', among others, to indicate a possible event, as is seen in (9). Leco has, besides, two forms of imperative of the second person, one directed to only one person and another directed to various persons, as is seen in (10a) and (10b).
Samfuri:Interlinear Samfuri:Interlinear Samfuri:Interlinear Samfuri:Interlinear
Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Loukotka shekarar (1968) ya jera waɗannan mahimman ƙamus na Leco.[5]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
- ↑ http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk