Al-Tina
 Al-Tina | ||||
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Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine (en)  | Ramle Subdistrict (en) | |||
Al-Tina, ko Khirbet et-Tineh ƙauyen Larabawa ne na Falasɗinawa a cikin yankin Ramle na Falasdinu na wajibi. Kauyen yana tsakanin Shfela da kudancin gabar tekun Isra'ila. An rage yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin Larabawa-Isra'ila na 1948 a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1948, ta Givati Brigade karkashin Operation An-Far. Yana da nisan kilomita 20. kudu da Ramla. Tudun da aka gina ƙauyen a kai yana tsaye a yau kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa na Kiryat Mal'akhi - Yoav da kuma kusa da Babbar Hanya 6. Binciken archaeological a wurin ya nuna ragowar mazaunan Byzantine.[1]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dangane da hakar kayan tarihi da aka yi a gabas na tudun da ƙauyen ke tsayawa a kai, an kafa matsuguni a wurin tun farkon zamanin Rumawa. Tukwane, gilashin gilashi da tsabar kudi sun ba masu binciken damar kwanan wata wannan yarjejeniya zuwa ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin kusan 375 zuwa 425 AZ. Wannan tonon sililin ya bayyana ragowar abin da zai iya zama rumbun ajiya, tare da fayayyun tuluna masu yawa. Tsarin ya haɗa da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ke tattara ruwa daga rufin sa zuwa wani wuri da ya wuce iyaka. Yankin yana da yawa da ruwa don haka tudun ya zama wuri mai kyau don zama. Elie Haddad wanda ya jagoranci tonowar ya nuna cewa ana ishara da wannan ruwa mai yawa da sunan kauyen, "Bishiyar ɓaure", saboda tana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don girma. Har yanzu ba a san asalin mazaunan Rumawa ba kuma bisa binciken, wurin ya kasance ba a daidaita ba har zuwa lokacin Ottoman.[1]
An shigar da Al-Tina a cikin daular Usmania a shekara ta 1517 tare da dukkanin Palastinu, kuma a shekara ta 1596 ya bayyana a cikin rajistar haraji da sunan Safiriyya, kamar yadda yake a cikin nahiya ("yanki") na Gaza, wanda ke cikin Gaza Sanjak. . Tana da yawan gidaje 10; kimanin mutane 55, wadanda dukkansu musulmi ne. Sun biya kayyadadden haraji na kashi 25% akan kayayyakin amfanin gona da suka hada da alkama, sha'ir, noman rani, sesame, bishiyar 'ya'yan itace, awaki da kudan zuma, baya ga kudaden shiga lokaci-lokaci; jimlar 4,350 akce.[2][3]
A cikin 1838, an lura da shi azaman ƙauyen musulmi, el Letineh, a gundumar Gaza.[4] A cikin 1851-52, van de Velde ya lura da yawa tsohon dutse kwanciya game da ƙauyen.[5]
A cikin 1863 Victor Guérin ya sami adadin rayuka ɗari huɗu. Ya kuma lura da wasu tsakuwa na gargajiya da aka warwatse a cikin makabarta ko kuma aka sanya su a kusa da bakin rijiyar.[6]
Jerin ƙauyen Ottoman daga kimanin 1870 ya nuna cewa tine yana da gidaje 96 da yawan jama'a 277, kodayake yawan mutanen ya haɗa da maza, kawai.[7][8]
A cikin 1882, Binciken PEF na Yammacin Falasdinu (SWP) ya bayyana shi a matsayin ƙauyen adobe na yau da kullun, tare da rijiya zuwa kudu.[9]
Zamanin Biritaniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin kidayar jama'ar Palasdinu a shekara ta 1922 da hukumomin Birtaniyya suka gudanar, Tineh tana da yawan jama'a 396, dukkansu Musulmai,[10] wanda ya karu a kidayar 1931 zuwa 530, har yanzu dukkansu Musulmai ne, a cikin gidaje 131.[11]
An haifi Abd al-Fattah Humud (1933-1968), daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Fatah, a kauyen.[3]
A cikin kididdigar 1945 ƙauyen yana da yawan musulmai 750, tare da dunams 7,001 na fili. A cikin wannan, an yi amfani da dunams 141 don citrus da ayaba, 5,639 don hatsi,[12] yayin da dunams 24 aka ware a matsayin wuraren da aka gina su.[13]
An kafa makarantar firamare a cikin 1946 kuma tana da rajista na farko na ɗalibai 67.[3]
1948 da kuma bayan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An kashe Al-Tina a lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a 1948 a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1948, ta Givati Brigade karkashin Operation An-Far.[14][15][16][17][18][19]
A shekara ta 1992 an kwatanta wurin kauyen: "An lalata kauyen gaba daya, kusa da wurin kuma akwai wani fili mai fadi, wanda ke cike da kurmi da ciyayi, wanda aka katange a gefen kudu. An dasa wani kurmin lemu a arewa da yamma. Gefen wurin, wata babbar hanya da ta ratsa gabas-yamma ta wuce kudu, kuma layin dogo ya ratsa ta kimanin mita 100 zuwa gabas."[3]
A cikin watan Yuli-Agusta 2016 an gudanar da tonon gwaji a gabashin tudun. Shi ne aikin tono kayan tarihi na farko a wurin kuma Elie Haddad ne ya jagoranta a madadin Hukumar Kula da kayan tarihi ta Isra'ila. An gudanar da tonon sililin ne gabanin gina hanyar shiga tashar jirgin kasa ta Kiryat Mal'akhi – Yoav wadda ake kan ginawa a lokacin. An bude murabba'in tono 9.[1]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Haddad, Elie (2020). "Kh. et-Tineh (Kefar Menahem): Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 132.
- ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 143
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Khalidi, 1992, p. 416
- ↑ Robinson and Smith, vol.3, Appendix 2, p. 118
- ↑ van de Velde, 1854, p. 160
- ↑ Guérin, 1869, p. 88
- ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 162
- ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 133 also noted 96 houses in el-letine.
- ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 414, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 416
- ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21
- ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 23.
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 117
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 167
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 224
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 414
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 432
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 436
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 437
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 443
Littafi Mai Tsarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in Faransanci). 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
- Velde, van de, C.W.M. (1854). Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852. 2. William Blackwood and son.