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Zubar da ciki

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Zubar da ciki
Description (en) Fassara
Iri medical procedure (en) Fassara, pregnancy with abortive outcome (en) Fassara, feticide (en) Fassara
renunciation (en) Fassara
Specialty (en) Fassara Obstetrics
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10 O04
ICD-9 779.6
DiseasesDB 4153
MedlinePlus 002912
eMedicine 002912
MeSH D000028
Takaitaccen bidiyo
Sauran sunaye Rashin zubar da ciki, ƙarewar ciki
Na musamman Likitan mahaifa da likitan mata
ICD-10-PCS O04
ICD-9-CM 779.6
MeSH D000028
MedlinePlus 007382
mata na zanga zanga nema abu daman zubar da ciki

Zubar da ciki shine ƙarshen ciki ta hanyar cirewa ko fitar da tayi ko tayin.[note 1] Zubar da ciki da ke faruwa ba tare da kuma tsangwama ba ana saninsa da zubar da ciki ko kuma “zubar da ciki ba tare da bata lokaci ba” kuma yana faruwa a kusan kashi 30 zuwa 50% na masu juna biyu.[1][2] Lokacin da aka ɗauki matakai da gangan don kawo ƙarshen ciki, ana kiransa zubar da ciki da aka jawo, ko kuma ƙasa da ƙasa "zubar da ciki". Kalmar zubar da ciki gabaɗaya da ba a gyara ba tana nufin zubar da ciki da aka jawo.[3][4] Irin wannan hanya bayan tayin yana da yuwuwar tsira a wajen mahaifa ana kuma saninsa da "ƙarewar ciki" ko ƙasa da haka a matsayin "ƙarshen lokacin zubar da ciki".[5]

Idan aka yi shi yadda ya kamata, zubar da ciki na daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a bi wajen tabbatar da lafiya a fannin magani,[6]:1[7]:1 amma zubar da cikin da ba shi da lafiya shi ne babban abin da ke haddasa mutuwar mata masu juna biyu, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa.[8] Tabbatar da zubar da ciki lafiya ya zama doka da samun dama yana rage mutuwar mata masu juna biyu.[9][10] Yana da aminci fiye da haihuwa, wanda ke da haɗarin mutuwa sau 14 a Amurka.[11] Hanyoyin zamani suna amfani da magani ko tiyata don zubar da ciki.[12] Mifepristone na miyagun ƙwayoyi a hade tare da prostaglandin ya bayyana yana da aminci da tasiri kamar tiyata a lokacin farkon watanni na farko da na biyu na ciki.[13][14] Dabarar fiɗa da aka fi sani da ita ta haɗa da fadada cervix da amfani da na'urar tsotsa.[15] Ana iya amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, kamar kwaya ko na'urorin cikin mahaifa, nan da nan bayan zubar da ciki.[16] Lokacin da aka yi wa macen da take sha'awa ta hanyar doka da aminci, zubar da ciki ba ya ƙara haɗarin dadewa na tunani ko matsalolin jiki.[17] Sabanin haka, zubar da cikin da bai dace ba (waɗanda marasa ƙwararru ke yi, da kayan aiki masu haɗari, ko a wuraren da ba su da tsabta) suna haifar da mutuwar 47,000 da shigar da asibitoci miliyan 5 kowace shekara.[18][19] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar a samar da zubar da ciki cikin aminci da doka ga dukkan mata.[20]

Kimanin zubar da ciki miliyan 56 ake yi kowace shekara a duniya,[21] inda kusan kashi 45 cikin 100 ake yi ba tare da tsaro ba.[22] Yawan zubar da ciki ya canza kadan tsakanin 2003 zuwa 2008,[23] kafin hakan ya ragu a kalla shekaru ashirin yayin da samun damar tsarin iyali da hana haihuwa ya karu.[24] Ya zuwa 2018, kashi 37% na matan duniya sun sami damar zubar da ciki na doka ba tare da iyaka ga dalilai ba.[25][26] Ƙasashen da ke ba da izinin zubar da ciki suna da iyaka daban-daban kan yadda ake barin zubar da ciki a ƙarshen ciki.[27]

