Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Musulmi
 Muslim Independence Movement (MIM) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Gajeren suna | MIM, MIM da MIM |
| Iri |
research program (en)  da nationalist movement (en) |
| Ƙasa | Filipin |
| Ideology (en) |
independent foreign policy (en) |
| Aiki | |
| Bangare na |
protests against Bongbong Marcos (en) da history of Sabah (en) |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira |
1 Mayu 1968 20 Nuwamba, 2023 |
| Wanda ya samar |
Datu Udtog Matalam (en) |
| Founded in | Pagalungan |
Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Musulmi (MIM) kungiya ce ta siyasa a cikin Philippines .
A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1968, watanni biyu bayan Kisan kiyashi na Jabidah, Datu Udtog Matalam, tsohon gwamnan Cotabato, ya fitar da wata sanarwa don sanar da kungiyar Musulmi mai zaman kanta wacce ke neman wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Musulmi daga Philippines wacce ta hada da yankunan Mindanao, Sulu, da Palawan.[1] Daga baya aka sake sunan kungiyar a matsayin Mindanao Independence Movement (har yanzu MIM) don tabbatar da wadanda ba Musulmai ba a Cotabato cewa an haɗa su cikin jihar da aka tsara.[2]
Kodayake MIM ba ta daɗewa ba, tasirin ta ya kai ga nesa kamar yadda ake jayayya cewa shine babban abin da ya haifar da kafa Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).[3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mulkin mallaka na ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mindanao, tare da wuri mai kyau a ƙarƙashin belin guguwa da albarkatun ma'adanai masu arziki, ta hanyar halitta sun ja hankalin babban birnin kasashen waje zuwa yankin. Wannan ya sa Shugaba Ramon Magsaysay tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kuma daga baya Shugaba Ferdinand Marcos (1966-1986) ya sake sanya mutane a cikin Mindanao. Wannan ya haifar da yawan 'yan asalin ƙasar Mindanao don raguwa daga mafi rinjaye a 1913 zuwa' yan tsiraru a shekara ta 1976.[4] An ba da mafi kyawun ƙasashe a Mindanao ga mazauna da masu aikin gona na kamfanoni, yayin da aka ba da mafi yawan saka hannun jari na ci gaba da ayyukan gwamnati ga yawan Krista. Wannan ya sa yawan musulmai su koma baya kuma su kasance cikin mafi talauci a ƙasarsu. Shirin sake zama bai kasance cikakke ba yayin da wasu mazauna suka sami damar samun ƙasa daga 'yan asalin Musulmai ta hanyar cin zarafi da sauran kokarin tashin hankali wanda ya kori Musulmai daga ƙasashensu.
Gwamnatin Philippines ta ware Musulmai kuma sun ji barazanar mulkin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Kirista a ƙasarsu.[5] Wannan ya sa wasu kungiyoyin musulmai su juya zuwa cin hanci da rashawa da tashin hankali don kare ƙasarsu kuma su guji zama marasa galihu. Irin wannan kokarin "haɗin kai" ya haifar da kiristalization na asalin Moro yayin da asalin Musulmai tare da al'ummar Filipino suka ragu da sauri saboda barazanar rayuwar Musulmi da zamantakewa. [6] A matsayin sakamako na sake zama, shugabannin Musulmai na gargajiya (wanda ake kira Dauti) an kuma zabe su a lokacin zaben yayin da Kiristoci, wadanda suka kasance mafi yawan masu jefa kuri'a, sun fi son 'yan siyasa Kirista a kansu. Wadannan datti na gida sun sha wahala a cikin daraja saboda ba za su iya sarrafa ƙasashen musulmai ba. Wadannan 'yan siyasa sun rasa yawancin damar da suka mallaka da farko don gudanar da al'ummar musulmi.
