Kiristanci a Indiya

   

Kiristanci shine Addini na uku mafi yawan bin Indiya tare da kusan mabiyan miliyan 28, wanda ya kai kashi 2.3 cikin dari na yawan jama'a a ƙidayar 2011. Kiristanci shine addini mafi girma a wasu sassan Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, musamman a Nagaland, Mizoram da Meghalaya. Har ila yau, muhimmiyar addini ce a Arunachal, inda kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na jihar Krista ne.

Kusan kashi biyu bisa uku (kashi 65) na Kiristoci na Indiya suna samuwa a Kudancin Indiya, Goa da Bombay (Mumbai) . [1] Tsohon rukunin Kirista da aka sani a Arewacin Indiya sune Kiristoci na Bettiah masu magana da Hindu na Bihar, waɗanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1700 ta hanyar aikin Capuchin kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Rajas (sarakuna) a Daular Moghal. Ikilisiyar Arewacin Indiya da Ikilisiyar Kudancin Indiya ƙungiya ce ta Furotesta; wanda ya haifar da bishara / ecumenism na Anglicans, Calvinists, Methodists da sauran Ƙungiyoyin Furotesta waɗanda suka bunƙasa a mulkin mallaka na Indiya. Sakamakon haka, waɗannan majami'u suna cikin ɓangaren Anglican Communion na duniya, World Communion of Reformed Churches da World Methodist Council. Tare da 'yan asalin Kirista, ƙananan mutane na Eurasia kamar su Anglo-Indian, Luso-Indian. Har ila yau, akwai ƙungiyar Khrista Bhakta, waɗanda ba su da baftisma ga mabiyan Kristi da St Maryamu, galibi daga cikin Shudras da Dalits.

Rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubi na Kiristoci na St Thomas sun ambaci cewa Toma Manzo ne ya gabatar da Kiristanci a Yankin Indiya, wanda ya tashi zuwa Yankin Malabar (Kerala ta yanzu) a cikin 52 AD.Ayyukan Toma sun ce Kiristoci na farko Yahudawa ne na Malabar waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Kerala na yanzu kafin haihuwar Kristi. St Thomas, Bayahude mai magana da Aramaic daga Galili (Isra'ila ta yanzu) kuma ɗaya daga cikin almajiran Yesu Kristi, ya zo Indiya don neman Yahudawa na Indiya Bayan shekaru na Bishara, an yi wa Thomas shahadar sannan aka binne shi a Dutsen St Thomas, a unguwar Mylapore na Madras (Chennai) . Akwai yarjejeniyar masana cewa al'ummar Kirista sun kafa sosai a yankin Malabar ta hanyar 600 AD  a ƙarshe; al'ummar ta ƙunshi Nestorians ko Kiristoci na Gabas, na Cocin Gabas, waɗanda suka yi amfani da Rite na Gabashin Syriac na ibada.

Bayan gano hanyar teku zuwa Indiya, ta hanyar mai binciken Portuguese Vasco da Gama a cikin karni na 15 AD, an kafa Kiristanci na Yamma a cikin yankunan Turai na Goa, Tranquebar, Bombay, Madras da Pondicherry; kamar yadda yake a cikin Katolika (na Latin ko Syriac Rites) da kuma nau'ikan Furotesta daban-daban.[1] Juyowa kuma ya faru ne ta hanyar Inquisition na Goan, tare da zalunci ga Hindu da lalata umarni. Masu wa'azi na Kirista sun gabatar da tsarin ilimi na yamma zuwa yankin Indiya, don yin wa'azi ga Kristanci da kuma kamfen don sake fasalin zamantakewar Hindu kamar tawaye na Channar. Koyaya, ana yin niyya ga Makarantun ma'aikata da kungiyoyin agaji a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Modi, musamman ta hanyar hana masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje samun taimakon ƙasashen waje.

Kiristoci sun shiga cikin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) wanda ya jagoranci yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya, All India Conference of Indian Christians ya ba da shawara ga Suraj (mulkin kai) kuma ya yi adawa da rabuwa da Indiya. Akwai rahotanni na Krista masu ɓoye waɗanda ke ɓoye bangaskiyarsu a asirce ko ɓoye, saboda tsoron tsanantawa; musamman Dalit (Outcaste) ko Adivasi (Aboriginal) Kiristoci suna amfani da crypsis, saboda ajiya da sauran haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki an hana su akan juyawa.Wasu Kiristoci sun wuce ta hanyar tilasta tuba zuwa addinin Hindu ta Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Hindu, kamar Shiv Sena, VHP da BJP. Kungiyoyi daban-daban na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Hindu, sun kuma kai hari kan majami'u ko kuma sun rushe ayyukan coci, a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Indiya.

Lokacin Da

Shekarar manzanni

St Thomas

 

Cinikin Romawa tare da Indiya ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Misira bisa ga Periplus na Tekun Erythraean (karni na 1).

A cewar labarin gargajiya na Kiristocin Saint Thomas, Manzo Thomas ya isa Kodungallur (Cranganore) a yau jihar Kerala a shekara ta 52 AZ, inda ya kafa Ezharappallikal (Ikklisiyoyi bakwai) a cikin ko kusa da tsoffin ƙauyukan Yahudawa, ta hanyar wa’azi ga Yahudawa da Brahmin na yankin. Bisa ga al’adar Kiristocin St Thomas, Manzo Thomas ne ya yi baftisma na farko a Indiya a St Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur, don haka wannan coci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Apostolic See da ake dangantawa da aikinsa na manzanci [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed].

Bayan wasu shekaru na wa’azi a Kudancin Indiya, an kashe Thomas a matsayin shahidi a St Thomas Mount da ke Chennai (Madras) a shekara ta 72 AZ. A yau, Cathedral Basilica of San Thome mai tsarin neo-Gothic tana tsaye a wurin da aka ce aka kashe shi kuma aka binne shi.

Sai dai kuma, wani ra’ayi da aka fi ɗauka mai tarihi shi ne na Eusebius na Kaisariya, wanda ya ce Pantaenus, shugaban makarantar fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki a Alexandria, Masar, ya je Indiya a shekara ta 190 AZ, inda ya tarar da Kiristoci da suke amfani da wani sigar Injilin Matiyu da aka rubuta da “haruffan Ibraniyawa, haɗe da al’adu.” Wannan na iya zama nuni ga farkon cocin Indiya da aka sani suna amfani da Sabon Alkawari na Syriac; Syriac yare ne na Aramaic wanda Yesu da almajiransa suka yi magana da shi. Shaidar Pantaenus na nuna cewa Kiristoci daga Gabas ta Tsakiya sun riga sun fara wa’azi a wasu sassan Indiya tun ƙarshen ƙarni na biyu AZ.

Wata al'adar Kirista game da haihuwar Yesu ta ce Gaspar, ɗaya daga cikin masu sihiri uku na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ya yi tafiya daga Indiya don neman jariri Yesu tare da Melchior na Farisa da Balthazar na Arabiya.

