Yaren Wunambal

Harshen Wunambal, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Northern Worrorran, Gambera ko Gaambera, yaren Aboriginan Australiya ne na Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tana da yaruka da yawa, da suka haɗa da Yiiji, Gunin, Miwa, da Wilawila (tare da Gaambera da Wunambal su ma sun bambanta). Mutanen Wunambal ne ke magana.

Wunambal daya ne daga cikin harsunan Worrorran guda uku, sauran su ne (Yamma) Worrorra da Ngarinyin (Worrorra Gabas, ko Ungarinjin).

Tun daga shekarar 2020, "Wunambal Gaambera" wani bangare ne na aikin farfado da harshe.

Rabewa

Wunambal harshe ne mai rarraba suna wanda ke cikin dangin harsunan Kimberley na Arewa waɗanda mutanen Worrorra na arewa maso yammacin Kimberleys ke magana da su a Ostiraliya, yanki ne ga ragowar ƙungiyoyin Australiya na Aboriginal. Yana daya daga cikin harsunan Worrorran guda uku, sauran kuma su ne (Yamma) Worrorra da Ngarinyin (Eastern Worrorra, ko Ungarinjin), [5] dukkansu na "Northern Kimberley Division".

Masana harshe sun rarraba shi da wadanda ba Pama-Nyungan ba; "Sauran iyalai da ba na Pama-Nyungan ba su ne Nyulnyulan a kudu maso yamma, Bunuban a kudu, da Jarrakan a gabas." Wasu sun ware wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku na Worrorran a matsayin Wunambalic, Ungarinyinic, da Worrorric, waɗanda aka fi sani da Arewa, Tsakiya da Kudancin. Harshen polysynthetic ne wanda ya bambanta a cikin cewa "dukkan nau'ikan harshe a cikin dangin harshen Worrorran suna da azuzuwan suna" da "fi'iloli masu ɗaukar ma'ana da prefixes" .

• Wunambal yana da yaruka da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu ana iya ɗaukarsu wani lokaci a matsayin yaruka dabam dabam:.
• Wunambal dace (masu magana 5 a cikin 2005)
• Gamberre (bacewa zuwa 2016)
• Kwini (Gunin) (1 mai magana a cikin 2005)
• Miwa (Bagu) (bace)
• Yiidji (Kogin Forrest) (watakila masu magana 10 a cikin 2005)
• ? Wilawila (bacewa)
• ? Ginan (barewa)

Bowern (2012) ya lissafa harsunan Arewacin Worrorran guda uku: Wunambal dace, Gamberre, da Gunin.

Madadin sunaye

Sauran sunaye da haruffan Wunambal sun haɗa da Jeidji, Jeithi, Unambal, Wumnabal, Wunambullu, Yeidji, Yeithi.

Tarihi

Littafin farko na Wunambal shine a farkon karni na 20 na J.R.B. Soyayya.

Mutanen ƙabilar sun mamaye Kimberleys aƙalla shekaru 40,000. Al'ummar Wunambal 'yan asalin yankinsu ne, kuma suna cikin abin da ake kira 'yankin kabilanci. Ana kiran yankinsu na musamman guraa, wanda ya hada da mutanen Wunambal da mutanen Gaambera.

Bayan an lura da hulɗa da Turawa, mutanen Worrorran sun ƙunshi kusan 300. Masu magana da yaren Wunambal ba su kai goma ba a shekarar 2009.

Farfadowar harshe

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, an jera Wunambal Gaambera a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 20 da aka ba da fifiko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Tallafawa Harsunan Firamare, wanda Harsunan Farko na Australiya ke gudanarwa kuma Sashen Sadarwa da Fasaha ke samun tallafi. Aikin yana da nufin "gano da kuma tattara bayanan da ke cikin haɗari - waɗannan harsunan waɗanda ba su da ƙanƙanta ko babu takardun shaida, inda ba a yi rikodin rikodi ba, amma inda akwai masu magana da rai".

Rarraba yanki

Matsayin hukuma

Asalin harshen Wunambal mutanen Worrorra ne, waɗanda suka yi hijira daga ƙasashensu na asali a yammacin yankin Kimberley daga 1956.[10] Ci gaba na waɗannan masu magana sun fito daga "arewacin kogin Prince Regent" zuwa "har zuwa arewa har zuwa Dutsen Trafalgar".