Kisan kiyashi na Jabidah
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kisan kiyashi da ake zargi ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1968 wanda ya kashe rayukan sojojin musulmi kuma daga baya ya farka da malaman musulmai don fahimtar Matsala da ta mamaye Musulmai a Philippines. Abubuwan da suka faru na kisan kiyashi na Jabidah sun kasance a kan lokaci saboda ya ba da tushe ga kiran hadin kan Musulmai a Philippines don yaki da sakaci na gwamnati a cikin halin Musulmai. An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi da ya ba da gudummawa ga sanarwar MIM wanda aka dauka daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da gwagwarmayar makamai ta Moro a cikin dogon lokaci. [6]
Datu Udtog Matalam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarun 1950 da mafi yawan shekarun 1960, kafin sake zama na Kiristoci a Cotabato, Datu Udtog Matalam ya mallaki Cotabato ba tare da kalubalantar ba. An girmama shi a matsayin shugaban addini kuma ya kasance jarumi mai adawa da Jafananci a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . An zabe shi a matsayin gwamnan lardin sau 5 kuma ya hana Cotabato daga matsalar da wasu suka haifar.
Da yake amfani da rashin gamsuwa da Musulmai da aka kori ta hanyar kisan kiyashi na Jabidah da kuma rashin jin daɗinsu a karkashin gwamnatin Marcos, tsohon gwamnan lardin Cotabato, Matalam, ya fara yunkurin budewa don rabuwa da jihar musulmi ta hanyar kafa MIM.
Kodayake wasu malamai sun lura cewa an kafa MIM ne saboda shugabannin siyasa Musulmai sun ji cewa gwamnati ba ta yin isasshen ga Musulmai, wasu sun yi jayayya cewa an yi sanarwar MIM ne don sake samun ikon siyasa kuma ba don magance matsalar Musulmai a Philippines ba. Matalam ya ci amanar surukinsa, dan majalisa Salipada Pendatun, kuma an tilasta masa yin ritaya daga ofis ta hanyar siyasa ta kasa, sabili da haka an motsa shi ya sake samun ikon siyasa ta hanyar sanarwar MIM.
A gefe guda, wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa ya fi na sirri fiye da na siyasa ga Matalam ya ayyana MIM, yana ba da shawarar gore kisan dansa da wakilin Ofishin Bincike na Kasa (NBI) ya kara fushinsa ga gwamnatin Philippines. Duk da aikawa da jakadu zuwa Manila neman adalci, ba a yanke wa jami'an da ke da hannu a kisan ba. Haɗe da rashin amincewa da cewa mazauna Kirista sun kore shi daga mulki, Matalam ya ji cewa gwamnatin Manila tana juyar da shi wanda ya sa ya rama ta hanyar bayyana cewa musulmi ce mai zaman kanta.
Wani rukuni na malamai sun bincika cewa sanarwar MIM ta kasance wani abu ne da shugabannin Musulmai suka yi don nuna damuwarsu bayan sun kasa inganta yanayin rayuwar Musulmai. Kafin kisan kiyashi na Jabidah kuma a kan yanayin cin zarafin tattalin arziki a Mindanao, ana zargin cewa mutanen yankin ba su nuna damuwa game da halin da 'yan asalin musulmi ke ciki ba amma sun fi damuwa game da matsayinsu. Da yake tushen irin wannan hujja ta shugabannin musulmai, an dauki kafa MIM a matsayin hanya ga shugabannin kamar Matalam don samun karbuwa ga jagorancinsa wanda in ba haka ba zai iya cimma ba. Kokarinta ya biya lokacin da Marcos ya nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasa kan harkokin musulmi. Matalam ya yi amfani da fushin Musulmai saboda abin da ya faru na Jabidah don samun kansa.
Motsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manifesto, kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki da bayanin kula ga Shugaban kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin takardar farko da Matalam ya bayar a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1968 wanda ya kira Manifesto, ya nemi kafa wata jiha ta Islama, wacce za a san ta da 'Jamhuriyar Mindanao da Sulu', wacce ke nuna manufofin Islama da al'adun sabili da haka tana da 'yanci daga Philippines. Jihar Islama za ta kunshi kudancin tsibirin Philippines da Musulmai ke zaune, wato Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga da Zamboanga City, Basilan City, Lanao, Sulu, Palawan, da sauran yankunan da ke kusa da su waɗanda Musulmai ke zama. MIM ta bayyana cewa yawan Musulmai miliyan 4 suna da al'adunsu da tarihin da suka bambanta da yawancin Kiristoci a Philippines wanda ya sa haɗin kai ba zai yiwu ba. Takardar ta kuma bayyana cewa rabuwa ta nemi amsa ga "ƙaddamar da matasa Musulmai - kamar Corregidor Fiasco" (kisan kiyashi na Jabidah) da kuma "ka'idojin warewa da warwatse al'ummomin Musulmai" waɗanda aka bi da karfi sosai ga cutar da al'ummar Musulmi. A cikin kari da takardun da suka biyo baya da aka bayar daga 8 ga Yuni 1968 zuwa 26 ga Yuli 1968, Matalam, a matsayin babban mai sanya hannu kan duk waɗannan takardun, ya kara bayyana cewa za a san kungiyar da Muslim Independence Movement kuma a kira ta MIM. Kasancewa memba ga motsi yana buɗewa ne kawai ga Musulmai masu iya aiki a cikin Philippines kuma ana iya yin aikace-aikace ta hanyar sakatariyar. A cikin ɗayan takardun, Matalam ya kara da cewa Musulmai za su buƙaci yankinsu da aka ayyana don bin Shari'a (dokokin Musulmi) da Adata (ayyukan). Ya kara da cewa Musulmai suna shirye su mallaki kansu tare da isasshen maza da aka horar a kowane bangare. Matalam ya ɗauki MIM a matsayin "muryar da aka yi amfani da ita, wanda aka shirya kawai a matsayin kayan aiki don cimma burinsu da burinsu (Musulmai").[7][8][9]
Manufofin da aka gyara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1968, Matalam ta fitar da sanarwar manufofi da ke nuna cewa kasar Islama mai zaman kanta za ta "ɗaita da tabbatar da cikakken 'yan ƙasa daidai da wakilci mai kyau a duk cibiyoyinta, na wucin gadi ko na dindindin, a kan duk wadanda ba Musulmai ba ne mazaunan tsibirin da aka ambata wadanda suka sanar da sha'awar su rabu da Jamhuriyar Philippines kuma shiga sabuwar jihar Islama". A cikin watanni uku na fitowar takardar, Matalam ya canza manufofin don samar da daidaito ga mazaunan Kirista kuma daga baya, ya kara sauƙaƙa bukatarsa kuma kawai ya nemi zama jihar a ƙarƙashin tsarin tarayya. Ya canza sunan MIM zuwa Mindanao Independence Movement a kokarin tabbatar da mazauna Kirista cewa ba a cire su daga motsi ba kuma za a ba su daidaito kamar Musulmai.
Ƙarshen motsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan watanni 5 na ayyana Manifesto na MIM da kuma neman wata jiha mai zaman kanta daga Philippines, Matalam ya canza matsayinsa. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1968, ya sadu da Shugaba Ferdinand Marcos, wanda ya nada Matalam a matsayin mai ba shi shawara kan Harkokin Musulmi. A cikin wata sanarwa da sakatariyar MIM ta bayar, Matalam ya yi la'akari da cewa "ya yarda da matsayin a matsayin alama ce ta kwarewar wasanni a bangarensa a matsayin shugaban fiye da Musulmai miliyan huɗu a Philippines". Wannan yana nuna cewa kisan kiyashi na Jabidah bai kasance mai motsawa ba idan aka kwatanta da direbansa na kansa don bayyana kafa MIM.