A tarihi, an yi ƙoƙarin zubar da ciki ta amfani da magungunan ganye, kayan aiki masu kaifi, tausa mai ƙarfi, ko ta wasu hanyoyin gargajiya.[28] Dokokin zubar da ciki da al'ada ko addini ra'ayin zubar da ciki sun bambanta a duniya. A wasu wuraren zubar da ciki yana halatta kawai a wasu lokuta na musamman kamar fyade, matsalolin tayin, talauci, haɗari ga lafiyar mace, ko lalata.[29] Akwai muhawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a, da shari'a na zubar da ciki.[30][31] Waɗanda suke adawa da zubar da ciki sau da yawa suna jayayya cewa tayi ko tayin mutum ne mai ’yancin rayuwa, kuma suna iya kwatanta zubar da ciki da kisa.[32][33] Waɗanda suke goyon bayan halaccin zubar da ciki sau da yawa suna ganin cewa wani ɓangare ne na haƙƙin mace ta yanke shawara game da jikinta.[34] Wasu sun yarda da doka da samun damar zubar da ciki a matsayin ma'aunin lafiyar jama'a.[35]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named definition
  1. ↑ The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. pp. 438–439. ISBN 9781451148015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017.
  2. ↑ "How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com.
  4. ↑ "Abortion (noun)". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018. [mass noun] The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy
  5. ↑ Grimes, DA; Stuart, G (2010). "Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology". Contraception. 81 (2): 93–96. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005. PMID 20103443.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lancet-grimes
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ray2014
  8. ↑ "Preventing unsafe abortion". www.who.int. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  9. ↑ Faúndes, Anibal; Shah, Iqbal H. (1 October 2015). "Evidence supporting broader access to safe legal abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. World Report on Women's Health 2015: The unfinished agenda of women's reproductive health. 131: S56–S59. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.03.018. ISSN 0020-7292. PMID 26433508.
  10. ↑ Latt, Su Mon; Milner, Allison; Kavanagh, Anne (5 January 2019). "Abortion laws reform may reduce maternal mortality: an ecological study in 162 countries". BMC Women's Health. 19 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0705-y. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 6321671. PMID 30611257.
  11. ↑ Raymond, E.G.; Grimes, D.A. (2012). "The Comparative Safety of Legal Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 119 (2, Part 1): 215–19. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923. PMID 22270271.
  12. ↑ Kulier, R; Kapp, N; Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Cheng, L; Campana, A (9 November 2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4. PMC 7144729. PMID 22071804. S2CID 205167182.
  13. ↑ Kulier, R; Kapp, N; Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Cheng, L; Campana, A (9 November 2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4. PMC 7144729. PMID 22071804. S2CID 205167182.
  14. ↑ Kapp, N; Whyte, P; Tang, J; Jackson, E; Brahmi, D (September 2013). "A review of evidence for safe abortion care". Contraception. 88 (3): 350–63. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027. PMID 23261233.
  15. ↑ "Abortion – Women's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Kapp, N; Whyte, P; Tang, J; Jackson, E; Brahmi, D (September 2013). "A review of evidence for safe abortion care". Contraception. 88 (3): 350–63. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027. PMID 23261233.
  17. ↑ Lohr, PA; Fjerstad, M; Desilva, U; Lyus, R (2014). "Abortion". BMJ. 348: f7553. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7553.
  18. ↑ Lohr, PA; Fjerstad, M; Desilva, U; Lyus, R (2014). "Abortion". BMJ. 348: f7553. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7553.
  19. ↑ Shah, I; Ahman, E (December 2009). "Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 31 (12): 1149–58. doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34376-6. PMID 20085681. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011.
  20. ↑ World Health Organization (2012). Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 8. ISBN 978-92-4-154843-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2015.
  21. ↑ Sedgh, Gilda; Bearak, Jonathan; Singh, Susheela; Bankole, Akinrinola; Popinchalk, Anna; Ganatra, Bela; Rossier, Clémentine; Gerdts, Caitlin; Tunçalp, Özge; Johnson, Brooke Ronald; Johnston, Heidi Bart; Alkema, Leontine (May 2016). "Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends". The Lancet. 388 (10041): 258–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4. PMC 5498988. PMID 27179755.
  22. ↑ "Worldwide, an estimated 25 million unsafe abortions occur each year". World Health Organization. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  23. ↑ Sedgh, G.; Singh, S.; Shah, I.H.; Åhman, E.; Henshaw, S.K.; Bankole, A. (2012). "Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008" (PDF). The Lancet. 379 (9816): 625–32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. PMID 22264435. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO.
  24. ↑ Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J (September 2007). "Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends". International Family Planning Perspectives. 33 (3): 106–16. doi:10.1363/3310607. PMID 17938093. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009.
  25. ↑ "Induced Abortion Worldwide". Guttmacher Institute. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2020-02-21. Of the world's 1.64 billion women of reproductive age, 6% live where abortion is banned outright, and 37% live where it is allowed without restriction as to reason. Most women live in countries with laws that fall between these two extremes.
  26. ↑ Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M (July 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 110: S13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003. PMID 20451196.
  27. ↑ Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M (July 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 110: S13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003. PMID 20451196.
  28. ↑ Paul, M; Lichtenberg, ES; Borgatta, L; Grimes, DA; Stubblefield, PG; Creinin, MD; Joffe, Carole (2009). "1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history" (PDF). Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy (1st ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1293-5. OL 15895486W. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012.
  29. ↑ Boland, R.; Katzive, L. (2008). "Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007". International Family Planning Perspectives. 34 (3): 110–20. doi:10.1363/3411008. PMID 18957353. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  30. ↑ Paola, Adolf; Walker, Robert; LaCivita, Lois (2010). Nixon, Frederick (ed.). Medical ethics and humanities. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-7637-6063-2. OL 13764930W. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017.
  31. ↑ Johnstone, Megan-Jane (2009). Bioethics a nursing perspective. Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses Journal. 3 (5th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 24–30. ISBN 978-0-7295-7873-8. PMID 2129925. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Although abortion has been legal in many countries for several decades now, its moral permissibilities continues to be the subject of heated public debate.
  32. ↑ Pastor Mark Driscoll (18 October 2013). "What do 55 million people have in common?". Fox News. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  33. ↑ Hansen, Dale (18 March 2014). "Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure?". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  34. ↑ Sifris, Ronli Noa (2013). Reproductive freedom, torture and international human rights: challenging the masculinisation of torture. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-135-11522-7. OCLC 869373168. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
  35. ↑ Swett, C. (2007). Unsafe abortion : global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003 (5th ed.). World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-159612-1. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
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