A farkon karni na 3 AZ, an rubuta wani littafi da ake kira Ayyukan Toma (Acts of Thomas)[1], wanda ya danganta labarin aikin Manzo Toma a Indiya da sarakuna biyu, ɗaya a arewa da ɗaya a kudu. Shekarar isowarsa tana da rikici saboda ƙarancin ingantattun rubuce-rubuce. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A cewar ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyoyin da ke cikin Ayyukan Toma, da farko Toma bai yarda da wannan aikin ba, amma Yesu ya tilasta shi ta hanyar tsara al’amura har sai da aka tilasta masa ya bi wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Indiya mai suna Abbanes, zuwa ƙasarsa da ke arewa maso yammacin Indiya. A nan ne Toma ya shiga cikin hidima ga sarkin Indo-Parthian, Gondophares. Ana danganta cewa aikin sa ya haifar da yawan tuba a wannan masarauta ta arewa, har da sarkin da ɗan’uwansa.

Ayyukan Toma sun bayyana cewa aikin nasa na biyu a Indiya ya kasance tare da masarautar wani sarki mai suna Mahadwa, wanda ya yi mulki a kudancin Indiya a karni na farko.

Niranam Pally, wanda aka fi sani da St. Mary’s Orthodox Syrian Church, ana ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin majami’u a Indiya. Ana danganta kafa cocin ga St Thomas Manzo a shekara ta 54 AZ. A cikin tafiyarsa daga Kollam (Quilon) zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya isa Niranam "Thrikpapaleswaram" ta hanyar teku.

An sake ginawa cocin sau da yawa, inda wasu sassa suka samo asali daga ginin da aka yi a cikin shekara ta 1259. Tsarin gine-ginen cocin yana nuna kamanceceniya da gine-ginen haikalin Hindu.

St Bartholomew

Eusebius na Tarihin Ikilisiya na Kaisariya (5:10) ya bayyana cewa Bartholomew, almajirin Yesu, ya tafi yawon shakatawa na mishan zuwa Indiya, inda ya bar kwafin Linjilar Matiyu. Wata al'ada ta ce ya yi wa'azin Linjila a Kasar Indiya, kafin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Kasar Armenia, yayin da wasu ke cewa Bartholomew ya yi tafiya a matsayin mai wa'azi a Habasha, Mesopotamiya, Parthia, da Lycaonia.

Daga baya zamanin da

Kodayake ba a san komai game da ci gaban cocin nan take a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Indiya ba, Bar-Daisan (154-223 AD) ya ba da rahoton cewa a lokacinsa akwai kabilun Kirista a Arewacin Indiya waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Thomas ya tuba da su kuma suna da littattafai da kayan tarihi don tabbatar da hakan. An yi imanin cewa a lokacin da aka kafa Daular Sassanid a kusa da 226 AD, akwai bishops na Cocin Gabas a arewa maso yammacin Indiya, Afghanistan da Baluchistan, tare da laymen da malamai suna shiga aikin mishan. Tarihin Syriac na Edessa ya bayyana "cocin Kiristoci" a Indiya a kusa da 200 AD.  

Indiya tana da cinikayya mai tasowa tare da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Bahar Rum, da Gabas ta Tsakiya، duka tare da hanyoyin tsaunuka a arewa da hanyoyin teku zuwa gabar yamma da kudancin, tun kafin zuwan zamanin Kirista, kuma mai yiwuwa ne 'yan kasuwa Kirista daga waɗannan ƙasashe suka zauna a biranen Indiya tare da waɗannan hanyoyin kasuwanci. Ƙasar kirista ta Siriya da aka kafa a Muziris na iya zama al'ummar kirista ta farko a Kudancin Indiya wacce akwai ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce.

Tarihin Seert ya bayyana aikin bishara zuwa Indiya ta Bishop David na Basra a kusa da shekara ta 300, wanda aka ruwaito ya yi juyowa da yawa, [1] kuma an yi hasashen cewa aikinsa ya ɗauki yankunan kudancin Indiya.

Daga rubuce-rubuce daban-daban na matafiya mun san kasancewar al'ummomin Kirista a Indiya tun daga shekara ta 345.

Thomas na Kana, ɗan kasuwar Kirista na Syriac, ya kawo ƙungiyar iyalai 72 na Kirista daga Mesopotamiya zuwa Kerala a ƙarni na 4. Daular Chera ta ba shi faranti na jan ƙarfe, wanda ya ba jam'iyyarsa da dukan Kiristoci na asali damar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Kungiyar Kiristoci da suka zo tare da Thomas na Kana (Knai Thoma) ana kiransu Kiristoci na Knanaya.

Kasancewar Kiristoci na Farko a Indiya ya kara tabbatar da shi ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen da suka amince da aikin Severus na Vienne, mai wa'azi na ƙarni na 5 na asalin Indiya wanda ya yi bishara a Vienne, Faransa.

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  Kiristoci na Saint Thomas ko Kiristocin Siriya na zamanin da daga wani tsohon zane
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  Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Cocin Katolika, a Muziris, an yi imanin ita ce cocin Kirista na farko da aka gina a Indiya, kusan 52 AD.
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  Tagar gilashin Thomas the Apostle, wanda ya kafa addinin kirista na Indiya na gargajiya, a cikin sunan sa cocin St Thomas CNI, Cathedral na Mumbai (Bombay) mai shekaru 300.
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  St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai ya gina bisa kabarin Saint Thomas the Apostle
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  Altar of the St Mary's Church in Kottayam flanked by two St Thomas crosses from the 7th century AD on either side. The crosses pre-date the church which was built in 1550 AD.
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  St Mary's Thiruvithamcode Arappally of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) is believed to have been founded by Thomas the Apostle in 63 AD.
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  Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church at Arakuzha, Kerala is an ancient Nasrani church established in 999 AD.
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  St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala, the shrine of St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios, an Oriental Orthodox Saint, in Kerala
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  Tomb of the Saint Moran Mor Ignatius Elias Third (the only Universal Syrian Orthodox Patriarch to be buried in India) at Manjinikara, Kerala

Al'ummar Kirista ta Saint Thomas a Kerala ta kara karfafawa ta hanyar isowar raƙuman ruwa daban-daban na Kiristoci na Syriac daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan kuma ya haifar da kafa yankunan Knanaya a Kerala a cikin karni na 4. Kiristoci na Babila sun zauna a bakin tekun Malabar a karni na 4. Mar Sabor da Mar Proth sun isa Kollam a karni na 9.

