Jump to content

Bankin Duniya

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Bankin Duniya

Working for a World Free of Poverty
Bayanai
Gajeren suna WB, BM, BM, BM da BM
Iri international financial institution (en) Fassara da development bank (en) Fassara
Masana'anta development aid (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Aiki
Mamba na Confederation of Open Access Repositories (en) Fassara da DataCite - International Data Citation Initiative e.V. (mul) Fassara
Bangare na Bretton Woods system (en) Fassara
Ƙaramar kamfani na
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (en) Fassara da International Development Association (en) Fassara
Harshen amfani Turanci
Mulki
Shugaba Ajaypal Singh Banga (en) Fassara
Shugaba Kristalina Georgieva (en) Fassara
Mamba na board
Robert L. Garner (en) Fassara da Eugene R. Black, Sr. (en) Fassara
Hedkwata World Bank Headquarters (en) Fassara
Subdivisions
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (en) Fassara
International Development Association (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 27 Disamba 1945

worldbank.org


Bankin Duniya da Turanci kuma "World Bank" da Faransanci "Banque Mondale". Wata babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗaɗe ce ta duniya baki ɗaya, tana bayar da bashi ga ƙasashen duniya domin gudanar da manyan ayyuka don cigaban ƙasashen. Bankin na da cibiyoyi biyu a ƙarƙashin sa, su ne: Bankin duniya wani bangare ne na kungiyar bankin duniya wanda aka fi sani da "World Bank Group" da Turanci.[1] Bankin Duniya shine sunan gama-gari na bankin kasa da kasa na sake ginawa da raya kasa (IBRD) da kungiyar ci gaban kasa da kasa (IDA), biyu daga cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa biyar mallakar kungiyar bankin duniya. An kafa shi tare da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a taron Bretton Woods na 1944. Bayan jinkirin farawa, lamuni na farko ya kasance ga Faransa a cikin 1947. A farkon shekarunta, ta fi mai da hankali kan sake gina Turai[2] A tsawon lokaci, ta mayar da hankali kan bayar da lamuni ga kasashe masu tasowa na duniya[3] A cikin 1970s, Bankin Duniya ya sake tunanin manufarsa na samar da ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara shi kan rage talauci.[4] cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a cikin kundin lamuni na ta. Dabarun lamunin sa yana tasiri ta hanyar kare muhalli da zamantakewa. [5] ,[6] A cikin 2020, jimlar alkawurran da Bankin Duniya ya yi ya kai dala biliyan 77.1, yana da ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci 12,300, kuma yana aiki a kasashe 145[7] Ayyukan Bankin Duniya sun shafi fannoni daban-daban tun daga gina makarantu zuwa yaki da cututtuka, samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki, da kare muhalli.[8]

An soki bankin duniya da cewa yana inganta hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da kuma cutar da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Haka kuma an sha suka kan yadda bankin ke tafiyar da harkokin bankin da kuma mayar da martani ga cutar ta COVID-19. Shugaban na yanzu (wanda ya fara daga 2023) shine Ajay Banga wanda aka sani yana tallafawa ayyukan yanayi, sabanin wanda ya gabace shi David Malpass.[9] [10]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harry Dexter White (hagu) da John Maynard Keynes, "mahaifan da suka kafa" Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF)[10] An kirkiro Bankin Duniya a taron Bretton Woods na 1944, tare da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF). [11] [12]

ns.[13]  Manufar kafa bankin duniya ita ce bayar da lamuni na wucin gadi ga kasashe masu karamin karfi wadanda ba za su iya samun lamuni ta hanyar kasuwanci ba[[14] bankin kuma na iya yin lamuni da neman gyare-gyaren manufofin daga masu karɓa.[15] Imperial Nature: T[16] [,[17]] [18] Rotberg da ya nemo sabbin hanyoyin samun jari a wajen bankunan arewa wadanda su ne tushen samar da kudade. Roerg ya yi amfani da kasuwar hada-hadar kuɗi ta duniya don haɓaka babban kuɗin da bankin ke samu.[19] Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon lokacin bayar da lamuni na kawar da talauci shi ne saurin bunƙasa bashin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Daga 1976 zuwa 1980, bashin duniya masu tasowa ya karu a matsakaicin adadin shekara na 20%.[20] [21] An kafa kotun kula da harkokin bankin duniya ne a shekarar 1980, domin yanke hukunci kan takaddamar da ke tsakanin kungiyar bankin duniya da ma’aikatanta inda ba a mutunta zargin rashin kiyaye kwangilolin aiki ko sharuddan nadi ba.[22]

