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FeesMustFall

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

# FeesMustFall wani yunkuri ne na zanga-zangar da dalibai suka jagoranta [1] wanda ya fara a tsakiyar Oktoba 2015 a Afirka ta Kudu . Manufar wannan yunkuri dai ita ce ta dakatar da karin kudaden dalibai da kuma kara kudaden da gwamnati ke baiwa jami'o'i. An fara zanga-zangar a Jami'ar Witwatersrand kuma ta bazu zuwa Jami'ar Cape Town da Jami'ar Rhodes kafin ta bazu cikin sauri zuwa sauran jami'o'in kasar. [2] Duk da cewa tun farko da aka fara samun gagarumin goyon bayan jama'a, zanga-zangar ta fara nuna rashin jin dadin jama'a a lokacin da zanga-zangar ta fara rikidewa. [3]

Zanga-zangar ta 2015 ta kare ne lokacin da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta sanar cewa ba za a kara kudin makaranta a shekarar 2016 ba. Zanga-zangar a cikin 2016 ta fara ne lokacin da Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi na Afirka ta Kudu ya sanar da cewa za a yi karin kudin da ya kai kashi 8% na 2017; duk da haka, an bai wa kowace cibiya 'yancin yanke shawara ta nawa za a karu karatunsu. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2016, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kiyasta cewa jimillar asarar dukiya da aka yi sakamakon zanga-zangar tun 2015 ya kai R600. miliyan (daidai da dalar Amurka 44.25 miliyan). [4]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

zanga-zangar ta biyo bayan kulle-zangar dalibai na kwana uku na harabar Jami'ar Witwatersrand mako guda kafin bayan sanarwar da jami'ar ta yi cewa kudaden za su karu da kashi 10.5% a cikin shekara mai zuwa [5] duk da hauhawar farashin kusan 6% kawai a wannan shekarar. Babban jami'in kudi na jami'ar ya bayyana cewa dalilin karuwar kudade shine:

1. The rand-dollar exchange rate has fallen by approximately 22%, which has resulted in a substantial increase in the amount of money that we pay for all library books, journals, electronic resources, research equipment that are procured in dollars and euros.

2. Salary increases for academics are set at 7% based on a three-year cycle and these increases are necessary to ensure that we retain the best intellectual minds in the country.

3. Generic inflation is hovering at around 6% which impacts on all other expenses that the University has to cover.

4. Utilities are increasing at rates substantially higher than the inflation rate.[6]

Kodayake an mayar da hankali ga zanga-zangar kan hauhawar kudade wasu dalilai sun zama tushen zanga-zambe daga rashin kudade ga dalibai matalauta don halartar jami'a, manyan kudaden shiga ga manajojin Jami'o'i, [7] ainihin raguwar kudaden gwamnati don ilimi mafi girma, [8] rashin canjin zamantakewa, zuwa batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da launin fata.[9]

Mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Witwatersrand Adam Habib ya kiyasta cewa idan gwamnati za ta iya samar da karin R8 biliyan a kowace shekara "wanda zai rufe kuɗin karatun kowane dalibi a kowace jami'a a kasar. " [10] Afirka ta Kudu tana kashe 0.75% na GDP a kan ilimi na sakandare wanda bai kai matsakaicin Afirka ko na duniya ba.  

Mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Witwatersrand Adam Habib ya kiyasta cewa idan gwamnati za ta iya samar da karin R8 biliyan a kowace shekara "wanda zai rufe kuɗin karatun kowane dalibi a kowace jami'a a kasar. " Afirka ta Kudu tana kashe 0.75% na GDP a kan ilimi na sakandare wanda bai kai matsakaicin Afirka ko na duniya ba. Shugaba na SRC na Jami'ar Witwatersrand na 2015, Shaeera Kalla ne ya fara kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin.  [ana buƙatar hujja]A ranar 2 ga Oktoba Kalla ta halarci taron majalisa na karshe a matsayin shugaban SRC, tana tare da zababben shugaban SRC mai zuwa, Nompendulo Mkhatshwa . [11]

Tsarin lokaci na 2015[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

12–19 October[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dalibai a Jami'ar Witwatersrand sun fara zanga-zanga a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015 don mayar da martani ga sanarwar da jami'ar ta yi cewa za a kara kudaden da kashi 10.5%.[12] Wannan ya haifar da zama da kulle jami'ar ta dalibai da wasu ma'aikata wanda, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, ya haifar da jami'ar da ta amince da dakatar da karuwar kuɗin da sake tattauna shi da kuma kada ta nemi horo ga ɗalibai masu halarta ko ma'aikatan ma'aikata.[13]

A ranar Lahadi 18 ga Oktoba saƙonnin sun fara yawo a Facebook game da yiwuwar rufe harabar Jami'ar Rhodes.

