Acid
 Acid | |
|---|---|
class of chemical entities with similar applications or functions (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
chemical compound (en) |
| Yana haddasa |
neutralization (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
base (en) |
Acid kwayar halitta ce ko ion mai iya ba da gudummawar proton (watau hydrogen ion, H +), wanda aka sani da Brønsted-Lowry acid, ko samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da nau'in electron, wanda aka sani da Lewis acid. [1]
Kashi na farko na acid sune masu ba da gudummawar proton, ko Brønsted-Lowry acid. A cikin yanayin musamman na maganin ruwa, masu ba da gudummawar proton suna samar da hydronium ion H 3 O + kuma an san su da acid Arrhenius. Brønsted da Lowry sun haɗa ka'idar Arrhenius don haɗa da kaushi marasa ruwa. Brønsted ko Arrhenius acid yawanci yana ƙunshe da atom na hydrogen da aka haɗe da tsarin sinadarai wanda har yanzu yana da kuzari bayan asarar H +.
Aqueous Arrhenius acid yana da halayen da ke ba da bayanin aiki na acid. Acids suna samar da mafita mai ruwa tare da ɗanɗano mai tsami, suna iya juya launin shuɗi litmus ja, kuma suna amsawa tare da tushe da wasu ƙarfe (kamar calcium) don samar da gishiri. Kalmar acid ta samo asali ne daga Latin acidus , ma'ana 'mai tsami'. [2] Maganin ruwa mai ruwa na acid yana da pH kasa da 7 kuma ana kiransa da baki a matsayin "acid" (kamar yadda yake cikin "narkar da acid"), yayin da ma'anar tana nufin kawai solute. [1] Ƙananan pH yana nufin mafi girma acidity, kuma ta haka ne mafi girma taro na tabbataccen ions hydrogen a cikin bayani. An ce sinadarai ko abubuwan da ke da mallakar acid.
Ruwan ruwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da acid hydrochloric (maganin hydrogen chloride wanda ke samuwa a cikin acid gastric a cikin ciki kuma yana kunna enzymes masu narkewa), acetic acid (vinegar shine bayani mai tsarma ruwa na wannan ruwa), sulfuric acid (amfani da batira na mota). da citric acid (samuwa a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus). Kamar yadda waɗannan misalan suka nuna, acid (a cikin ma'anar magana) na iya zama mafita ko abubuwa masu tsafta, kuma ana iya samun su daga acid (a cikin ma'anar [1] mai ƙarfi) waɗanda suke da ƙarfi, ruwa, ko gas. Acids mai ƙarfi da wasu ƙarancin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi suna lalata, amma akwai keɓancewa kamar carboranes da boric acid.
Kashi na biyu na acid shine Lewis acids, wanda ke samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da nau'in electron. Misali shi ne boron trifluoride (BF 3 ), wanda boron atom yana da sarari sarari wanda zai iya samar da haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar raba guda biyu na electrons akan atom a cikin tushe, misali nitrogen atom a cikin ammonia (NH 3 ). Lewis ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin ma'anar Brønsted gabaɗaya, ta yadda acid wani nau'in sinadari ne wanda ke karɓar nau'ikan electron kai tsaye ko ta hanyar sakin protons (H + ) a cikin maganin, sannan su karɓi nau'ikan electron. Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, da mafi yawan sauran Brønsted-Lowry acid ba za su iya samar da haɗin kai tare da nau'in electron ba, duk da haka, don haka ba Lewis acid ba ne. Sabanin haka, yawancin acid na Lewis ba Arrhenius ko Brønsted-Lowry acid ba ne. A cikin kalmomi na zamani, acid a fakaice Brønsted acid ne ba Lewis acid ba, tunda kusan ko da yaushe masanan suna nufin Lewis acid a sarari a matsayin Lewis acid.[3]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 IUPAC Gold Book - acid
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: acid
- ↑ Otoxby, D. W.; Gillis, H. P.; Butler, L. J. (2015). Principles of Modern Chemistry (8th ed.). Brooks Cole. p. 617. ISBN 978-1305079113.