[[23] [24] ya maye gurbin membobin ma'aikatan McNamara da yawa kuma ya ƙirƙira wata b an ammanufa ta daban. Ya yanke shawtrar zuwa 1982 [25]

[26]

Tsarin Shugabanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shugaban bankin shine shugaban rukunin bankin duniya baki daya. Shugaban kasa ne ke da alhakin gudanar da tarurrukan kwamitocin gudanarwa da gudanar da harkokin bankin baki daya.

A al'adance, bisa fahimtar sahihanci tsakanin Amurka da Turai, ana zabar shugaban bankin duniya daga cikin 'yan takarar da Amurka ta zaba, wadanda suka fi kowa hannun jari a bankin. Bankin duniya yana son ba da rance ga ƙasashen da ke abokantaka da Amurka, ba don tasirin Amurka kai tsaye ba amma saboda ma'aikatan bankin duniya.[27] Hukumar gudanarwar zartaswar za ta tabbatar da wanda aka zaba don yin wa’adin shekaru biyar, wanda za a iya sabunta shi. Yayin da akasarin shugabannin Bankin Duniya suna da kwarewar banki, wasu ba su da shi.[[28]] [29]

[30] Jim Yong Kim an zabe shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2012 kuma ya sake zabar shi zuwa wa'adi na biyu na shekaru biyar a cikin 2017. Ya sanar da murabus dinsa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2019 kuma [31] an maye gurbinsa na wucin gadi da tsohuwar Shugabar Bankin Duniya Kristalina Georgieva, sannan David Malpass a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2019. "ya haifar da kururuwa ta hanyar nuna alamar tambaya game da rawar da mutane ke takawa a cikin sauyin yanayi"[32]

A shekarar 2023, an nada sabon shugaban kasa: Ajay Banga. Wa'adinsa ya fara ne a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2023. Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ya goyi bayan wani bangare saboda yana goyon bayan ayyukan sauyin yanayi.[33] Ana kuma sa ran zai taimakawa kasashe masu karamin karfi wajen magance basussuka. Shi ne Ba’amurke ɗan Indiya na farko da ya jagoranci bankin[34]

Mataimakin shugaban kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

da shuwagabannin gudanarwa Mataimakan shugabannin bankin su ne manyan manajojinsa, masu kula da yankuna, sassa, hanyoyin sadarwa da ayyuka. Akwai mataimakan zartaswa guda biyu, manyan mataimakan shugaban kasa uku, da mataimakan shugaban kasa 24.[35] [36] Kwamitin gudanarwar ya kunshi shugaban rukunin bankin duniya da daraktocin gudanarwa 25. Shugaban kasa shi ne shugaba, kuma a bisa ka'ida ba shi da kuri'a sai dai ya karya kunnen doki. Daraktocin zartarwa a matsayinsu na daidaikun mutane ba za su iya yin amfani da wani iko ko yin aiki ko wakilcin banki ba sai dai idan hukumomin sun ba su izinin yin hakan. Da wa'adin da ya fara a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2010, adadin shugabanningudanarwa ya ku da daya, zuwa 25.[37] [38] girma ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a kowace[39] [40] [41]

cibiyar bankin duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tebu mai zuwa yana nuna biyan kuɗi na manyan ƙasashe 20 na Babban Bankin Duniya ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'a a cikin cibiyoyin Bankin Duniya masu zuwa kamar na Disamba 2014 ko Maris 2015: Bankin Duniya na Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba (IBRD), Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC), Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (IDA), da Hukumar Ba da garantin Zuba Jari ta Multilateral (MIGA). Ana rarraba ƙasashe membobin ƙuri'a a lokacin kasancewa memba sannan kuma daga baya don ƙarin biyan kuɗi zuwa babban kuɗi (ƙiri ɗaya na kowane kaso na babban hannun jari da memba ke riƙe).[42] [43] [44] 6] [45] [46] [47] [48]