19 ga Oktoba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar Litinin 19 ga Oktoba an fara sabon tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da jami'a.[14] A wannan rana irin wannan zanga-zangar ta bazu zuwa Jami'ar Cape Town da Jami'ar Rhodes.[2] A wannan rana gudanarwa a Jami'ar Cape Town - wanda ya sanar da karuwar kudaden 10.3% a makon da ya gabata - ya nemi kuma ya sami haramtacciyar kotu don hana zanga-zangar a jami'ar. Dalibai sun fara toshe damar mota ta hanyar sanya duwatsu, ƙura, da benches a kan hanyoyin da ke kaiwa cikin harabar.

Dalibai sun ci gaba kuma jagorancin ƙungiyar Rhodes Must Fall sun mamaye ginin gudanarwar jami'ar.[15] An kira 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya da karfi don korar masu zanga-zangar tare da kama dalibai sama da 25 da daddare. An ruwaito cewa sama da dalibai dubu sun taru a ofishin 'yan sanda na Rondebosch kuma sun gudanar da tsaro duk dare suna kira ga sakin daliban.[16]

A Jami'ar Rhodes an ruwaito dalibai sun fara toshe kansu cikin jami'ar kuma sun tilasta wa wasu daga shiga harabar. Dalibai a Jami'ar Pretoria sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun fara shirye-shiryen kulle uku daga cikin makarantun jami'ar a ranar Laraba 21 ga Oktoba.

20 ga Oktoba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dalibai daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna tafiya zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na gida a ranar Talata 20 ga Oktoba 2015 don neman a saki wasu daliban da aka kama da dare da ya gabata.

A ranar Talata 20 ga Oktoba dalibai sun taru a Jami'ar Cape Town kuma suka yi tafiya zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin don neman a saki daliban da aka kama a daren da ya gabata. Daliban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula sun fara zanga-zanga kuma sun kulle harabar. A Jami'ar Fort Hare dalibai sun fara zanga-zangar da kuma kulle harabar. Sun ki warwatse ko rubuta jarrabawa har sai gudanarwar jami'a ta magance damuwa game da karuwar kudade da batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa.[17] Dalibai a Jami'ar Stellenbosch sun ba da wata takarda ta korafe-korafe ga masu gudanar da jami'a suna bayyana korafe-rikicen su yayin da dalibai a Jamiʼar Rhodes suka ci gaba da zanga-zangarsu.[18] A Jami'ar Witwatersrand dalibai sun ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar da jami'ar ta gabatar don karuwar kuɗin a kashi 6% kuma a maimakon haka sun bukaci cewa babu karuwar kudade.

21 ga Oktoba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  A ranar Laraba 21 ga Oktoba 2015 dalibai daga Jami'ar Cape Town da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula sun kafa taron masu zanga-zangar kusan 5,000 [19] da suka yi tafiya a Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya dace da taron Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa - tare da Ministan Ilimi mafi girma Blade Nzimande da Shugaba Jacob Zuma a cikin halarta - wanda ke cikin zaman don jin kasafin kuɗi na matsakaici. Bayan jawabin ministan kudi, Nzimande ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi magana da taron amma taron ya yi masa ihu akai-akai yayin da Shugaba Zuma ya bar gine-ginen majalisa daga ƙofar gefe. Sauran 'yan majalisa sun sami shawara daga kakakin majalisar su jira zanga-zangar a ofisoshin su.

Masu zanga-zangar sun shiga ƙofofin majalisa kuma sun fara yin zanga-zanga, amma 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya ba da daɗewa ba suka shiga don watsar da su ta amfani da grenades, tasers, gas mai launi, garkuwar tayar da hankali da truncheons. Bayan da 'yan sanda suka kwashe masu zanga-zangar kuma suka rufe ƙofofin,' yan sanda sun gargadi masu zanga-zanga cewa sun saba wa Dokar Maɓalli ta Kasa kuma idan ba su warwatse ba a cikin minti 15, za a kama su. Masu zanga-zangar ba su tafi ba, kuma 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da kama da yawa daga cikinsu. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda suka gano a matsayin masu tayar da hankali.[20] 'Yan jarida sun yi tambaya game da kasancewar' yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya.[19]

An gudanar da tarurruka na taro a Jami'ar Stellenbosch a wannan rana don nuna adawa da karuwar kudade.

