Bukkokin Musgum
| Bukkokin Musgum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Kameru |
Region of Cameroon (en)  | Far North (en) |
| History and use | |
| Mai-iko |
Musgum people (en) |
| Karatun Gine-gine | |
| Zanen gini |
Musgum people (en) |
|
| |
Gidajen laka na Musgum ko gidajen Musgum sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a Kamaru. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.[1]) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.[2]
Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.[3]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan siminti. Wadannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.[4][5][6]
Gine-gine[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. An gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. An gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin gine-gine kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.[4] Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan 9 metres (30 ft) m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.[4][5][7]
Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli.
Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Noble, Allen G. (15 September 2007). Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions. I.B.Tauris. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-84511-305-6. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ Nelson, Steven (2007). From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa (in Turanci). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57183-6.
- ↑ DeLancey, Mark Dike; Mbuh, Rebecca; Delancey, Mark W. (3 May 2010). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Scarecrow Press. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7399-5. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedArchi - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gardi, René (1974). Indigenous African Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-442-22574-2. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ Nelson, Steven (Autumn 2001). "Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle". African Arts. 34 (3): 38+. doi:10.2307/3337877. JSTOR 3337877. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ↑ Nelson, Steven (Autumn 2001). "Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle". African Arts. 34 (3): 38+. doi:10.2307/3337877. JSTOR 3337877. Retrieved 1 February 2023.