Rukunin Bankin Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wannan sashe wani yanki ne daga rukunin Bankin Duniya.[gyara gyara] [49] Ginin Rukunin Bankin Duniya (Washington, DC)[50] [51] Rukunin Bankin Duniya (WBG) iyali ne na kungiyoyi biyar na kasa da kasa da ke ba da lamuni ga kasashe masu tasowa. Shi ne bankin ci gaba mafi girma kuma sananne a duniya kuma mai sa ido a kungiyar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[52] Babban hedikwatar bankin na birnin Washington D.C. a kar Amurka. Ya ba da kusan dala biliyan 98.83 na lamuni da taimako ga "ci gaba" da ƙasashe masu canji a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2021.[53] manufar bankin ita ce cimma tagwayen manufofin kawo karshen talauci da gina wadatuwa tare[54] jimilar lamuni kamar na 2015 na shekaru 10 na ƙarshe ta hanyar Bayar da Manufofin Ci gaba ya kai kusan dala biliyan 117.,[55] an kafa ƙungiyoyinta guda biyar cikin lokaci: [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] Ayyukan da , da wutar lanarki), manyan ayyukan gine-gine na masana'antu, da gudanarwa (misali yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, ci gaban cibiyoyin shari'a). IBRD da IDA suna ba da lamuni a ƙimar fifiko ga ƙasashe membobi, da kuma tallafi ga ƙasashe mafi talauci. Sau da yawa ana danganta lamuni ko tallafi na takamaiman ayyuka da sauye-sauyen manufofi a fannin ko tattalin arzikin ƙasa baki ɗaya. Misali, ba da lamuni don inganta kula da muhalli na bakin teku na iya danganta shi da haɓaka sabbin cibiyoyin muhalli a matakin ƙasa da na gida da aiwatar da sabbin ƙa'idoji don iyakance gurɓatawa.[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66]

Annobar cutar covid-19

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Satumba 2020, yayin bala'in COVID-19, Bankin Duniya ya ba da sanarwar wani shiri na dala biliyan 12 don wadata "kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga" tare da rigakafin da zarar an amince da shi.[67] A watan Yuni 2022, bankin ya ba da rahoton cewa an ware dala biliyan 10.1 don wadata kasashe 78 da rigakafin[68] ,[69] [70] [71] [72] [73] e. <rAsusun Cutar Cutar, wanda aka kafa a cikin Satumba 2022, wani shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe, masu aiwatar da abokan tarayya, [74] ,[75] [76] An soki Bankin Duniya game da jinkirin mayar da martani na Cibiyar Bayar da Tallafin Gaggawa (PEF), asusun da aka ƙirƙira don samar da kuɗi don taimakawa wajen magance barkewar annoba.[77]] [78] "[79]

ku."[80] [81] Bankin Duniya ya ninka taimakon da yake bayarwa na daidaita sauyin yanayi daga dala biliyan 2.3 (£1.47bn) a shekarar 2011 zuwa dala biliyan 4.6 a shekarar 2012. Duniyar yanzu ta fi 0.8 ° C zafi fiye da lokacin da ake yin masana'antu. Ya ce za a kai ga zafin 2°C nan da shekaru 20 zuwa 30.[[82] [83] [84]

A cikin Disamba 2017, Kim ya ba da sanarwar Bankin Duniya ba zai sake ba da gudummawar bunkasa burbushin mai ba, [85] [86] amma "[87]

Ministocin kudi na EU sun shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin farar hula, gami da Tawayen Ragewa, a cikin Nuwamba 2019 don yin kira da a kawo ƙarshen tallafin Bankin Duniya na albarkatun mai.[[88][89]83]

A cikin [90] [91]

