Alluran rigakafi

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Alluran rigakafi
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Allurar rigakafi shiri ne na ƙirar halitta wanda ke ba da cikakkiyar damar samun rigakafi ga wani kamuwa da cuta. Allurar rigakafi yawanci tana dauke da wakili wanda yayi kama da cutar microorganism. Ana yinsa sau da yawa daga nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da gubobi, ko ɗayan na sunadarai na Wakilin yana karfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki don sanin wakili a matsayin barazana, rusa shi, kuma don kara ganewa da kuma lalata duk wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke hade tare da shi a nan gaba. Ba da wani magani ana kiranta alurar riga kafi. Allurar riga kafi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta hana kamuwa da cuta;[1] Allurar riga kafi galibi alhakin kawar da kịtịfe da kuma raguwar cututtuka kamar su, Polio, da tetanus. Allurar riga kafi wanda ke da ingantaccen tasiri ya hada da allurar rigakafin[2], maganin HPV[3], da kaji, maganin allurar riga kafi. Sharuɗɗan rigakafin da allurar rigakafi an samo su ne daga kungiyoyin jeji na Variolae (furucin saniya), ajalin da Edward Jenner ya kirkiro.[4].

Tasiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Allurar rigakafi wata hanya ce mai aminci da ingantacciyar hanyar yaƙi da kawar da cututtuka.[5][6][7][8] Koyaya, iyakancewar tasirin su yana wanzuwa.[9] Ingancin tasiri ko aikin maganin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa:

  • Cutar kanta (ga wasu cututtuka allurar riga kafi fiye da sauran)
  • The irin allurar rigakafi (wasu allurar riga kafi takamaiman ne ko ingantacce a kan musamman nau'in cutar).[10]
  • Whether ko an kiyaye jadawalin rigakafin yadda yakamata.
  • Ba da amsa ga maganin rigakafi; wasu mutane ba su amsa da kyau ga waɗansu magungunan rigakafi.
  • Abubuwa masu rarrabuwa kamar ƙabila, shekara, ko kuma abubuwan gado.

Idan mutum da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi ya ci gaba da cutar da ke rigakafin cutar kansa watakila cutar ba ta da kazanta sosai fiye da mutanen da ba a yi wa rigakafin ba.[11] Abubuwan da suke da kyau suna la'akari da tasiri a cikin shirin tsarin rigakafi:[12]

  1. Yin hankali da hankali don hango tasirin da kamfen ɗin rigakafi zai yi matsakaici zuwa lokaci mai tsawo.
  2. ci gaba da sa ido kan cutar da ta dace.
  3. tsadar matakan rigakafi, koda kuwa wata cuta ta zama da wuya.

Allurar rigakafi ta haifar da kawar da kịtịfe, ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da cututtuka masu yaduwa a cikin mutane.[13] Sauran cututtukan kamar su rubella, polio, kyanda, kumburi, da kuma cutar sanƙarau ce ba kamar yadda aka saba ba kamar shekara ɗari da suka gabata saboda allurar rigakafi. Idan mafi yawan mutane suna allurar riga kafi, yana da matukar wahala ga barkewar cutar zuwa faruwa ko yaduwa. Wannan shi ake kira rigakafin garken. Magungunan rigakafin kuma suna taimakawa hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Misali, ta hanyar ragewa abin da ya faru da ciwon huhu wanda ya haifar da ƙwayar huhun ciki, shirye-shiryen allurar rigakafi sunada rage yawan kamuwa da cuta wadanda ke tsayayya da maganin penicillin ko wasu maganin rigakafi.[14] An kiyasta allurar rigakafin cutar kyanda ta hana mutum mutuwa miliyan 1 a duk shekara.[15].

