Yarjejeniyar Adabi ta Vienna
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Yarjejeniyar Adabi ta Vienna (Serbo-Croatian: Bečki književni dogovor, Бечки књижевни договор) shi ne sakamakon taron da aka yi a watan Maris 1850, lokacin da marubuta daga Croatia, Serbia da Carniola (Slovenia) suka hadu don tattauna iyakar littattafansu. haɗe da haɗin kai don ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen harshen Serbo-Croatian.
Yarjejeniyar ta amince da haɗin kai na yarukan Slavic ta Kudu kuma ta ƙididdige ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin nahawu waɗanda suka raba.
Mahallin tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rabin farko na ƙarni na 19 ya zama sauyi a cikin tunanin harshen Illyrian. A wannan lokacin, Illyrians sun gudanar da muhawara na daidaiku tare da abokan adawar su, kuma Zagreb, a matsayin cibiyar al'adu da adabi ta Croatia, ta kasance matattarar aiwatarwa da yada su. Duk da haka, tare da shekaru wasu daga cikin mabiyansu sun fahimci rashin yiwuwar haɗin harshe da kuma adabi na dukan Slavs ta Kudu, ganin cewa ainihin zaɓin da ya rage shi ne ƙirƙirar harshen adabi na kowa ga Croats da Sabiyawa, waɗanda suke da haɗin kai duka biyu. yaren Shtokavian da lafazin Ijekavian.[1]
Yarjejeniyar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin Maris na 1850, an shirya taron kuma ya sami halartar masanin ilimin harshe na Serbia kuma masanin tarihin Vuk Karadžić, babban mabiyinsa Đuro Daničić; Babban mashahurin Slavist na wannan lokacin, masanin ilimin falsafa na Slovene Franz Miklosich, da malaman Croatia da marubuta Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, Dimitrije Demeter, Ivan Mažuranić, Vinko Pacel, da Stjepan Pejaković.
An amince da gabaɗayan jagororin haɓaka haɓakar wallafe-wallafen gama gari don Croats da Sabiyawa; Waɗannan sun yi daidai da ainihin ƙayyadaddun harshe da ƙayyadaddun harshe na Karadžić, kuma sun yi daidai da ainihin yaren adabi na Croatian Neo-Shtokavian pre-Illyrian wanda tunanin Illyrian ya murƙushe ta hanyar haɗin kai na Kudancin-Slavic. Rubutun Latin na Ljudevit Gaj da rubutun Cyrillic na Karadžić an daidaita su zuwa haɗin kai ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kuma duka biyun an ayyana daidai a cikin yanayin digraphia na daidaitawa.
Masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun cimma matsaya kan abubuwa biyar:
Sun yanke shawarar cewa ba za su haɗa yarukan da ake da su ba don ƙirƙirar sabuwar da ba ta wanzu ba, amma ya kamata su bi tsarin Jamusanci da Italiyanci, su ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin yare na jama'a kuma su zaɓi wannan a matsayin tushen adabi wanda za a rubuta duk rubutu. .
Gaba ɗaya sun yarda da zaɓin "harshen kudu" a matsayin harshen adabi na gama gari ga dukan Sabiyawa da Croats, da kuma rubuta ije inda wannan yare yana da reflex na disyllabic na dogon jat, da je, e, ko i inda reflex yake monosyllabic ( watau Ijekavian, Ekavian, ko Ikavian). Domin a tabbatar da daidai inda yaren da aka ambata yana da syllables guda biyu kuma inda ɗaya kawai, Vuk Karadžić an nemi ya rubuta "gaba ɗaya ƙa'idodin yaren kudanci" (opća pravila za južno narječje) akan wannan batu, wanda ya yi.
Sun yarda cewa marubutan Serbian da Montenegrin su rubuta h (/x/) a ko'ina na asali ne, kamar yadda marubutan Croatian suke yi, kuma kamar yadda wasu mutanen yankunan kudancin ke amfani da su wajen magana.
Dukkansu sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa bai kamata jam’in sunaye da sifofi su kasance da h a qarshe ba domin ba a wurinsu ba ne ta hanyar ilimin etymology, domin ba lallai ba ne a matsayin bambanci da sauran al’amura a cikin ma’auni, kuma saboda yawancin marubuta ba su yi ba. rubuta shi kwata-kwata.
An yarda cewa kafin syllabic / r/, kada mutum ya rubuta a ko e kamar yadda wasu marubutan Croatian suke yi, amma kawai r, kamar a cikin kalmar prst ('yatsa'), domin wannan shine siffar magana, da ƙari mai yawa. rubutaccen tsari a wani wuri.
A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 19, ana kiran waɗannan ƙarshe a bainar jama'a "bayani" (objava) ko "bayani" (izjava). Yarjejeniyar adabi ta Vienna ta samo asali ne daga karni na 20.
Tasiri da tasiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An fassara Yarjejeniyar Adabi ta Vienna daban-daban kuma ana magana da ita a cikin tarihin Croats, Slovenes, da Sabiyawa. A lokacin tarihin Yugoslavia, musamman jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Yugoslavia, koyarwar hukuma ita ce yarjejeniyar ta kafa ƙwaƙƙwaran dalilai na ƙirƙira harsunan Croatia da Serbian da suka biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba. Tare da zuwan daidaitattun harsuna na ƙasa, watau Bosnian, Croatian da Serbian a cikin 1990s, suka ta haifar da dacewa da yarjejeniyar.
Alal misali, a cewar Malić, taron ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci ga al'adun Croatian, amma "ya gudanar da nuna alamun ci gaba a cikin samuwar harshen wallafe-wallafen Croatian wanda ya ci nasara a karshen karni". Malić ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin karni na 20 ne kawai, a cikin tsarin "tunanin harshen unitarist da manufofin harshe", taron ya sami tasiri mai mahimmanci wajen samar da harshen wallafe-wallafen Croatia da Serbia na gama gari.
Tun da ba a shirya yarjejeniyar a hukumance ba, babu wanda ya ɗaure ta, don haka ba a fara karɓe ta ba daga ko dai na Croatian ko na Serbia. Har yanzu Croatia tana da ra'ayin Illyrian sosai na harshe, kuma al'adun Serbia masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba su shirya yarda da ra'ayoyin Karadžić na harshen jama'a daidai da na adabi, Slavonic-Serbian. A cikin 1868 ne kawai aka yarda da sake fasalinsa a Serbia, kuma ba cikakke ba (an yarda da lafazin Ekavian a matsayin ma'auni, maimakon Ijekavian), kuma a hankali an ba da magana ta gari mai girma wajen samar da daidaitattun harshe.
Duba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bibliography[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Malić, Dragica (1997), "Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika", Hrvatska gramatika [Croatian grammar] (in Kuroshiyan), Zagreb: Školska knjiga, pp. 30–31, ISBN 953-0-40010-1