Ko da yake yana hawa kan yunkurin musulmi da ya yi adawa da gwamnati, MIM ya kasa samun goyon baya daga al'ummar musulmi. Musulmai ba su ga yadda MIM zai iya zama kayan aiki don taimaka musu wajen inganta rayuwarsu ba yayin da shugabannin kungiyar su ne ainihin shugabannin da ba su kula da yanayinsu ba kafin kisan kiyashi na Jabidah. Dangane da kididdigar ƙidayar jama'a, Rahoton Alpha, wanda Gidauniyar Filipinas da ke Manila ta gudanar, sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa fiye da rabin da aka yi hira da su sun yi adawa da ra'ayin rabuwa kuma kusan wani kwata ba su da alhakin wanda hakan ya nuna cewa MIM kawai yana da goyon bayan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wasu Musulmai miliyan 4 a yankin. MIM ba ta taɓa samun nasarar zama sanannen motsi ba saboda an iyakance shi ne kawai ga wallafe-wallafen takardu da sanarwa waɗanda manema labarai suka saki.
An rushe MIM a cikin 1972 tare da mika wuya ga Matalam a watan Disamba tare da yawancin mambobinta saboda haka kuma daga baya suka taru da MNLF.
Tasirin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙaruwar rikice-rikicen makamai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanarwar MIM ta ba da dama ga bunƙasa ƙungiyoyin da ke da makamai waɗanda suka sami girmamawa ta siyasa a cikin gwagwarmayarsu ga ƙasar Islama mai zaman kanta. Har ila yau, MIM ta haifar da tunanin gano kai tsakanin Musulmai don adawa da gwamnatin da ke mulki kuma wannan tayar da hankali ya haifar da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1970, wani yakin bindiga a Upi, Cotabato, ya fallasa wanzuwar Ilagas (rashin tsuntsaye) wadanda aka horar da su kuma sun tsara su wajen kai farmaki ga Musulmai kuma magajin gari na Kirista sun goyi bayan su don tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci suna riƙe da ikon siyasa bayan zaben 1971 mai zuwa. Sauran malamai sun yi jayayya cewa ƙungiyar adawa da Moro Ilaga Movement a zahiri ta kasance don mayar da martani ga sanarwar MIM yayin da Kiristoci suka "tsoro". [10] A mayar da martani ga hare-haren da Ilagas suka kai, an kafa Blackshirts da Barracudas (sojojin masu zaman kansu na Ali Dimaporo, dan majalisa Musulmi na jam'iyyar Nationalista) kuma an horar da su don shiga yakin basasa da Ilages.Matalam ya yi zargin cewa Blackshirts sun goyi bayan kudi don tattara ƙungiyoyin yaƙi don kaddamar da hare-hare kan Kiristoci amma wannan da'awar ba za a iya tabbatar da ita ba.[11] A wannan lokacin, wani sanannen abin da ya faru zai kasance Kisan kiyashi na Manili a watan Yunin 1971 wanda ya yi ikirarin rayukan Musulmai a wani masallaci a Manili lokacin da jami'an gwamnati da fararen hula Kirista suka harbe Musulmai marasa makami.
Abu mai mahimmanci, MIM ta samar da tarin 'yan bindiga waɗanda bazai iya zama masu siyasa ba amma sun gamsu da fashi da fashi kawai.
Matsi na kasa da kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matalam ya tafi Kuala Lumpur a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1969 don saduwa da wakilan taron jihohin musulmi don yin kira ga taimako don tallafawa manufarsa amma Rashid Lucman ne na MIM wanda ya ba da babbar hanyar haɗi ga masu tallafawa na waje kamar Malaysia inda Tun Mustapha, a lokacin Babban Ministan Sabah, sannan Firayim Minista Tun Abdul Razak waɗanda suka fusata da Operation Merdeka ya dauki nauyin horar da matasa Musulmai 90 a Pulau Pangkor a shekara ta 1969. Nur Misuari, daya daga cikin fitattun mutane na Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), ya sadu da Matalam da Salipada Pendatun don shirya sansanin horo a tsibirin Pangkor.