Kollam Tharisappalli ko Quilon faranti na jan ƙarfe (849 AD) da aka ba da umurni a lokacin mulkin Sthanu Ravi Varma, kuma aka ba wa shugaban Kirista na Siriya Maruvan Sapir Iso, yana ba da ƙasa don gina Ikilisiyar Siriya kusa da Kollam a Kerala 

Saint Thomas Christians seem to have enjoyed various rights and privileges as well as a high status as recorded on copper plates, also known as Cheppeds, Royal Grants, Sasanam, etc.[1] There are a number of such documents in the possession of the Syrian churches of Kerala which include the Thazhekad Sasanam, the Quilon Plates (or the Tharisappalli Cheppeds), Mampally Sasanam and Iraviikothan Chepped, etc. Some of these plates have been dated to around 774 AD. Scholars have studied the inscriptions and produced varying translations. The language used is Old Malayalam in Vattezhuthu script intermingled with some Grantha, Pahlavi, Kufic and Hebrew scripts. The ruler of Venad (Travancore) granted the Saint Thomas Christians seventy-two rights and privileges which were usually granted only to high dignitaries. These rights included exemption from import duties, sales tax and the slave tax. A copper plate  grant dated 1225 AD further enhanced the rights and privileges of Nasranis.

Sauran nassoshi ga Kiristoci na Saint Thomas sun haɗa da tarihin Kudancin Indiya na Manimekalai, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin ƙarni na 2 da 3 AD, wanda ya ambaci mutanen Nasrani ta hanyar ambaton su da sunan Essanis . [1] Ofishin jakadancin Sarki Alfred a cikin 883 AD ya aika da kyaututtuka ga Kiristoci na St. Thomas.[2] Marco Polo wanda ya ziyarci a cikin 1292, ya ambaci cewa akwai Kiristoci a bakin tekun Malabar.

Mishan din Dominican na Faransa ko Catalan Jordanus Catalani shine mishan na farko na Katolika na Turai da ya isa Indiya. Ya sauka a Surat a kusa da 1320. Ta hanyar wata bijimi daban, wanda ya karanta Venerabili Fratri Jordano, an nada shi Bishop na farko na Quilon a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1329 AD. A cikin 1321, Jordanus Catalani ya isa Bhatkal, wani wuri kusa da Mangalore, kuma ya kafa tashar mishan a can wanda ya tuba da mazauna yankin da yawa. Ya kuma yi bishara a Gundumar Thana (Trombay) kusa da Bombay; zuriyar waɗannan masu tuba daga baya za su zama wani ɓangare na al'ummar Indiyawan Gabas ta Bombay.

Cocin Gabas da diocese da manufofi a duk faɗin Asiya, gami da Indiya

Kokarin Portuguese na Katolika da Kiristoci na Saint Thomas

Toma Manzo an yaba da shi ta hanyar al'ada don kafa Ikilisiyar Indiya a cikin 52 AD. Wannan cocin ya haɓaka hulɗa tare da Ikilisiyar Gabas ta Gabas da ke Edessa, Mesopotamiya a lokacin.

A tarihi, an shirya wannan al'umma a matsayin Lardin Indiya na Ikilisiyar Gabas ta Patriarch na Babila Timothy I (780-823 AD) a cikin karni na takwas, bishops da kuma babban sakatare na gida suka yi aiki. A cikin karni na 14, Ikilisiyar Gabas ta ƙi saboda Tamerlane tsanantawa daga Tamerlane . Karni na 16 ya ga yunkurin mulkin mallaka na Padroado na Portuguese da nufin kawo Kiristoci na St Thomas cikin Cocin Katolika na Latin, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin Portuguese Padroado Archdiocese na Goa, wanda ya haifar da na farko na raguwa da yawa a cikin al'umma.[1][3][1] Kokarin Portuguese ya ƙare a cikin Synod na Diamper, a hukumance ya mamaye su da dukan Archdiocese na Angamaly a matsayin sufragane ga Archdiocese na Goa wanda mishaneri na Roman Katolika Padroado ke gudanarwa.

A cikin karni na 16, an danganta fashewar Asiya da Manufofin mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na umarni daban-daban ciki har da Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians sun isa tare da masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Tarihin masu wa'azi na Fotigal a Indiya ya fara ne da malamai na Fotigals waɗanda suka isa Kappad kusa da Kozhikode a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1498, tare da mai binciken Fotigal Vasco da Gama wanda ke neman kafa kawance mai adawa da Islama tare da al'ummomin Kirista da suka riga sun wanzu. Kasuwancin kayan yaji mai fa'ida ya zama ƙarin jaraba ga kambin Portugal. Lokacin da shi da masu wa'azi na Fotigal suka isa, sun sami Kiristoci a kasar a Malabar da aka sani da Kiristoci na St. Thomas waɗanda ke cikin cocin Kirista mafi girma a Indiya. Kiristoci suna da abokantaka ga masu wa'azi na Portugal da farko; an yi musayar kyaututtuka tsakanin su, kuma waɗannan kungiyoyin sun yi farin ciki da bangaskiyarsu.

Mughal Sarkin sarakuna Akbar the Great yana gudanar da taron addini a cikin Ibadat Khana; maza biyu da suka yi ado da baki su ne mishaneri na Jesuit, ca. 1605

A lokacin balaguron na biyu, rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Portugal da ke kunshe da jiragen ruwa 13 da firistoci 18, a karkashin Kyaftin Pedro Álvares Cabral, sun tsaya a Cochin a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1500. Cabral nan da nan ya sami kyakkyawar niyya na Raja na Cochin. Ya ba da izinin firistoci huɗu su yi aikin manzanni tsakanin al'ummomin Kirista na farko da suka warwatse a ciki da kewayen Cochin. Ta haka ne masu wa'azi na Fotigal suka kafa Ofishin Jakadancin Fotigal a cikin 1500. Dom Francisco de Almeida, Mataimakin Sarkin Portugal na farko ya sami izini daga Kochi Raja don gina majami'u biyu - wato Santa Cruz Basilica (1505) da St. Francis Church (1506) ta amfani da duwatsu da turmi, wanda ba a taɓa jin shi ba a wannan lokacin, saboda nuna bambanci na yankin ya saba da irin wannan tsari don kowane dalili banda fadar sarauta ko haikalin.

A farkon karni na 16, duk gabas tana ƙarƙashin ikon Archdiocese na Lisbon. A ranar 12 ga Yuni 1514, Cochin da Goa sun zama manyan tashoshin mishan guda biyu a karkashin sabuwar Diocese na Funchal a Madeira. A cikin 1534, Paparoma Paul III ta hanyar Bull Quequem Reputamus, ya tayar da Funchal a matsayin babban diocese da Goa a matsayin sufragán, yana wakiltar dukan Indiya a ƙarƙashin diocese na Goa. Wannan ya haifar da gabatarwa ga bishop - sufragán zuwa Funchal, tare da ikon da zai iya fadada duk nasarorin da suka gabata da na gaba daga Cape of Good Hope zuwa China.

Masu tuba na farko zuwa Kristanci a Goa sune matan Goan da suka auri mazajen Portuguese waɗanda suka zo tare da Afonso na Albuquerque a lokacin da Portuguese suka ci Goa a cikin 1510. Saboda Kiristanci na Goa, sama da 90% na Goans a cikin Velhas Conquistas sun zama Katolika a cikin 1700s.