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bankin Duniya}=

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World's Most Prosperous Decade. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05852-9.
  2. ↑ .10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071031
  3. ↑ International Society. Cornell University Press. pp. 89–97. ISBN 9780801483233. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  4. ↑ International Society. Cornell University Press. pp. 89–97. ISBN 9780801483233. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Hazlitt, Henry (1984). From Bretton Woods to World Inflation: A Study of the Causes and Consequences. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-617-0.
  6. ↑ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2007). Making Globalization Work. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33028-1.
  7. ↑ https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isagsq/ksad035/7223538
  8. ↑ https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isagsq/ksad035/7223538
  9. ↑ , Michelle (4 May 2023). "Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job". BBC. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  10. ↑ oe (23 February 2023). "US backs Ajay Banga to lead World Bank in climate fight". Climate Home news. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  11. ↑ Higgins, Andrew; Sanger, David E. (17 March 2015). "3 European Powers Say They Will Join China-Led Bank". The New York Times.
  12. ↑ World Bank. "World Bank Historical Chronology: 1970–1979". World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  13. ↑  Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization
  14. ↑ "The New Role for the World Bank"
  15. ↑ "The New Role for the World Bank"
  16. ↑ he World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization
  17. ↑ The Chairman: John J. McCloy, the Making of the American Establishment
  18. ↑  60–63  McNamara ya roki ma'ajin banki EugeneGoldman, Michael (2005). Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11974-9.
  19. ↑ , Eugene (1994). "Financial Operations of the World Bank". Bretton Woods: looking to the future: commission report, staff review, background papers. Washington, D.C.: Bretton Woods Commission. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  20. ↑ Mosley, Paul; Harrigan, Jane; Toye, John (1995). Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending, 2nd Edition. Vol. 1. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13209-1.
  21. ↑ Toussaint, Eric (1999). Your Money or Your Life!: The Tyranny of Global Finance. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1412-9.
  22. ↑ ]"World Bank Administrative Tribunal",
  23. ↑ NELSON D. SCHWARTZ (25 January 2013). "A.W. Clausen, Former Bank of America Chief, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Mr. Clausen was chosen by President Jimmy Carter to lead the World Bank shortly before Mr. Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in 1980, but the new administration supported Mr. Clausen's
  24. ↑ "Tom Clausen, BofA, World Bank head, dies"
  25. ↑ "Tom Clausen, BofA, World Bank head, dies"
  26. ↑ , Giovanni Andrea; Jolly, Richard; Stewart, Frances, eds. (1987). Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-828609-7.
  27. ↑ "Pleasing the Principal: US Influence in World Bank Policymaking"
  28. ↑ Hurlburt, Heather (23 March 2012). "Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Kim is a naturalized US citizen who was born in Korea.
  29. ↑ World Bank. "Leadership". World Bank Group. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  30. ↑ of the Press Secretary (23 March 2012). "President Obama Announces U.S. Nomination of Dr. Jim Yong Kim to Lead World Bank". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 23 March 2012 – via National Archives.
  31. ↑ "Jim Yong Kim steps down as President of World Bank"
  32. ↑ "Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job"
  33. ↑ "Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job"
  34. ↑ "Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job",
  35. ↑ World Bank. "Senior Management". World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  36. ↑ 10.1093/isagsq/ksad035
  37. ↑ World Bank. "Boav anrds of Directors". World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  38. ↑ "Ashraf Ghani | president of Afghanistan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 August 2021
  39. ↑ Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 933". The Daily Star. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  40. ↑ Veloo, Betsy May (26 April 2010). "China given more influence in World Bank". RTHK. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  41. ↑ "World Bank: More responsibility for developing countries"
  42. ↑ "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" (PDF). March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  43. ↑ "International Finance Corporation" (PDF). March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015