Bayan kisan kiyashi na Manili, Libya ta gabatar da batun a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Agustan shekara ta 1971. Shugaba Muammar Gaddafi ya zargi gwamnatin Manila da kisan kare dangi da tsananta wa 'yan tsiraru Musulmai a Philippines kuma ya ƙaddara ya samar da taimakon kayan aiki ga Musulmai a cikin Philippines, kuma wasu ƙasashen Larabawa sun goyi bayan hakan. Rikicin ɗarika tsakanin Ilagas da Barracudas ya zama rikici na addini yayin da gwamnatocin Musulmai (Masar, Aljeriya, Morocco, da Libya) suka yi alkawarin aika taimako ga Musulmai a Philippines.
An yi amfani da matsin lamba daga kasashen musulmai don tabbatar da sanarwar Marcos game da dokar soja don dawo da makamai marasa izini da kuma hana dukkan kungiyoyin siyasa don sarrafa Musulmai a kudu.
Ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai ta Moro
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi jayayya da MIM a matsayin magajin MNLF. A mayar da martani ga tashin hankali na ɗarika, Nur Misuari ya shirya taron don tattauna halin da Musulmai ke ciki a kudu. Masu horar da sansanin a tsibirin Pangkor da kuma mambobin reshen matasa na MIM sun halarci wannan taron. Sakamakon mafi mahimmanci da mahimmanci na wannan taron shine kafawar hukuma ta MNLF. Kamar yadda shugabannin MIM suka "barka" wadanda aka ba su manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, matasa masu sha'awar mabiya kamar Nur Misuari sun ga cewa dole ne su ci gaba da yakin kuma suka ci gaba da kafa MNLF. Dangane da wata hira da kwamandan Bangsa Moro wanda Frank Gould ya jagoranta, an ruwaito cewa MNLF ta tashi ne a matsayin ƙungiya ta karkashin kasa a cikin sashin matasa na MIM.[12] Wadannan matasa mabiya sun ga MIM a matsayin karami kuma mara tasiri saboda haka sun kirkiro MNLF mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ke da tasiri mai tsawo da mahimmanci a Philippines har zuwa yau.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Samfuri:Muhammad book
- ↑ Gross, Max L. (2007). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. National Defence International College. pp. 184–187.
- ↑ Yegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 267–268.
- ↑ Werning, Rainer (2009). "Southern Philippines: Bitter Legacies of a Long-Lasting War". In Graf, Arndt; Kreuzer, Peter; Werning, Rainer (eds.). Conflict in Moro Land: Prospects for Peace?. Universiti Sains Malaysia. pp. 6–8.
- ↑ Rodell, Paul A. (2005). "The Philippines and the Challenges of International Terrorism". In Smith, Paul J. (ed.). Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 125–127.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Muslim, Macapado A. (1994). The Moro Armed Struggle in the Philippines: The Nonviolent Autonomy Alternative. Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University. pp. 91–93.
- ↑ Documents issued by the MIM can be found in the appendixes of Glang's Secession or Integration? (1969)
- ↑ Documents issued by the MIM can be found in the appendixes of Glang's Secession or Integration? (1969)
- ↑ Glang, Alunan C. (1969). Muslim Secessation or Integration?. pp. 102–122.
- ↑ Islam, Syed Serajul (1998). "The Islamic Independence Movements in Patani of Thailand and Mindanao of the Philippines" (PDF). Asian Survey. 38 (5): 441–456. doi:10.2307/2645502. JSTOR 2645502.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Utrecht, Ernst (1975). "The Separatist Movement in the Southern Philippines". Race and Class. 16 (4): 387–403. doi:10.1177/030639687501600404. S2CID 143474439.
- ↑ Noble, Lela Garner (1976). "The Moro National Liberation Front in the Philippines". Pacific Affairs. 49 (3): 405–424. doi:10.2307/2755496. JSTOR 2755496.