'Yan matan Kirista na Goa sun hadu da wani dan kasar Portugal da ke neman matarsa, daga Códice Casanatense (c. 1540)

Gwamnatin Fotigal ta tallafa wa mishanonin. A lokaci guda kuma, da yawa daga cikin Sabbin Kiristoci daga Fotigal sun yi ƙaura zuwa Indiya saboda Inkwizishan na Fotigal. Da dama daga cikinsu ana zargin su da zama Crypto-Yahudawa da Crypto-Musulmi wato Yahudawa da Musulmi da aka tilasta musu tuba zuwa Kiristanci amma a ɓoye suna ci gaba da gudanar da tsohuwar addininsu. Dukkaninsu an ɗauke su a matsayin barazana ga haɗin kai na imanin Kirista.

A cewar Maria Aurora Couto, malamin Jesuit Francis Xavier ya nemi a kafa Inkwizishan na Goa a cikin wata wasika da ya aika ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1546 ga Sarkin Fotigal John III, amma an fara gudanar da wannan kotu ne kawai a shekarar 1560.[2] Ofishin Inkwizishan ya yi tsanantawa ga Hindawa, Musulmi, Bene Israels, Sabbin Kiristoci, da kuma Nasranis masu kange Yahudanci.

Crypto-Hindawa sune suka fi zama abin hari cikin shekaru 250 na tsanantawa da hukunci saboda bangaskiyarsu da masu shari’ar Katolika suka yi musu.[4] Masu girbi musamman suka fi shan wuya: Shudras (12.5%) da kuma manoma (35.5%).

A shekara ta 1557, an sanya Goa babban bishop mai zaman kansa, kuma an gina su na farko a Cochin da Malacca. Dukan Gabas sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Goa kuma iyakokinta sun kai kusan rabin duniya: daga Cape of Good Hope a Afirka ta Kudu, zuwa Burma, China da Japan a Gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1576, an kara sufragane See na Macao (China); kuma a shekara ta 1588, na Funai a Japan.

An canja Diocese na Angamaly zuwa Diocese of Craganore a cikin 1605, yayin da, a cikin 1606 an kafa sufragane na shida zuwa Goa a San Thome, Mylapore, kusa da Madras na zamani, da kuma shafin yanar gizon National Shrine na St. Thomas Basilica. Daga baya an kara sufragán zuwa Goa. sun kasance prelacy na Mozambique (1612), Peking (1609) da Nanking (1609).

Wani bangare mai mahimmanci na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portuguese Krista ne na Kasar Indiya.

Duk da haka Portuguese ba su iya kafa kasancewarsu a Mangalore ba sakamakon nasarar da mai mulkin Vijayanagara Krishnadevaraya da Abbakka Rani na Ullal, Sarauniyar Bednore ta Mangalore. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean ba asalin Mangalore bane amma daga Goa, wanda suka tsere a lokacin Sackings na Goa da Bombay-Bassein kuma don tserewa daga tsanantawar Inquisition na Goan.

Abubuwan fasaha masu zuwa sun riga sun kasance kafin Kiristanci na Turai kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na fasahar addini da gine-gine na Kiristoci na Saint Thomas:

• Gicciye mai budewa (dutse) da ake kira Nasrani Sthamba
• Kodimaram (Dwajasthamba) ko ma'auni na tutar da aka yi da itacen teak na Kerala kuma sau da yawa an rufe shi a cikin bututun jan ƙarfe ko paras
• Dutse Deepasthamba ko kuma fitilu.

Bayan isowar Vasco da Gama kuma musamman bayan farawar mulkin Portuguese a Indiya, alamu daban-daban na fasahar Kirista sun bunkasa a cikin yankunan tasirin Portuguese, galibi a bakin tekun tsibirin. Portuguese sun ba da izinin gine-gine masu ban mamaki kuma sun inganta gine-gine fiye da kowane nau'i na fasaha mai kyau. St. Francis Church, Kochi shine wuri na farko na Turai na ibada a Indiya kuma ba zato ba tsammani kuma wurin da aka fara binne Vasco da Gama. Fasahar Kirista ta Goa ta kai ga ƙarshe a cikin ginin coci, ta kafa harsashin Baroque na Indiya.

Gine-gine na Kirista na Indiya a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya ya fadada zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban sakamakon babban ginin coci a sassa daban-daban na kasar. Halin da aka fi tallafawa ana kiransa da salon Regency na Burtaniya wanda ya biyo bayan gine-ginen Neo-Gothic da Gothic Revival. Yawancin majami'u da majami'un Furotesta a Indiya sun dace da tsarin gine-ginen Neo-Gothic da Gothic Revival. Daidaitawar abubuwan gine-ginen Turai zuwa yanayin zafi a Indiya ya haifar da kirkirar salon Indo-Gothic. St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata misali ne na wannan salon. Cocin St. Mary, Chennai, cocin Anglican na farko da aka gina a gabashin Suez yana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na gine-ginen mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Indiya. Ana iya ganin tasirin Faransanci da Danish a kan fasahar Kirista da gine-gine a Indiya a yankunansu.

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  Manarcad Church is one of the oldest churches as well as a popular pilgrim site in India.
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  Interior of the St. Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore, an example of Indo-Baroque
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  Interior of the CNI Cathedral Church of Redemption, New Delhi, a fine example of the Indo-Saracenic architectureal style
• 
  Built in 1562, Se Cathedral is an example of the Portuguese-Manueline style of architecture.
• 
  St. Paul's CNI Cathedral, Calcutta is one of the finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in India.
• 
  Infant Jesus Cathedral in Kollam city is an example of modern church architecture in India.
• 
  St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore is an example of the English Baroque style in India.
• 
  Church of South India Cathedral of St. George, Chennai is an example of the Neoclassical style.
• 
  The Gothic Revival style Medak Cathedral is one of the largest churches in Asia.
• 
  The Gothic Revival style All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad illuminated at night
• 
  Buff-coloured basalt and limestone doorway to the CNI Afghan Church
• 
  Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanans Church, built in the traditional style of the Malankara Orthodox Church
• 
  St. James' Church, Delhi, built on a Greek cruciform plan, is an example of the Renaissance Revival style in India.

Al'adu

Pesaha Appam burodi ne na Idin Ƙetarewa wanda ba a yisti ba wanda Kiristoci na Saint Thomas na Kerala suka yi don a yi amfani da shi a daren Idin Ƙetnames.

Bikin gargajiya na Katolika na Goan

Duk da yake Kiristoci a Kasar Indiya ba su da al'ada ɗaya, al'adunsu galibi sun haɗa da al'adun Indiya, Siriya da Turai. Ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani dangane da dalilai da yawa kamar al'ada da al'ada na liturgical da kuma tsawon lokacin da Kristanci ya kasance a waɗancan yankuna. Kiristoci na Saint Thomas na Kerala na dā suna da al'adu daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da Kiristoci a wasu sassan ƙasar. Dangantakar tarihi tare da Cocin Gabas da daidaita al'adun Indiya sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'adun gargajiya na Siriya ko Nasranis na Kerala.Amfani da laima mai ban sha'awa don bukukuwan addini na Kirista ya nuna misali na halin asalin Kiristanci na Syriac na Kerala.[2] Malankara Nasranis (Kiristocin Thomas) suna da al'adun Syro-Malabarese na musamman wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan kirista na Yahudawa, tare da wasu al'adun Hindu.