  44. ↑ International Development Association" (PDF). December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  45. ↑ Member Countries". worldbank.org. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  46. ↑ Developing nations get more say in World Bank affairs". The Times of India. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  47. ↑ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2010). IBRD 2010 Voting Power Realignment (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  48. ↑ "Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency" (PDF). December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Marjanneke J; Kim, Rakhyun E (2023). "How the World Bank Engages with the Sustainable Development Goal on Reducing Inequalities: A Case of Organizational Jiu-Jitsu". Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (3). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksad035. ISSN 2634-3797. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  50. ↑ Chen, Muyang (2024). The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501775857. JSTOR 10.7591/
  51. ↑ Nations Development Group. "UNDG Members". United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  52. ↑ RDSI Sign Gold". United Nations Development Group. Retrieved 27 May 2012.[dead link]
  53. ↑ "Fiscal year data"
  54. ↑ World Bank, Press release: "World Bank Group Commitments Rise Sharply in FY14 Amid Organizational Change", July 1 2014, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/07/01/world-bank-group-commitments-rise-sharply-in-fy14-amid-organizational-
  55. ↑ Development Policy Financing Retrospective – Results and Sustainability". worldbank.org.
  56. ↑ The World Bank. "Environmental and Social Policies". World Bank Group. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  57. ↑ World Bank (October 2018). "Environmental and Social Framework". World Bank Group.
  58. ↑ A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity: concepts, data, and the twin goals
  59. ↑ "International organisations as 'custodians' of the sustainable development goals? Fragmentation and coordination in sustainability governance"
  60. ↑ Korinna Horta (February 2013). "Most relevant review". D+C. dandc.eu.
  61. ↑ World bank – structured financial products (PDF). Washington: World bank. 5 April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  62. ↑ Climate Solutions that Work". World Bank. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  63. ↑ "How the World Bank Engages with the Sustainable Development Goal on Reducing Inequalities: A Case of Organizational Jiu-Jitsu"
  64. ↑ About Us". United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  65. ↑ "World Bank Is Opening Its Treasure Chest of Data"
  66. ↑ SPARC. "SPARC Innovator: The World Bank". Association of Research Libraries. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012
  67. ↑ "World Bank announces $12bn plan for poor countries to buy Covid vaccines"
  68. ↑ [."United States Announces Up to $667 Million Planned Contribution to the Pandemic Fund to Support Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response"
  69. ↑ "United States Announces Up to $667 Million Planned Contribution to the Pandemic Fund to Support Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response"
  70. ↑ "DAC 5 Digit Sector". The IATI Standard. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  71. ↑ "Open Knowledge Repository (OKR)"
  72. ↑ "United States Announces Up to $667 Million Planned Contribution to the Pandemic Fund to Support Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response"
  73. ↑ Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage Holds its Historic First Meeting". UN Climate Change. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  74. ↑ Pandemic Fund". The World Bank. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  75. ↑ "World Bank Entry in re3data.org"
  76. ↑ Vasdev, Samhir (18 April 2016). "Why the World Bank endorses the Principles for Digital Development". Information and Communications for Development
  77. ↑ S (26 February 2020). "'Useless' pandemic bonds offer little hope for dealing with coronavirus". France 24. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  78. ↑ Gross A (25 February 2020). "World Bank's pandemic bonds sink as coronavirus spreads". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  79. ↑ New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century"
  80. ↑ Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided (Report). World Bank. November 2012. hdl:10986/11860.
  81. ↑ About - The World Bank - IATI Registry". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  82. ↑ "What Climate Change Means for Africa, Asia and the Coastal Poor". World Bank. 19 June 2012
  83. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (19 June 2013). "World's poorest will feel brunt of climate change, warns World Bank". The Guardian.
  84. ↑ Wheeler, David (20 May 2008). "Climate Change in Nashville: A Gathering Storm for the World Bank?". Center for Global Development. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  85. ↑ Ness, Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism", Brown Alumni Monthly, March/April 2018, p.16
  86. ↑ "World Bank to quit upstream oil and gas pojects after 2019". Devex. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  87. ↑ , Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism", Brown Alumni Monthly, March/April 2018, p.16
  88. ↑ "EU finance ministers call for end to fossil fuel funding"
  89. ↑ No More Excuses: The World Bank Must Halt All Funding for Fossil Fuels". Common Dreams. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  90. ↑ Lang, Marissa J. (6 December 2019). "Climate change protesters block downtown D.C. streets in hours-long protest". Washington Post. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  91. ↑ "World Bank to Support Kazakhstan on its Path to Decarbonization and Carbon Neutrality, Says World Bank VP for Europe and Central Asia". The Astana Times. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankin_Duniya&oldid=637603"