Tasirin sakamako[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alurar riga kafi wanda aka bayar yayin ƙuruciya bashi da wata matsala.[16] Sakamakon illa, idan akwai, gabaɗaya m.[17] Sakamakon sakamako na yau da kullun sun haɗa da zazzabi, jin zafi a kusa da wurin allura, da ciwon gwiwa.[17] Bugu da ƙari, wasu mutane na iya zama rashin lafiyan kayan abinci a cikin allurar.[18] Cututtukan da ke tattare da mummunan sakamako suna da mutuƙar wahala.[16]

Nau'in[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alurar rigakafi sun ƙunshi matattun abubuwa ko ƙwayoyin rai ko kayan tsarkakakke waɗanda aka samo daga gare su. Akwai nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ake amfani da su..[19]

Ba a kunnawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu alluran rigakafin suna dauke da kwayoyin halittar da aka lalata tare da sunadarai, zafi, ko radadi.[20] Misalai sun hada da rigakafin cutar shan inna, rigakafin cutar hepatitis A, alurar rigakafi da wasu alurar rigakafi.[21].

Attenuated[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu magungunan rigakafi suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin rai, waɗanda aka rage ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan yawanci suna tsoratar da mafi dorewa immunological immage, amma maiyuwa ba amintaccen amfani a cikin immunocompromised mutane.

Toxoid[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Magungunan Toxoid ana yin su ne daga ƙwayoyin guba masu guba waɗanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya maimakon hakan kwayoyin.[22]

Subinit[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Magungunan ƙananan kwayoyi suna amfani da guntu na ƙwayoyin cuta don ƙirƙirar amsawar rigakafi.

Sanda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu kwayoyin cuta suna da polysaccharide suttura na waje wadanda ke da rauni immunogenic. Ta hanyar cudanya Wadannan riguna na waje don sunadarai, tsarin na rigakafi na iya gane polysaccharide kamar maganin sunadarai ne na jiki.

Gwaji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin sababbin rigakafin rigakafin suma a yanzu haka suna cikin ci gaba kuma ana amfani da su. Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana ƙirƙirar su ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ƙarfi ko abubuwan ɓoyewa daga kwayoyin. Magungunan roba na rigakafi an haɗa su ne ko gaba ɗaya na abubuwan roba.

Rikici[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alurar rigakafi na iya zama abu mai ma'ana ko taɓarɓarewa. An tsara allurar rigakafin rigakafi a kan kwayoyi ko ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaya.[23] An tsara allurar rigakafi don yi rigakafin cutar iri biyu ko sama da wannan ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya, ko akasin biyu ko fiye microorganisms.[24].

Heterotypic[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Waɗannan rigakafin ne da ke amfani da cuta na wasu dabbobi waɗanda ko dai ba sa haifar da cuta ko haifar da cuta mai laushi cikin kwayoyin da ake bi.

Inganta rigakafi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin rigakafi yana ɗaukar masu ba da maganin alurar rigakafi azaman ƙasashen waje, yana lalata su, kuma "ya tuna"su. Lokacin da aka sami nau'in virulent na wakili, jiki yana gane kwayar cutar kuma an shirya ya amsa:

  1. ta hanyar cire wakilin da aka yi niyya kafin ya shiga sel;
  2. ta hanyar ganewa da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kafin waccan wakilin ta iya ƙaruwa.

Adjuvants da abubuwan kiyayewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alurar riga kafi yawanci suna ɗauke da adjuvants ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda ke haɓakawa da hanzarta mayar da martani na rigakafi. Kuma alurar riga kafi na iya samun abubuwan kiyayewa don hana cuta tare da kwayoyin cuta ko fungi.

Jadawalin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don samar da kariya mafi kyau, an bada shawarar yara don karɓar rigakafin kamar da zaran an inganta tsarin rigakafinsu ta yadda ya dace da takamaiman maganin.
Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarin "booster" Shots don cimma "cikakkiyar rigakafi". Wannan ya haifar da da ci gaba na hadaddun alurar jadawalin.
Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana bada shawarar don wasu tsararraki ko don maimaita allura cikin rayuwa. Don Misali, game da kyanda, tetanus, mura, da ciwon huhu. Shawarwarin alurar don tsofaffi sun mai da hankali kan cutar huhu da mura.

