'Yancin Addini a Albaniya
 'Yancin Addini a Albaniya | ||||
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freedom of religion by country (en)  | ||||
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Kundin tsarin mulkin Albaniya ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Ba a sami rahoton cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba dangane da imani ko aiki. A cikin bayanan da masana ilimin zamantakewa Brian Grim da Roger Finke Albania suka tattara sun yi ƙasa a kan Dokokin Gwamnati na Addini, Dokokin Zamantake Addini, Ƙaunar Gwamnati na Addini da Zaluntar Addini. [1]
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati ta bayyana cewa gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin.[2] Gwamnati ta bayyana rashin zaman lafiya. Babu addini a hukumance kuma dukkan addinai daidai suke; duk da haka, manyan al'ummomin addini (Musulmi Sunni, Bektashi, Orthodox, da Katolika) suna jin daɗin matsayin hukuma (misali, bukukuwan ƙasa) da matsayin zamantakewa dangane da kasancewarsu na tarihi a ƙasar. Hutu na hukuma sun haɗa da ranaku masu tsarki daga dukkan manyan addinai huɗu.
Duk kungiyoyin addini da suka yi rajista suna da hakkin su rike asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori da gine-gine. Ba a sanya takunkumi ga iyalai game da yadda suke renon yaransu dangane da ayyukan addini. Dangantaka ta aminci tsakanin addinai a cikin al'umma ta ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin addini.
Yin lasisi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
OfGwamnati ba ta buƙatar rajista ko lasisi na ƙungiyoyin addini; duk da haka, Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyi na Jiha yana kiyaye bayanai da ƙididdiga kan ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke tuntuɓar ta don taimako. Babu wata kungiya da ta bayar da rahoton matsalolin yin rajista a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunshi. Duk kungiyoyin addini masu rijista suna da hakkin su mallaki asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya samun matsayin hukuma ta mai shari'a ta hanyar yin rajista tare da Kotun Lardi na Tirana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, wadda ta amince da matsayin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ba tare da la'akari da ko ƙungiyar tana da al'adu, nishaɗi, addini, ko halin jin kai ba. Dukkanin al’ummomin addini sun soki Gwamnati kan rashin amincewar ta na ba su matsayin da ba a biyan haraji. Tun shekara ta 2003 an keɓe masu wa'azi na addini na ƙasashen waje daga harajin izinin zama.
Kwamitin kula da al’adu na Jiha a karkashin ma’aikatar yawon bude ido, al’adu, matasa, da wasanni, tana da alhakin tsara dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da dukkanin mabiya addinai tare da kare ‘yancin yin addini da inganta hadin kai da fahimtar juna a tsakanin addinai. Kwamitin ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanansa na ƙungiyoyin addini suna taimaka wa 'yan sanda ba da izinin zama ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Babu wata kungiya da ta yi ikirarin samun matsala wajen samun izinin zama a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Koyaya, a matsayin gama gari, an ba wa masu wa’azi na addini na ƙasashen waje izinin zama na shekara 1 kacal maimakon shekaru 5 da doka ta ba mazauna ƙasar fiye da shekaru 2. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa, kwamitin ya fara aiki da gwamnati kan sharudda da za su ba da izinin zama na tsawon shekaru har zuwa shekaru 5 ga ingantattun kungiyoyin addini masu alaka da kasar.
Babu wata doka ko ƙa’ida da ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin addini su sanar da Kwamitin ayyukansu; duk da haka, sashi na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira da a samar da yerjejeniya daban-daban don daidaita dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummomin addinai. Cocin Katolika ta ci gaba da zama al’ummar addini tilo da suka kammala irin wannan yarjejeniya da Gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ba da umarnin yin shawarwari tare da sauran rukunoni uku da suka rage kuma sun kafa ƙungiyar aiki a watan Mayu 2006 don wannan dalili. An bayar da rahoton cewa kwamitin ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyoyi uku-Musulmi, Orthodox, da Muslim Bektashi al'ummomin. VUSH, wata ƙungiyar Furotesta, ta tuntuɓi Kwamitin dan tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙasashen biyu amma ba ta sami amsa ba a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton.