A sakamakon Kiristanci na Goa da Portuguese suka yi a karni na 16 AD, Katolika na Goan sun karɓi al'adun Yammacin Turai. Waƙar, waƙa da abincin Goa sun sami rinjaye sosai daga Portuguese. al'adun Katolika na Goan sun haɗu da al'adun Portuguese da Konkani, tare da tsohon yana da matsayi mafi girma saboda Portuguese sun mallaki Goa kai tsaye daga 1510 zuwa 1961. Katolika na Mangalorean, waɗanda galibi baƙi ne daga Yankin Konkan zuwa yankin Canara na Carnataca, sun haɓaka al'adun Katolika na Mangelorean. Kiristanci a wasu sassan Indiya ya bazu a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Dutch, Danish, Faransanci kuma mafi mahimmanci Ingilishi daga farkon karni na 17 zuwa lokacin Independence na Indiya a 1947. Al'adun Kirista a sassa daban-daban na Indiya, addini da al'adun masu mulkin mallaka sun rinjayi su.

Al'adun Kirista na zamani a Indiya sun samo asali ne daga Al'adun Ingilishi, sakamakon tasirin da rinjaye na tsohon mulkin Indiyawan Burtaniya, wannan a bayyane yake a al'adun Kiristoci na Gabashin Indiya na Bombay, waɗanda suka kasance batutuwa na farko na mulkin Ingilishi, a cikin Tsibirin Bakwai na Bombay da yankunan da ke kusa da Arewacin Konkan. Littafin Addu'a na yau da kullun kari ne da aka yi amfani da shi sosai don bauta a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Protestant na Anglican guda biyu: Ikilisiyar Kudancin Indiya da Ikilisiyar Arewacin Indiya. A yau ana ɗaukar Kiristoci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin ci gaba a Indiya. Al'adun Turai sun fi rinjayar Kiristoci na birane, wanda ake la'akari da fa'ida a cikin yanayin kasuwanci na birane na Indiya; an ba da wannan a matsayin bayani ga yawancin ƙwararrun Kirista a bangaren kamfanoni na Indiya. Cocin Kirista yana gudanar da dubban Cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfafa al'adun Kirista a Indiya.

Addini yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yau da kullun ta Kiristoci na kasar Indiya, Kasar Indiya tana cikin matsayi na 15 tsakanin ƙasashe da suka danganci halartar coci. Sau da yawa Katolika na Indiya suna yin bikin addini da carnivals. Birane da ke da yawan Krista suna murna da ranakun tsarkaka. Kamar yadda yake a wasu sassan duniya, Kirsimeti shine mafi mahimmancin biki ga Kiristoci na Indiya. Kwallon Kirsimeti na Anglo-Indian da aka gudanar a mafi yawan manyan biranen sun zama wani bangare na musamman na al'adun Kirista na Indiya. Babban Jumma'a hutu ne na kasa, All Souls Day wani hutu ne wanda yawancin Kiristoci a Indiya ke kiyayewa. Yawancin majami'u na Furotesta suna yin bukukuwan girbi, yawanci a ƙarshen Oktoba ko farkon Nuwamba. Mutane da yawa suna kiyaye Easter da All Saints Day.

Bikin auren na Kirista a kasar Indiya ya dace da bikin auren fararen fata. Koyaya, wasu amarya Kirista a kudu, suna sa fararen Sary maimakon fararen tufafi (gashi). Kafin shekarun 1960, amarya Kirista na Kudancin Canarese ne ke sa dhothi zuwa bikin aurensu na Cocin; kusan an maye gurbinsa da baƙar fata da ɗaure a zamanin yau.

Yawan jama'a

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1951	8,305,000	—
1961	10,729,000	+29.2%
1971	14,225,000	+32.6%
1981	16,650,000	+17.0%
1991	19,455,000	+16.8%
2001	24,080,016	+23.8%
2011	27,819,588	+15.5%

Ƙididdigar Indiya ta 2001 ta rubuta Kiristoci 24,080,016 a cikin ƙasar, wakiltar kashi 2.34 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a. Yawancin Kiristoci na Indiya Furotesta ne, sannan Katolikawa da Orthodox na Gabas da sauransu.

Yawan jama'a ta yanki da rukuni

Rarraba yawan Krista a jihohin Indiya daban-daban

Kashi na yawan Krista ta gundumar, ƙididdigar Indiya 2011

Kiristanci shine babban addini a jihohin arewa maso gabashin Nagaland, Mizoram Meghalaya, da Manipur. Akwai yawancin Krista, a yankunan Arunachal, Assam, Tripura, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa da Tsibirin Andaman da Nicobar. Yawan Krista na yankin Bombay (Mumbai) , yana sama da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 2.3 kuma an gano yana da kashi 3.45 bisa ga ƙididdigar 2011.   A cewar Pew Research, kashi 74% na Kiristoci a Indiya sun kasance daga kungiyoyin zamantakewa marasa galihu, galibi sun fi mayar da hankali a Kudu, Gabas, da Arewa maso Gabas. Wannan ya hada da kashi 33% na Scheduled Castes (a.k.a. Dalit Christian), galibi a Kudancin Indiya, da kuma kashi 24% na Schedued Tribes, galibi a Gabas da Arewa maso Gabas Binciken 2015 ya kiyasta wasu Kiristoci 40,000 daga asalin musulmi a kasar, mafi yawansu na Furotesta ne.

Yankunan da ke da mafi rinjaye ko yawa a Indiya kamar yadda kididdigar 2011 ta nuna

Jihohi	Jama'ar Kirista	Kashi (%)	Matsayi
Kerala	6,141,269	18.38	"Ma'ana"
Meghalaya	2,213,027	74.59	"Mafi yawanci"
Nagaland	1,739,651	87.93	"Mafi yawanci"
Manipur	1,179,043	41.29	"Yawanci"
Mizoram	956,331	87.16	"Mafi yawanci"
Arunachal Pradesh	418,732	30.26	"Yawanci"
Goa	366,130	25.10	"Ma'ana"

Yawancin 'yan asalin Goa Krista ne. Dangane da kididdigar 1909 a cikin Katolika Encyclopedia, jimlar yawan Krista a cikin Goa da ke sarrafa Portuguese ya kasance 293,628 daga cikin jimlar yawan 365,291 (80.33%).  Saboda ƙaurawar 'yan asalin ƙasar (yawanci Katolika na Goan) daga Goa zuwa biranen duniya a Indiya (Mumbai, Bangalore, da dai sauransu) da kuma ƙasashen waje, da kuma ƙaura mai yawa na waɗanda ba Krista ba zuwa Goa daga wasu jihohin Indiya tun daga ƙarni na 20, yawan jama'ar Goa sun canza sosai. Kasa da kashi 50% na mazaunan Indiya a Goa 'yan kabilar Goans ne. Ƙididdigar Indiya ta ba mu lambobin hukuma don yawan Krista a Indiya. An rubuta ƙididdigar Indiya a kowace shekara goma tun 1871 kuma koyaushe ya haɗa da addini (tare da yawan jama'a, kabilanci, rarraba yankunan karkara, da kuma aiki, da sauransu). Ƙididdigar da aka buga kwanan nan ta fito ne daga shekara ta 2011. Kimanin da ya biyo baya daga 2013, 2015, 2017 da 2019 ana kuma la'akari da abin dogaro.