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafin gabatarwar alurar rigakafin cuta tare da abu daga abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin mahaifa, za a iya kasancewa da katun an hana shi ta hanyar lalata kwayoyin cuta da gangan. Da farko farkon alamu na A cikin ƙarni na 10, inoculation ba game da fulawa a cikin kasar Sin ya zo ba.[25] A ƙarshen 1760s Edward Jenner ya sami labarin cewa ma'aikatan kiwo ba su taɓa samun fitsari ba domin suna ya rigaya ya samarda maganin cutar sankara. A cikin 1796, Jenner ya ɗauki kwari daga hannun madara da Cutar fata, ta sanya shi a cikin wani yaro mai shekaru 8, kuma makonni shida bayan haka sun kamu da yaron tare da fulawa.[26][27] Bai kama karamar fulawa ba. Jenner ya kara karatunsa kuma a cikin 1798 bayar da rahoton cewa maganin shi bashi da lafiya ga yara da manya. Na biyu na alluran rigakafin an gabatar dashi a cikin 1880s daga Louis Pasteur. Karnin nan na ashirin ya ga bullar sabbin magunguna masu nasara, gami da wadancan da cututtukan fata, kyanda, da daskararru, da kuma daskararru. Manyan nasarorin sun hada da ci gaba na rigakafin cutar Polio a cikin shekarun 1950 da kuma kawar da fitsari a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. Maurice Hilleman ya kasance mafi yawan masu haɓaka alluran rigakafin a karni na ashirin. Yawancin ci gaban allurar rigakafin har zuwa yau sun dogara da tallafi daga gwamnati, jami'o'i da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yawancin magungunan rigakafi sun kasance masu tsada matuƙar tasiri da amfani ga lafiyar jama'a.[28] Yawan alluran rigakafin da aka gudanar ya karu sosai a kwanan nan shekarun da suka gabata.[29] Ari ga haka, ana yin amfani da rigakafin dabbobi don su hana cututtukan su da kuma hana yada cutar ga mutane.[30].

Batun mallaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saka bayanan kwastomomi kan hanyoyin inganta alurar riga kafi na iya zama cikas ga ci gaban sababbin alurar rigakafi. Saboda ƙarancin kariya da aka bayar ta ha patentso ,in mallaka, kariyar sabon abu ne sau da yawa ana yin ta hanyar haƙƙin ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata kariya ta sirri.[31] A cewar Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, babbar matsala ce ta hana samar da maganin alurar riga kafi a ciki ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba shine mahimmancin kuɗi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da ƙwarewar ma'aikata bukatun[32] da ake buƙata don shigar da kasuwa.

Tsarin isarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin isar da saƙo na tasar da begen alluran rigakafin lafiya da ƙari ingantacce don sadar da gudanarwa. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci game da fasahar isar da rigakafi sun haɗa da allurar rigakafi. Cutar shan inna rigakafi ya tabbatar da inganci lokacin da masu aikin sa kai ke gudanar da su ba tare da horo na yau da kullun ba.[33] Wata gwaji mara-amfani ana yin gwajin dabbobi.[34][35] Wani facin tambari mai kama da bandeji mai ɗaure ciki ya ƙunshi tsinkayar ƙirar 20,000 a kowace murabba'in cm.[36].

Yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ci gaban alurar riga-kafi yana da yanayi da yawa:[37]

  • Until Har zuwa kwanan nan, yawancin rigakafin an yi niyya ne ga jarirai da yara, amma matasa kuma Ana ƙara yin niyya da manya.[37] [38]
  • Com vaccin es vaccin Haɗi na rigakafi ya zama gama gari. [37]
  • Ana kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin bayar da rigakafi.[37]
  • Ana yin allurar rigakafi don taɓar da martanin rigakafin halittu, da mai daidaitawa.[37]
  • Ana yin gwaji don samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan daji.[37]
  • Ana yin allurar rigakafi don kare kai daga harin dabbobi.[37]
  • Now Masana kimiyya yanzu suna ƙoƙarin kirkirar allurar rigakafi ta hanyar sake ginawa waje tsarin kwayar cuta. Wannan zai taimaka wajen magance juriya.[39]

References[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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