Makarantun Addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ma’aikatar ilimi ta kasar ta bayyana cewa makarantun gwamnati na kasar nan na boko ne, kuma dokar ta haramta koyar da akida da addini. Bisa kididdigar da hukuma ta bayar, kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyi, da gidauniyoyi sun gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi 101, wadanda 15 daga cikinsu makarantu ne masu alaka da addini, tare da dalibai sama da 2,600. A bisa doka dole ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta ba wa irin wadannan makarantu lasisi, kuma manhajoji dole ne su bi ka’idojin ilimi na kasa. Kungiyoyin Katolika da na Musulmai sun gudanar da makarantu da dama da ke da lasisin gwamnati kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da wata matsala wajen samun sabbin lasisin sabbin makarantu. Cocin Orthodox da Bektashis suna gudanar da cibiyoyin koyarwa na addini don horar da malamai.
Da'awar dukiya ta addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta; duk da haka, maido da kadarorin da tsohuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace ya ci gaba da zama matsala. A bisa dokar da ta shafi maidowa da kuma biyan diyya irin wadannan kadarori, al’ummomin addini suna da hakki iri daya da na mutane masu zaman kansu dangane da abin da ya shafi mayar da kadarori ko diyya, amma kungiyoyin addini sun nuna shakku kan kayyade kadarori zuwa 150 acres (0.61 km2) . A lokacin rahoton, Gwamnati ba ta kafa wani asusu na musamman don biyan diyya ba, amma Ofishin Firayim Minista ya yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin kadarorin addini. Gwamnatin ta kuma sanar da shirin kawar da cikas da aka samu a hukumance da na doka wadanda suka kawo cikas wajen dawo da kadarorin da aka kwace ta hanyar kawar da bukatar kungiyoyin addini su samar da mukamai da takardu don tabbatar da mallakar asali. A lokacin mulkin gurguzu, ana yin rikodin kadarorin da gwamnati ta kwace gabaɗaya, kuma Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin ganin ta amince da waɗannan takaddun bayanan a matsayin daidai da sunayen kadarori, don haka ta fayyace mallakar filaye a wasu lokuta.
Dukkanin manyan al'ummomin gargajiya guda huɗu suna da ƙaƙƙarfan da'awar kadarorin da ba a warware su ba. A al’amuran da suka shafi komawar gine-ginen addini, gwamnati ta kasa mayar da filayen da ke kewaye da gine-ginen, wani lokaci saboda da’awar sake fasalin da wasu masu zaman kansu suka yi da suka fara nomansa ko amfani da shi dan wasu dalilai. Cocin Orthodox ya ci gaba da gina wani sabon babban coci a Tirana a kan wani yanki na fili da ta samu a matsayin diyya ga sauran filaye da gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace, amma ta yi ikirarin rashin daukar mataki kan wasu ikirari na kadarorin kasar a duk fadin kasar, da kuma wahala, dawo da gumaka na addini da rubuce-rubuce masu tamani. Cocin Orthodox da Cocin Katolika suna ƙoƙari su dawo da wuraren ajiyar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta kama kuma aka ajiye a cikin tarihin ƙasar.
Ko da yake Cocin Katolika na da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ikirari, ta nuna cewa ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan kuma ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinta a wasu wurare. Duk da haka, idan a ƙarshe za a biya diyya ga sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, za a sa ran samun diyya ma.[3]
Kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya da kuma Musulman Bektashis sun kuma bukaci gwamnati ta mayar da wasu kadarori. Kungiyar Islama ta yi nasarar samun lakabin wani babban fili a Tirana inda wani masallaci ya taba tsayawa. Sai dai ba ta samu takardar izinin gina sabon masallaci ba. A karkashin sabon tsarin kula da birane na Tirana, an kebe wani fili a Tirana, wanda kuma mallakin al'ummar musulmi ne saboda haka. Jama'ar Musulunci sun ki amincewa da wannan wurin da cewa ya yi kadan kuma sun ci gaba da fifita wurin na asali. Ba a warware matsalar ba a ƙarshen lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Har ila yau al’ummar Bektashi na neman gwamnati ta biya diyya ga wadanda aka zalunta da addini a lokacin mulkin gurguzu.
Batun zama dan kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dokar Cocin Orthodox ta shekarar 1954 ta ce dole ne babban Bishop ɗinta ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Albaniya; [4] duk da haka, babban Bishop ɗan ƙasar Girka ne wanda ke neman zama ɗan ƙasar Albaniya. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi bayani, Gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kan bukatarsa ta zama dan kasa ba, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2003.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gabaɗaya, Albaniya tana da rigima na addini kaɗan. Duk da haka, an sami wasu abubuwan da suka faru na musgunawa sakamakon imani na addini.