Jiha / Tarayyar Yankin-so'a yawan Krista, ƙididdigar Indiya ta 2011

Jiha / UT	Yawan jama'a	Jama'ar Kirista			ST yawan Kiristoci
		Adadin	% na Indiya	% na Jiha	Adadin	% na Kirista na Jiha
India	1,210,854,977	27,819,588	100	2.30	10,327,052	37.12
Andhra Pradesh	84,580,777	1,129,784	4.06	1.34	26,512	2.35
Arunachal Pradesh	1,383,727	418,732	1.51	30.26	389,507	93.02
Assam	31,205,576	1,165,867	4.19	3.74	495,379	42.49
Bihar	104,099,452	129,247	0.46	0.12	32,523	25.16
Chhattisgarh	25,545,198	490,542	1.76	1.92	385,041	78.49
Goa	1,458,545	366,130	1.32	25.10	48,783	13.32
Gujarat	60,439,692	316,178	1.14	0.52	120,777	38.2
Haryana	25,351,462	50,353	0.18	0.20	N/A	N/A
Himachal Pradesh	6,864,602	12,646	0.05	0.18	275	2.17
Jharkhand	32,988,134	1,418,608	5.1	4.30	1,338,175	94.33
Karnataka	61,095,297	1,142,647	4.11	1.87	12,811	1.12
Kerala	33,406,061	6,141,269	22.08	18.38	32,844	0.53
Madhya Pradesh	72,626,809	213,282	0.77	0.29	88,548	41.52
Maharashtra	112,374,333	1,080,073	3.88	0.96	20,335	1.88
Manipur	2,855,794	1,179,043	4.24	41.29	1,137,318	96.46
Meghalaya	2,966,889	2,213,027	7.95	74.59	2,157,887	97.51
Mizoram	1,097,206	956,331	3.44	87.16	933,302	97.59
Nagaland	1,978,502	1,739,651	6.25	87.93	1,680,424	96.6
Odisha	41,974,218	1,161,708	4.18	2.77	816,981	70.33
Punjab	27,743,338	348,230	1.25	1.26	N/A	N/A
Rajasthan	68,548,437	96,430	0.35	0.14	25,375	26.31
Sikkim	610,577	60,522	0.22	9.91	16,899	27.92
Tamil Nadu	72,147,030	4,418,331	15.88	6.12	7,222	0.16
Tripura	3,673,917	159,882	0.57	4.35	153,061	95.73
Uttar Pradesh	199,812,341	356,448	1.28	0.18	1,011	0.28
Uttarakhand	10,086,292	37,781	0.14	0.37	437	1.16
Yammacin Bengal	91,276,115	658,618	2.37	0.72	343,893	52.21
Tsibirin Andaman da Nicobar	380,581	80,984	0.29	21.28	57,280	70.73
Chandigarh	1,055,450	8,720	0.03	0.83	N/A	N/A
Dadra da Nagar Haveli	343,709	5,113	0.02	1.49	2,658	51.99
Daman da Diu	243,247	2,820	0.01	1.16	16	0.57
Delhi	16,787,941	146,093	0.53	0.87	N/A	N/A
Jammu da Kashmir	12,541,302	35,631	0.13	0.28	1,775	4.98
Lakshadweep	64,473	317	0	0.49	3	0.95
Puducherry	1,247,953	78,550	0.28	6.29	N/A	N/A

Rarraba yawan jama'a na kowane addini ta hanyar matsayi kamar yadda Kwamitin Sachar kan harkokin musulmi ya ruwaito a shekara ta 2006

Addini	SC	ST	OBC	Cibiyar gaba
Addinin Buddha	89.5%	7.4%	0.4%	2.7%
Addinin Sikh	30.7%	0.9%	22.4%	46.1%
Addinin Hindu	22.2%	9.1%	42.8%	26.0%
Kiristanci	9.0%	32.8%	24.8%	33.3%
Musulunci	0.8%	0.5%	39.2%	59.5%
Jainisma	0.0%	2.6%	3.0%	94.3%
Zoroastrianism	0.0%	15.9%	13.7%	70.4%
Sauran	2.6%	82.5%	6.2%	8.7%
Jimillar	19.7%	8.5%	41.1%	30.8%

  A cikin 2011, Pew ya ba da rahoton Furotesta 18,860,000, Katolikawa 10,570,000, Orthodox na Gabas 2,370,000 da sauran Kiristoci 50,000 a Indiya. Sauran kafofin sun kiyasta jimlar adadin Furotesta a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin daruruwan addinai a miliyan 45 (miliyan 45). Tushen da yawa sun kiyasta yawan Katolika a Indiya a sama da miliyan 17 (1.7 crore) Mafi girman ƙungiya ɗaya shine Cocin Katolika. Anglicans a cikin Ikilisiyar Arewacin Indiya da Ikilisiyar Kudancin Indiya, sun kasance rukuni na biyu mafi girma a sama da miliyan 5 (miliyan 5).   

Kongiyoyi na Katolika

The Saint Thomas Christians (Syro Malabar Church, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, Chaldean Syrian Church, CSI Syrian Christians, Mar Thoma Syrian Church, Pentecostal Syrian Christians, St. Thomas Evangelical Church and Malabar Independent Syrian Church) of Kerala form 18.75% of the Christians in India with 4.5 million of them. 310,000 were members of the Syro-Malankara Church  and 4,000,000 of the Syro-Malabar Church.  In January 1993, the Syro-Malabar Church and in February 2005, the Syro-Malankara Church were raised to the status of major archiepiscopal churches by Pope John Paul II. The Syro-Malabar Church is the second largest among the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches who accept the Pope as the visible head of the whole church. The Oriental Orthodox churches in India include the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church with 1120,000 members, the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church with 800,000 members and the Malabar Independent Syrian Church with 30,000 members. The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is an Eastern Protestant denomination with 1,100,000 members.

Ƙungiyoyin Furotesta

Yawancin addinan Furotesta suna da wakilci a Indiya, sakamakon ayyukan mishan a duk faɗin ƙasar, kamar su Ƙungiyar Wa'azi ta Amirka, Ƙungiyar Yadawar Ofishin Jakadancin Bishara, Ƙungiyar Waƙoƙin Ikilisiyar Ingila da sauran manufofi da yawa daga Turai, Amurka da Ostiraliya. A shekara ta 1961, wani bangare na bishara na Ikilisiyar Mar Thoma ya rabu kuma ya kafa Ikilisiyar Bishara ta St. Thomas ta Indiya wacce ke da mambobi 35,000. Akwai kimanin 1,267,786 Lutherans, 648,000 Methodists,  2,392,694 Baptists, da 823,456 Presbyterians a Indiya.