Wannan nadi ya samo asali ne daga tasirin tasirin da aka yi amfani da su a yankin;ta hanyar irin wadannan ra'ayoyin ne ke ba da gudummawa ga ilimin sautin Wunambal da haɗin gwiwar Worrorran da Ungarinyin.

Yaruka/ iri-iri

Dangane da muhawara da wasu malamai suka yi, yarukan Wunambal sun hada da Wunambal dace, Gamberre, Kwini, Miwa, Yiidji, Wilawila, da Ginan. A cikin jayayyar masana harshe shine cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan yarukan ana iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin harsunan nasu, yayin da suke da alaƙa ta kud da kud[6]. " Harsunan Worrarran sun ƙunshi rukuni na ko makamancin nau'ikan sunaye da ake magana da su a cikin ƙungiyar Kimberley";saboda kamanceceniya da yawa da girman fahimtar juna tsakanin harsuna uku masu alaƙa na mutanen Worrorra.

Fassarar sauti

Akwai sauran ƴan banbance banbancen da aka ji tsakanin Wunambal da harsunan 'yan'uwanta; tarihin mutum shine dalili a cikin waɗannan bambance-bambancen da aka sani. "Wannan rajista ce ta ƙabilun da suka bambanta da harshe, kowannensu yana da ƙayyadaddun ma'anarsa ta asali."

Wasula

Harshen Wunambal ya bambanta da sauran harsunan Kimberley a cikin saɓanin sa na samar da sautin alveolar vs. bayan alveolar. Tsayawa, hanci, gefe, rhotics, da glides sun haɗa da salon magana: inda murya ba ta bambanta a tasha. Ana iya samun tebur na ƙididdige ƙididdiga da bayanin samar da baƙo a Wunambal: Yare na Yankin Arewa maso Yamma Kimberley, Yammacin Ostiraliya ta TL. Karr.

Bakaken Wunambal

	Peripheral		Laminal	Apical
	Labial	Velar	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex
Stop	p~b	k~ɡ	c~ɟ	t~d	ʈ~ɖ
Nasal	m	ŋ	ɲ	n	ɳ
Tap/trill				ɾ~r
Lateral			ʎ	l	ɭ
Approximant	w		j	ɻ

• Ana iya jin tsaida sautuna daga mara murya zuwa murya.
• /r/ za a iya ji a matsayin famfo, ko trill, kuma idan aka raunanar da magana, za a iya ji a matsayin murya mai murtuka [ɹ̝].
• /ɻ/ kuma yana iya kewayawa zuwa sautin alveolar [ɹ].
• /c/ za a iya ji a matsayin fricative [c], ko afficate [tʃ] a wurare daban-daban-farko.
• /ɡ/ za a iya ji kamar [dʒ] lokacin da ake gaba da dogon wasali /iː/ a matsayi na farko.

Wasula

Wunambal "an yi nazarinsa a matsayin tsarin wasali shida tare da bambance-bambancen /i e a o u ɨ/, tare da /ɨ/ kawai aka samo a cikin nau'in Arewa.".

/i, u/ kuma ana iya jin kamar [ɪ, ʊ]

/ɨ/ na iya samun allophones guda uku; [ɨ], [ə], [ʉ].

/aː/ na iya kewayawa zuwa sautin wasali na baya [ɑː].

Nahawu

Akwai nau'o'in suna guda biyar a rabin arewacin kasar Wunambal da uku a rabin kudu.

Ilimin Halitta

Wunambal shine polysynthetic; musamman, Harsunan Worrorran sun ƙunshi babban yarjejeniya.

Ana iya samun cikakken jerin ajin Wunambal da alamomi a cikin Bayanan kula akan harshen Wunambal na Arthur Capell (1941).

Daidaitawa

Kamar yadda a cikin duk harsunan Arewacin Kimberley, suna ɗauke da abubuwan ban mamaki na kalmomi masu sauƙi da masu haɗaka, suna amfani da ƙarin taimako ta hanyar haɗakarwa: "wasu kalmomi suna haɗuwa ta hanyar prefixes ga mutum (kuma zuwa ƙananan digiri), yayin da aka ƙara suffixes don nuna al'amari, yanayi. Duk harsunan Worrorran da aka samo sun ƙunshi rarrabuwa na ƙima, alamar kai, da ƙayyadaddun tsinkaya.

Kalmomi

Harsunan Arewacin Worrorran suna raba ƙamus.