Tun a shekara ta 2001 an ci zarafin musulmin Albaniya da dama, ana nuna musu wariya da kuma tsanantawa saboda akidarsu. Jami’an Tsaron Albaniya sun tsare wani limamin Albaniya mai suna Artan Kristo, ba tare da wani tabbaci ba. Dangane da bayanan Artan Kristo da kuma bayanin wasu limaman Albaniya da kuma Dandalin Musulmi na Albaniya, an tsare Kristi ba bisa ka’ida ba, tun da bai yarda ya zama dan leken asiri na Hukumar Tsaro ta Albaniya ba.
Duk da cewa babu wata doka da ta hana nuna alaƙar addini a makarantun gwamnati, akwai lokutan da aka hana ɗalibai yin hakan a aikace. A watan Disambar 2003, an hana wani dalibi musulmi daukar hoton difloma saboda yana da gemu. A ƙarshe an ba ɗalibin izinin kammala karatun ta hanyar sa hannun ofishin Ombudsman (cibiyar gwamnati da ke da alhakin bincikar tuhume-tuhumen ƴan ƙasa na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kare yancinsu na asali).[ana buƙatar hujja]
A shekara ta 2002, wasu al'ummomin Bektashi da ke wajen Tirana sun fuskanci tsoratarwa, barna, da barazanar tashin hankali. Daga baya, hukumomin Albaniya sun gano wadanda ke da alhakin (wadanda ba Albaniya ba) kuma sun kore su saboda keta dokokin shige da fice. Babu wani sabon rahoton barna a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo. Shugabannin Bektashi sun yi imanin cewa tasirin addini na kasashen waje da ke neman kawo cikas ga kokarin kasar na wanzar da juriya da 'yancin addini su ne tushen wadannan abubuwa. Sauran shugabannin addinai sun bayyana irin wannan damuwar game da rawar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na kasashen waje ke takawa.
An harbe babban sakataren kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya Sali Tivari a hedikwatar kungiyar a watan Janairun 2003. Babban mai gabatar da kara ya mayar da karar zuwa ga hukuma don ci gaba da bincike kuma har zuwa karshen wa'adin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa bai warware ba.[5]
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda sun kama Kastriot Myftari, marubucin littafin "Albaniya National Islamism" bisa zargin ingiza kiyayyar addini ga Musulunci. Littafin ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin marubucin game da Musulunci da kuma yadda addinin ya yi tasiri ga rayuwar Albaniya. A cewar ofishin mai gabatar da kara, bayanai da dama a cikin littafin sun wulakanta Musulunci. Mai gabatar da kara ya bukaci kotun daurin watanni 6 ga marubucin. A watan Yuni ne dai kotun ta wanke Myftari daga zargin da ake masa.
A shekara ta 2004, wakilan Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun nuna damuwarsu cewa coci-coci, giciye, da wasu gine-gine an lalata su.[6]
A cikin watan Nuwamba 2005 wani jawabi[7] daga shugaban Albania a London, ya tada zanga-zangar jama'a daga dandalin Muslim Forum na Albania wanda ya zargi shugaban da cin zarafin Musulunci.[8]
A cikin watan Afrilu 2008, wani labari daga dan majalisar gurguzu, Ben Blushi da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na musulmi[9] sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama. A cewar marubucin NGO, marubucin ya nuna alamun wariyar launin fata ga Turkawa, Romawa da Musulman Albaniya a cikin littafin.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar. Babu rahotannin tilastawa addini.
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Addini a Albaniya
- Hakkin Dan Adam a Albaniya
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Albania: Religious Freedom Profile at the Association of Religion Data Archives Archived 2016-06-12 at the Wayback Machine Brian J Grim and Roger Finke. "International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2 (2006) Article 1: www.religjournal.com.
- ↑ LL.M., Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher. "ICL > Albania > Constitution" . servat.unibe.ch .
- ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (15 September 2006). "U.S. Department of State Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2006 - Albania" . Refworld . United States Department of State.
- ↑ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Albania" . 2001-2009.state.gov .
- ↑ "Albania" . International Religious Freedom Report 2004 . Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor , United States Department of State . 15 September 2004.
- ↑ "Albania" . International Religious Freedom Report 2005 . Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor , United States Department of State. 8 November 2005.
- ↑ "The Lecture of President Moisiu at the Oxford Forum "The Inter-religious tolerance in the tradition of the Albanian people." " . President of the Republic of Albania . 9 November 2005. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007.
- ↑ "Su: The President of Albania, Alfred Moisiu, insults the Muslims" (Press release). The Muslim Forum of Albania . 11 November 2005.
- ↑ "The Muslim Forum and other Muslim associations are annoyed by the racism and islamophobia of Ben Blushi" (Press release). The Muslim Forum of Albania . 28 April 2008.