Har ila yau, ƙungiyar Open Brethren tana da wakilci sosai a Indiya. Babban rukuni na 'yan uwa an san su da' yan uwan Indiya (tare da masu zuwa da aka kiyasta a wani wuri tsakanin 449,550 [1] da 1,000,000), wanda Kerala Brethren suna da mahimmanci. Taron da ke da alaƙa da juna Jehovah Shammah suna da kusan manya 310,000 da yara a cikin zumunci tun daga shekara ta 2010. [1] Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar 'yan uwa, kodayake wani mai bishara na asali (Bakht Singh) ne ya kafa su kuma ya ci gaba da zaman kansa daga ƙungiyar' 'Yan uwa na Indiya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin mishan.

Pentecostalism kuma ƙungiya ce mai saurin haɓaka a Indiya. Manyan majami'u na Pentecostal a Indiya sune Ikilisiyar Pentecostal ta Indiya,  Majalisar Allah, Ofishin Jakadancin Pentecostal, Sabon Ikilisiyar Manzanni tare da mambobi 1,448,209, New Life Fellowship Association tare da mambozi 480,000, Ikklisiyoyin Manna Full Gospel tare da mambofi 275,000, da Ikilisiyar Bishara ta Indiya tare da mamboci 250,000.

• 
  Goan Catholics celebrating the feast of Saint Francis Xavier
• 
  Marathi Anglicans in Mumbai
• 
  Oriental Orthodox Christians celebrating Palm Sunday
• 
  Devotees light candles and pray outside the Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi on the occasion of Christmas.

Jerin

 

Christian denominations in India

Church name	Population	Orientation
Latin Church ("Roman Catholic" Church)	11,800,000	Catholic, Latin Church
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church	1,600,000	Oriental Orthodox, West Syriac Rite
Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church	1,200,000	Oriental Orthodox, West Syriac Rite (Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch)
Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church	1,100,000	Independent and Eastern Protestant Christian, Protestant West Syriac Rite
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church	4,000,000	Catholic, East Syriac Rite
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church	410,000	Catholic, West Syriac Rite
Malabar Independent Syrian Church	20,000	Independent, West Syriac Rite (follows Oriental Orthodox faith)
Chaldean Syrian Church	35,000	Church of the East, East Syriac
Nagaland Baptist Church Council	687,442	Protestant (Baptist)
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India	35,000	Episcopalian Protestant
Church of South India	4,000,000	Anglican (United and uniting)
Church of North India	2,100,000+	Anglican (United and uniting)
Methodist Church in India	648,000	Protestant
India Pentecostal Church of God	2,600,000	Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal
Assemblies of God in India	5,000,000	Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal
United Pentecostal Church in India	105,000	Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal
The Pentecostal Mission	700,000	Protestant
Baptist	2,991,276	Protestant (List of Baptist denominations in India)
Assemblies Jehovah Shammah	310,000	Protestant (Plymouth Brethren)
Lutheran	4,220,178	Protestant (List of Lutheran Denominations Worldwide)
Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church (JELC)	250,000	Protestant Lutheran
Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade (OBEC)	650,000	Protestant Baptist
Indian Brethren	449,550 to 1,000,000	Protestant (Kerala Brethren)
Presbyterian Church of India	1,452,780	Protestant (Reformed)
Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India	15,000	Protestant (Reformed)
Reformed Presbyterian Church of India	10,000	Protestant (Reformed)
Evangelical Church of Maraland	30,000	Protestant (Reformed)
Congregational Church in India	5,500	Protestant (Reformed)
Council of Reformed Churches of India	200,000	Protestant (Reformed)
Hindustani Covenant Church	16,600	Protestant
Evangelical Church	250,000	Protestant
New Apostolic Church	1,448,209	Protestant
Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church	12,000	Protestant
New Life Fellowship Association	480,000	Protestant
Sharon Fellowship Church	50,000	Protestant
Manna Full Gospel Churches	275,000	Protestant
Philadelphia Fellowship Church of India	200,000	Protestant
Seventh-day Adventist Church	1,560,000	Protestant (Restorationism)
Unitarian Union of Northeast India	10,000	Unitarian
Jehovah's Witnesses	42,566	Jehovah's Witnesses (Restorationism)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	14,528	Latter Day Saints (Restorationism)
Christian Revival Church	21,447	Protestant (Pentecostal)
Mennonite Brethren Church	103,000	Protestant (Reformed)
Community of Christ	15,000+	Latter Day Saints (Restorationism)

Rikici da jayayya

Rikicin Hindu da Kirista da jayayya

Masallacin Adoration, Mangalore, bayan da 'yan bindiga na Bajrang Dal suka lalata shi a lokacin hare-haren Satumba 2008 a kan Kiristoci a MangaloreSatumba 2008 hare-hare kan Kiristoci a Mangalore

Gidan coci da aka ƙone a lokacin hare-haren da aka kai wa Krista a Orissa a shekara ta 2008Hare-haren da aka kai wa Krista a shekara ta 2008 a Orissa

Zuwan masu mulkin mallaka na Turai ya haifar da babban aikin mishan a bakin tekun Indiya da Arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Kisan kiyashi na Cuncolim da mamayewar Mahratta na Goa-Anjediva da Bombay-Bassein suna daga cikin rikice-rikicen farko da aka sani. An yadawa Kiristoci a matsayin addinin "baƙo", tare da ci gaban Addinin Hindu, duk da gaskiyar cewa mutane da cibiyoyin Kirista da yawa sun kasance ga kishin ƙasa na Indiya.

A lokacin Hare-haren 1998 a kan Kiristoci a kudu maso gabashin Gujarat, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa daga 25 ga Disamba 1988 zuwa 3 ga Janairu 1999, akalla dakunan addu'a 20 sun lalace ko ƙone kuma an kai hari ga cibiyoyin Kirista a Gundumar Dangs, da gundumomin da ke kewaye da ita da akalla ƙauyuka 25 sun ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na ƙonewa da lalacewar dakunan adduʼa a duk fadin Gujarat.

A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1999, Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal) ya ƙone wani mishan na Australiya Graham Staines da 'ya'yansa maza biyu yayin da suke barci a cikin motar sa a ƙauyen Manoharpur a gundumar Keonjhar a Odisha, Indiya. A cikin rahotanni na shekara-shekara na haƙƙin ɗan adam na 1999, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kuma soki Indiya don "karin tashin hankali na al'umma a kan Kiristoci". Rahoton game da tashin hankali na Kirista ya lissafa abubuwan da suka faru sama da 90 na tashin hankali na Krista, daga lalacewar dukiyar addini zuwa tashin hankali a kan mahajjata Kiristoci.Jihohin Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh da Tamil Nadu sun zartar da dokoki da ke sanya takunkumi kan tilasta juyin juya halin addini sakamakon tashin hankali tsakanin Kiristoci da Hindu. Dokar da aka zartar a Tamil Nadu daga baya aka soke ta.

