Yaren Proto-Tai
| Yaren Proto-Tai | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Proto-Tai ita ce kakannin da aka sake ginawa na duk yaren Tai, gami da Lao na zamani, Shan, Tai Lü, Tai Dam, Ahom, Arewacin Thai, Standard Thai, Bouyei, da Zhuang . Harshen Proto-Tai ba wani rubutu mai rai ya tabbatar da shi kai tsaye ba, amma an sake gina shi ta hanyar kwatancen .
An sake gina shi a cikin 1977 ta Li Fang-Kuei [1] da Pittayawat Pittayaporn a 2009.
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tebu mai zuwa yana nuna baƙaƙen Proto-Tai bisa ga Li Fang-Kuei 's A Handbook of Comparative Tai (1977), wanda aka yi la'akari da ma'auni a fagen. Li bai nuna ainihin ingancin baƙaƙen da aka ambata a nan kamar [ tɕ</link> , tɕʰ</link> kuma dʑ</link> ], waɗanda aka nuna a cikin aikinsa a matsayin [č, čh, ž], kuma an kwatanta su kawai a matsayin masu ba da izini na palatal .
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsaya | Mara murya | p | t | tɕ | k | ||||||
| Mara murya | pʰ | tʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | |||||||
| Murya | b | d | dʑ | ɡ | |||||||
| Glottalized | ʔb | ɗ | ɗoj | ʔ | |||||||
| Ƙarfafawa | Mara murya | f | s | x | h | ||||||
| Murya | v | z | ka | ||||||||
| Nasal | Mara murya | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ | ||||||
| Murya | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||
| Ruwa </br> ko Semi wasali |
Mara murya | w̥ | r̥, l̥ | ||||||||
| Murya | w | r, l | j | ||||||||
Teburin da ke ƙasa ya jera wayoyin tarho na Pittayawat Pittayaporn na sake gina Proto-Tai. [2] : p. 70 Wasu bambance-bambancen fassarori daban-daban ne na baƙaƙen Li: ana fassara baƙaƙen palatal a matsayin tasha, maimakon affricates, kuma an kwatanta baƙaƙen glottalized ta amfani da alamomi don baƙaƙe . Koyaya, sake gina Proto-Tai na Pittayaporn yana da bambance-bambance na gaske daga Li:
- Pittayaporn baya ba da izinin baƙon da ake so, wanda ya sake ginawa azaman ci gaba na biyu a cikin yarukan Tai Kudu maso Yamma (bayan Proto-Tai ya rabu zuwa harsuna daban-daban).
- Hakanan ya sake gina jerin baƙaƙe masu banƙyama na uvular, wato */q/, */ɢ/, da */χ/. Babu yare na zamani da ke adana jerin baƙaƙe na uvular. Sake gina sautunan Pittayaporn ya dogara ne akan wasiƙun da ba su dace ba a cikin yarukan Tai na zamani daban-daban tsakanin sautunan /kʰ/, /x/ da /h/, musamman a cikin yaren Phuan da yaren Kapong na yaren Phu Thai . Ana iya sake ginawa tsakanin /kʰ/ da /x/ daga yaren Tai Dón . Koyaya, kalmomin da /x/ a cikin Tai Dón suna nuna nau'ikan wasiƙa iri uku a cikin Phuan da Kapong Phu Thai: wasu suna da /kʰ/ a cikin yaruka biyu, wasu suna da /h/ duka, wasu kuma suna /kʰ/ a cikin Phuan amma / h/ in Kapong Phu Thai. Pittayaporn yana sake gina azuzuwan rubutu kamar yadda yake nuna Proto-Tai /x/, /χ/</link> da /q/, bi da bi. [3]
Akwai jimillar baƙaƙe 33–36, 10–11 codas na baƙaƙe da 25–26 tautosyllabic baƙaƙe.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsaya | Mara murya | p | t | c | k | q | |||||||
| Murya | b | d | Ɗa | ɡ | Ƙaddamarwa | ||||||||
