Alice S. Tyler
 Alice S. Tyler | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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1920 - 1921 | |||
| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa | Decatur+, 27 ga Afirilu, 1859 | ||
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka | ||
| Mutuwa | 18 ga Afirilu, 1944 | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Makaranta |
Illinois Institute of Technology (en)  | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a |
librarian (en) | ||
| Employers |
Case Western Reserve University (en) Iowa State University (en) | ||
| Kyaututtuka |
gani
| ||
| Mamba |
American Library Association (en) | ||
Alice Sarah Tyler(Afrilu 27, 1859 - Afrilu 18,1944) ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu ce kuma mai ba da shawara.
Rayuwa ta sirri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
An haifi Tyler a Decatur, Illinois, ga John W. da Sarah Roney Tyler kuma ya kasance zuriyar Shugaba James Monroe da John Tyler.Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma ta raba wani gida tare da kawarta kuma abokin aikinta Bessie Sargeant-Smith har mutuwarta a 1944.
Sana'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alice S. Tyler ta sauke karatu daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Armor (yanzu Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois )a Chicago a cikin 1894.A cikin 1895 ta zama farkon karatun digiri na farko a makarantar laburare a kan ma'aikata a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Cleveland,inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Rukunin Catalog.Daga 1900 zuwa 1913 ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar Hukumar Laburare ta Jihar Iowa inda ta inganta dakunan karatu da ake da su tare da kafa sababbi.[1]A cewar Stuart (2013),"A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tyler,ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Iowa sun bunƙasa yayin da take kula da ilimin masu karatu,fadada tsarin ɗakin karatu,da karuwar ɗakunan karatu daga 41 zuwa 113" (shafi na 41). 91).[2]Ta fara makarantar bazara a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta daga 1901 zuwa 1912.
A cikin yin la'akari da lokacin Tyler a Iowa, Stuart (2013)ya ci gaba da cewa "Shekaru goma sha uku na Alice S.Tyler a Iowa ya bar jihar da ke da karfi,ingantaccen tsarin ɗakin karatu,tare da ƙarin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗakin karatu,ƙarin ɗakunan karatu,da ƙarin ɗakin karatu. gine-gine.Sabbin gine-ginen ɗakin karatu,waɗanda akasarinsu tallafin Carnegie ne suka tallafa,sune mafi fa'ida a bayyane na haɓaka ɗakin karatu na jihar.Takaddun sun nuna cewa a matsayinsa na sakataren ILC,Tyler bai goyi bayan ko inganta wannan tallafin ba.Madadin haka,a bayyane yake cewa da sauri Tyler ya yi imani cewa gine-ginen da Carnegie ke ba da tallafi na wakiltar wasu lamurra biyu masu yuwuwa ga al'ummomin Iowa:galibi ana tsara gine-ginen tare da ƙarancin aiki,kuma ƙa'idar Carnegie na tallafin kashi 10 cikin ɗari yana nufin cewa ɗakunan karatu suna da ƙarancin kuɗi don haɓaka haɓakawa da haɓaka.ci gaba.Duk da adawar da Tyler ta yi na ba da tallafin ɗakin karatu na Carnegie a cikin manyan shekarun matsayinta na Sakatare da Tuntuɓar Yanki na Hukumar Laburare ta Jihar Iowa,a cikin Disamba 1908 ta karɓi buƙatun mutane a Oklahoma da South Dakota suna neman tallafin Carnegie don tallafawa shirye-shiryen ɗakin karatu. Amsar da ta yi game da waɗannan buƙatun ya ƙunshi mahimman bayanai da wallafe-wallafen da suka dace game da tsari da fa'idodin tallafin Carnegie wanda,lokacin da aka sake nazari,an lura cewa ba ta taɓa bayarwa ga al'ummomin Iowa ba.Kamar yadda bai dace a siyasance ba don Tyler ya soki yuwuwar tallafin Carnegie,ta yi ƙoƙari a cikin rubuce-rubucenta daban-daban don rage waɗannan sakamako mara kyau.Abin takaici,rubuce-rubucen nata sun kuma bayyana irin tasirin da take da shi,yayin da al'ummomin Iowa a ƙarshe suka sami adadi na huɗu mafi girma na gine-ginen Carnegie a cikin ƙasar. Abin ban mamaki,ci gaban dakunan karatu na Iowa ya faru duk da rashin jin daɗin da Tyler ya yi game da fa'idodin babban taron Carnegie. "(p. 106).[2]
1900-1913: Tallafin Laburare a Davenport,Iowa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misalin daya daga cikin rigingimun shiru da ya taso daga al'adun Andrew Carnegie na bayar da kudade na dakunan karatu ya faru ne a Davenport, Iowa lokacin da Carnegie ya ba wa sakatarensa James Bertram (sakataren Carnegie),damar kafa abubuwan cancanta ga al'umma don karba.kudade, wanda Alice S. Tyler a hankali amma ta ki amincewa da hakan.A cewar Shana S. Stuart (2013),a lokacin da Tyler ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na farko na Hukumar Laburare ta Iowa (Oktoba 1900 zuwa Agusta 1913), haɓakar ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kyauta ya karu daga 41 zuwa 113,tare da 84 daga cikin waɗannan an gina su.daga tallafin da Carnegie ta bayar.A baya can,tallafin laburare ya fito ne daga tushen gida wanda Tyler ya fi so akan kafofin waje.Ko da yake Tyler bai fito fili ya yi yaƙi da tallafin Carnegie ba,amma duk da haka,ta tsunduma cikin rashin amincewa da karɓar waɗannan kudade na al'ummomi saboda dalilai na farko.Domin samun tallafin,an buƙaci al'ummomin su ba da gudummawar wurin ginin don ginawa kuma sun amince da kwangilar samar da kashi 10% na duk abin da aka ba da kuɗin Carnegie na tsawon shekaru 10.Tyler ta fahimci cewa tallafin da tsarin kuɗi ba su isa ba don ba da damar ingantaccen ci gaba da faɗaɗawa da ta yi niyya ga Dakunan karatu na Jihar Iowa.Rikicin bukatu tsakanin Tyler da jami'an jihohi daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin al'umma suna yarda da buƙatun Carnegie da aka ƙaddamar zuwa batutuwan da suka shafi ƙirar ɗakin karatu,ayyuka, da ayyuka.Yayin da ƙin yarda da Tyler ya ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe,ta bayyana ra'ayoyinta a fili game da mummunan sakamakon da ba a kula da tallafin Carnegie ba.Stuart (2013)kuma ya lura cewa tanade-tanaden tsari tsakanin al'ummomi da Carnegie bai ayyana aikin kulawa,shawarwari,ko amincewa ga Tyler ba.A zahiri,cikin shekaru da yawa, duk wani shawarwarin da Tyler ya bayar game da kowane fanni na gine-ginen ɗakin karatu ba a yi watsi da su ba,don haka ainihin tasirinta kan sakamakon Aikin Laburaren Jama'a na Kyauta na Iowa ya yi kadan.[2]