A shekara ta 2007, 'yan Hindu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun ƙone majami'u 19 a Odisha biyo bayan rikice-rikice tsakanin Hindu da Kiristoci game da bukukuwan Kirsimeti a Gundumar Kandhamal.

A shekara ta 2008, an sake samun tashin hankali a kan Kiristoci, musamman a jihar Odisha, bayan kisan Swami Lakshmanananda da 'yan adawa na Indiya suka yi, tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin al'ummomin biyu a shekara ta 2008. An zargi Kiristoci kuma an kai musu hari a Orissa tare da kashe 38 kuma sama da majami'u 250 sun lalace yayin da dubban Kiristoci suka rasa muhallinsu. An yanke wa MLA Manoj Pradhan hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru shida ta hanyar kotu mai sauri don kisan kai a lokacin tashin hankali na 2008 a Gundumar Kandhamal ta Odisha. Hare-haren da aka kai wa Krista a shekara ta 2008 a Orissa sun bazu kuma sun karu zuwa hare-haren 2008 a kan Kiristoci a kudancin jihar Karnataka. Ayyukan tashin hankali sun haɗa da ƙonewa da lalata majami'u, tilasta juyowa ga Kiristoci zuwa Addinin Hindu ta hanyar barazanar tashin hankali na jiki, rarraba adabi masu barazana, ƙone Littafi Mai-Tsarki, fyade 'yan majami'a, kisan firistocin Kirista, da lalata makarantun Kirista, kwalejoji da makabarta.

Shirin ko motsi tare da tushensa a cikin akidar Hindu, wanda aka sani da Ghar wapasi ('koma gida'), wanda yawancin kungiyoyin Hindu suka tallafawa, yana sauƙaƙa juyin juya halin Krista - kuma, musamman, Musulmai - "baya" ga addinin da ake zaton "na asali" ko "na halitta" na Hinduism. Kungiyoyin da ke inganta Ghar wapasi sun hada da Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) , Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) da Dharm Jagaran Samiti. Tallafin da jami'ai masu tasiri a cikin BJP, jam'iyyar da ke mulki, suka yi ya haifar da zargi irin wannan cewa goyon baya yana barazana ga ra'ayin addini da 'yancin addini da aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya.

Indiya ita ce lamba 10 a kan Open Doors ' 2022 World Watch List, matsayi na shekara-shekara na kasashe hamsin inda Kiristoci ke fuskantar matsanancin tsanantawa.[1] Koyaya, wani bangare na Kiristoci na Siriya na Kerala suna tallafawa akidar Hindu da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sanghwato (RSS); wanda ke da hannu a cikin tashin hankali da rushewar Babri Masjid. Duk da yake wasu sun yi jayayya cewa Nuna bambanci na Hindu ya ci gaba tsakanin Kiristoci a Indiya, wasu Indiyawa da Hindu sun musanta ajiyar da aka yi wa Kiristoci na Dalit.

Hanyar Jamalabad mai ƙarfi. Katolika na Mangalorean sun yi tafiya ta wannan hanyar a kan hanyarsu zuwa Seringapatam.

Dangantaka tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci a Indiya ma ta kasance mai rikici a wasu lokuta. Tare da zuwan mulkin mallaka na Turai a Indiya a cikin ƙarni na 16, 17 da 18, an tsananta wa Kiristoci a wasu masarautun musulmi a Indiya, musamman ayyukan Tippu Sultan, mai mulkin Mysore a kan Katolika na Mangalorean (South Canara). Bautar da Katolika na Mangalorean a Seringapatam, wanda ya fara a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1784 kuma ya ƙare shekaru 15 bayan haka a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1799, ya kasance mafi yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a tarihin wannan al'umma.

Tipu ordered the destruction of twenty-seven Catholic churches [yaushe?] all intricately carved with statues depicting various saints. Among them were Nossa Senhora de Rosario Milagres at Mangalore, Jesu Marie Jose at Omzoor, the Chapel at Bolar, the Church of Merces at Ullal, Imaculata Conceiciao at Mulki, Sao Lawrence at Karkal [ana buƙatar hujja] and Immaculata Conceciao at Baidnur. All were razed to the ground, with the exception of the Church of Holy Cross at Hospet, owing to the friendly offices of the Chauta Raja of Moodbidri.

Wani abin da ya haifar da tawaye na Indiya na 1857 shine, ga Musulmai masu zaman kansu, juriya ga gabatarwar Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na sabon Enfield Rifle-Musket - wanda ba shi da kyau a gare su saboda imanin cewa katunan makamin, wanda za a buƙaci su riƙe har ma da buɗe takardun da ke rufewa, an shafa su da kitsen alade, wakilin addini wanda ba a yarda da shi ba ga sojojin musulmai. Sepoys ya fassara jita-jita game da masu jefa kuri'a a matsayin wani makirci da aka yi da gangan da kamfanin ya yi don ya lalata sojojin musulmai don su tuba zuwa Kiristanci. A hade tare da ra'ayin da ya dace cewa an haɗa kitsen saniya don lalata sojojin Hindu, an fahimci wannan a matsayin ƙoƙari na tilasta Dokar Kirista a Hindustan.

Masanin tarihi William Dalrymple ya lura da maganganun addini da aka yi amfani da su, sabanin jin daɗin ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar ya sadu da sepoys a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1857, an gaya masa: "Mun haɗa hannu don kare addininmu da bangaskiyarmu. " Daga baya sun tsaya a Chandni Chowk, babban filin, kuma sun tambayi mutanen da suka taru a can, "Yan'uwa, kun kasance tare da waɗanda ke da bangaskiya?" Waɗannan maza da mata na Burtaniya waɗanda suka tuba a baya zuwa Islama kamar masu sauya sheka, Sergeant-Major Gordon, da Abdullah Beg, tsohon soja na Kamfanin, an kare su. Sabanin haka, an kashe Kiristoci na kasashen waje kamar Rev Midgeley John Jennings, da kuma 'yan Indiya da suka tuba zuwa Kiristanci kamar daya daga cikin likitocin Zafar, Chaman Lal, kai tsaye. Dalrymple ya ba da labarin cewa a ƙarshen 6 ga Satumba, lokacin da yake kiran mazaunan Delhi da su taru don adawa da harin Birtaniya mai zuwa, Zafar ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuna cewa wannan yaƙin addini ne da ake gurfanar da shi a madadin "bangaskiya", kuma an ƙarfafa duk Musulmai da Hindu mazaunan birnin daular, ko na ƙauyuka su kasance masu aminci ga bangaskiyarsu da imanin su. Ya lura cewa tushen Urdu na lokacin kafin da bayan tawaye yawanci suna nufin Burtaniya ba a matsayin angrez ('Turanci'), goras ('fararen') ko firangis ('baƙi'), amma a matsayin kafir ('marasa aminci') da nasrani ('Kiristoci').

Muslims in India who convert to Christianity are considered apostates and subject to harassment, intimidation, and attacks by Muslims. In Jammu and Kashmir, a Christian convert and missionary named Bashir Tantray was killed, allegedly by militant Islamists in 2006.