| Glottalized | ɓ | ɗ | da j | ʔ | |||||||||
| Ƙarfafawa | Mara murya | s | (Ƙara) | x | χ | h | |||||||
| Murya | z | (ƙa) | ka | ||||||||||
| Nasal | Mara murya | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | (ŋ̊) | ||||||||
| Murya | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||||
| Ruwa </br> ko Semi wasali |
Mara murya | w̥ | r̥, l̥ | ||||||||||
| Murya | w | r, l | |||||||||||
Harsunan Tai suna da ƙarancin baƙaƙe masu yuwuwa a matsayin coda fiye da na farko. Li (da yawancin masu bincike) suna gina ƙima na Proto-Tai code wanda yayi daidai da tsarin a Thai na zamani.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsaya | -p | -t | -k | - ʔ | ||||||
| Nasal | -m | -n | -ŋ | |||||||
| ƙaramin wasali | -w | -j | ||||||||
Pittayaporn's Proto-Tai codeas da aka sake ginawa sun haɗa da *-l, *-c, da yuwuwar *-ɲ, waɗanda ba a haɗa su a yawancin sake gina Proto-Tai ba. [2] : p. 193 A ƙasa akwai ƙima na syllabic coda:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsaya | -p | -t | -c | -k | ||||
| Nasal | -m | -n | (-ɲ) | -ŋ | ||||
| Liquid ko Semi wasali | -w | -l | -j | |||||
Norquest (2021) yana sake gina tashar retroflex mara murya / ʈ/ don Proto-Tai. Misalai na retroflex mara murya a cikin Proto-Tai:
| Gloss | proto-Tai | p-Tai Arewa | p-Tsakiya Tai | p-Southwest Tai |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'dagawa' | * ʈaːm | *r̥aːm | *tʰraːm | *naman alade |
| 'kai goshi' | * ʈawa | * r̥aw | * ruwa | *hau |
| 'a gani' | * Ƙ | * r | *ran | * kaji |
| 'ido' | *p-ʈaː | *p-ʈaː | *p-tʰraː | *taː |
| 'mutu' | *p-ʈaːj | *p-ʈaːj | *p-tʰraːj | * ta j |
| 'karawa' | * p- ; | * p- ; | *p-tʰrak | *take |
Norquest (2021) kuma yana sake gina jerin baƙaƙen murya mai numfashi (*bʱ, *dʱ, *ɡʱ, *ɢʱ) don Proto-Tai. Misalai na baƙaƙen haruffa masu numfashi a cikin Proto-Tai:
| Gloss | proto-Tai | p-Tai Arewa | p-Tsakiya Tai | p-Southwest Tai |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'mutum' | * bʱuːʔ | *buːʔ | *pʰuːʔ | *pʰuːʔ |
| 'kwano' | * dʱuəjʔ | *duəjʔ | *tʰuəjʔ | *tʰuəjʔ |
| 'kwankwasa' | *ɗaɗɗa | *gɯə | * kʰɯə | * kʰɯə |
| 'shinkafa' | * ɗʱawʔ | *yawaʔ | * ku | * ku |
Wasu wasikun sauti tsakanin Proto-Tai, Proto-Northern Tai, da Proto-Southern Tai (watau kakan yarukan Tai ta tsakiya da kudu maso yamma) baƙaƙen baƙaƙen da aka ba su a cikin Ostapirat (2023) sune kamar haka.
| p-Tai | p-Tai ta Arewa | p-Tai ta Kudu |
|---|---|---|
| *q- | *k- | *x- |
| * Ƙ | *ka- | *g- |
| *Ƙi- | *ka- | *ku- |
Wasikun farko na velar, a daya bangaren, iri daya ne.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Li, Fang-Kuei. (1977). A handbook of comparative Tai. Manoa: University Press of Hawaii.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2009a). The Phonology of Proto-Tai (Doctoral dissertation). Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
- ↑ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009b). Proto-Southwestern-Tai Revised: A New Reconstruction. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2, 121–144.