Har ila yau, aikin zanga-zangar ya fara ne a Jami'ar Nelson Mandela Metropolitan a Port Elizabeth, lokacin da dalibai suka toshe manyan hanyoyi zuwa makarantun Summerstrand.[21] Akalla rikici daya tare da 'yan sanda ya faru lokacin da aka yi amfani da iskar hawaye da harsasai na roba don tura dalibai zuwa harabar.

22 ga Oktoba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jami'ar Johannesburg ta fuskanci zanga-zangar, a lokacin da aka yi rikici tsakanin dalibai da masu tsaron gida masu zaman kansu.[22] Dalibai a Jami'ar Fort Hare sun kunna wuta a ƙofar jami'ar kuma sun lalata ofisoshin tsaro na harabar.[23] A Johannesburg dalibai sun yi tafiya a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka (ANC) a Gidan Luthuli inda dalibai suka mika wata yarjejeniya ga babban sakataren ANC Gwede Mantashe . [24] An ci gaba da zanga-zangar a Cape Town tare da dalibai da suka taru a kotun majistare ta tsakiya don shaida bayyanar kotu na dalibai 29 da aka kama yayin zanga-zambe a waje da majalisa ranar da ta gabata.[25]

Duk da tabbacin da hukumar NMMU ta yi cewa za a ci gaba da karatu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2015, masu zanga-zangar sun ci gaba da daukar mataki. Wannan ya haɗa da rushewar wasu azuzuwan da ma'aikata da ɗalibai suka yi ƙoƙarin halarta. [26] Ya kamata a yi taro a filin wasa na harabar jami’ar, amma hakan bai samu halartar dalibai ba, wani bangare na jita-jitar da ake yadawa a shafukan sada zumunta na cewa akwai ‘yan sanda da yawa a filin wasan. [27]  Dalibai sun dage cewa mataimakin shugaban jami’ar ya gana da su a inda suka taru, abin da ya ki amincewa da hakan, saboda matsalar tsaro da dimbin jama’a a wurin. Bayan kammala taron ne dalibai suka matsa tare da hana ababen hawa shiga harabar jami’ar, wanda ya kai har misalin karfe 18:00 na safe, inda ya kama wasu ma’aikata da dalibai a harabar. [26]

23 ga Oktoba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila wani rukuni na kimanin dalibai 200 sun taru a Trafalgar Square a gaban Gidan Afirka ta Kudu don nuna goyon baya ga ɗaliban masu zanga-zangar a Afirka ta Kudu.[28] Jaridar yau da kullun ta Cape Town, Cape Argus, ta gayyaci ɗaliban ɗalibai don gyara fitowar jaridar ranar. Daliban da ke cikin zanga-zangar #FeesMustFall ne suka rubuta, suka ba da umarni kuma suka gyara labaran.[29]

An soke azuzuwan a NMMU, [26] kuma masu zanga-zangar dalibai sun ci gaba da toshe hanyoyin shiga harabar. Wannan ya biyo bayan motsi na zaman lafiya zuwa wani harabar (2nd Avenue). [30]

A lokacin safiya mataimakan shugaban jami'a da wakilan dalibai sun sadu da Shugaba Jacob Zuma a Pretoria don tattauna hanyar ci gaba. Yayinda suke ganawa, babban rukuni na dalibai masu zanga-zangar sun taru a waje da Ginin Tarayyar don jiran amsar Zuma. Wani karamin rukuni ya zama mai tashin hankali, ya ƙone bayan gida mai ɗaukar hoto kuma ya rushe shinge. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani da iskar hawaye, grenades, da harsasai na roba.[31] Dalibai da kansu sun yi kira ga horo, suna jaddada cewa zanga-zangar zaman lafiya ce.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan karfe 3 na yamma, Shugaba Zuma ya sanar daga cikin Ginin Tarayyar cewa ba za a sami karuwar kuɗin jami'a a cikin 2016 ba.[32][33]  Yayinda wannan babbar nasara ce ga zanga-zangar, masu zanga-zambe sun yi fushi da cewa shugaban ya zaɓi kada ya yi musu magana kai tsaye.[34] Dalibai da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Ginin Tarayyar suna buƙatar magance Zuma. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani da karfi, ta amfani da harsasai na roba. Bayan an kore su daga Ginin Tarayyar, ɗalibai sun ci gaba da yin zanga-zanga a kan tituna.[35]

Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon motsi na #FeesMustFall shine kafa Hukumar Bincike kan Ilimi da Horarwa. Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya kaddamar da binciken hukumar a watan Janairun 2016, burin da aka ruwaito shi ne bayar da rahoto game da yiwuwar samar da ilimi na sakandare kyauta.[36]

Kudin da ake kashewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta lissafa lalacewar da aka yi wa jami'o'i a lokacin zanga-zangar # FeesMustFall ta 2015 zuwa R300 302 848.58, tare da harabar Mahikeng ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma ta sha wahala mafi yawan lalacewa a R151m saboda tashin hankali da ya ga gine-gine sun kone, dalibai da harsashi da harsashin roba kuma jami'ar ta rufe wata daya.[37]

2016 Revival da #FeesMustFall2016[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tsakiyar watan Agusta 2016, ana sa ran Ministan Ilimi da Horarwa ya sanar da tsarin biyan kuɗi na shekara ta 2017. Wannan ya haifar da farfado da kudaden dole ne su fada a karkashin hashtag #FeesMustFall2016 .

Agusta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

10 ga watan Agusta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Jonathan Heher, tsohon alƙali na Kotun Koli na Daukaka Kara, Hukumar Haraji ta fara saita 1 daga cikin sauraron. Ya haɗa da gabatarwar da shaidu daga wakilan ɗalibai da ƙungiyoyi.[38]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "Book provides in depth analysis of #FeesMustFall movement". 702 co Za. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Masa Kekana; Lauren Isaacs; Emily Corke (19 October 2015). "TUITION FEE PROTESTS SHUT DOWN 2 OF SA'S BIGGEST UNIVERSITIES". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  3. ↑ Langa, Malose; Ndelu, Sandile; Edwin, Yingi; Vilakazi, Marcia (2017-01-01). "#Hashtag: An Analysis of the #FeesMustFall Movement at South African Universities". Africa Portal. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  4. ↑ Staff Reporters. "Cost of #FeesMustFall now R1bn, says universities official". Rand Daily Mail. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  5. ↑ "WITS UNIVERSITY SUSPENDS 10.5 PERCENT FEE HIKE". Eye Witness News. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  6. ↑ Quintal, Genevieve (19 October 2015). "What you need to know about #FeesMustFall". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  7. ↑ "What vice-chancellors at South Africa's top universities earn". Business Tech. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  8. ↑ Belinda Bozzoli (19 October 2015). "Behind the university funding crisis". Democratic Alliance. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  9. ↑ Munusamy, Ranjeni (21 October 2015). "#FeesMustFall: Political failure triggers ticking time bomb". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  10. ↑ Ziyanda Ngcobo; Thando Kubheka; Emily Corke (19 October 2015). "FRESH TUITION TALKS BEGIN AT WITS TODAY". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "Protests grow over university fee hikes | eNCA". enca.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Sello, Lenyaro, Masete Baltty. "Wits fee increase suspended". enca.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  13. ↑ Masego Rahlaga (17 October 2015). "'NO PUNISHMENT PLANNED' FOR PROTESTING WITS STUDENTS". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  14. ↑ Ziyanda Ngcobo; Thando Kubheka; Emily Corke (19 October 2015). "FRESH TUITION TALKS BEGIN AT WITS TODAY". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  15. ↑ Carlo Petersen (19 October 2015). "UCT students to protest over fees". Cape Times. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  16. ↑ Christian, Imraan (20 October 2015). "Imraan Christian's Firsthand Account of the #FeesMustFall Protest at UCT". 10and5.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  17. ↑ Xolani Koyana; Masa Kekana (20 October 2015). "PROTESTS CONTINUE AT CPUT & FORT HARE, TENSIONS FLARE". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  18. ↑ Berenice Moss; Lynne Arendse; Jamaine Krige (20 October 2015). "More police arrests as student protests intensify". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Political Bureau (22 October 2015). "Riot police vs student power". IOL News. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  20. ↑ R Davis; S Swingler; M VD Merwe (22 October 2015). "#FeesMustFall: The day Parliament became a war zone". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  21. ↑ "Student protests at NMMU – from the VC". Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  22. ↑ "#FeesMustFall: Another Protest, another university". 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  23. ↑ "Fort Hare students run rampage". eNCA. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  24. ↑ "Thousands of students march on ANC headquarters". Rand Daily Mail. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "#FeesMustFall: Students and stun grenades occupy Cape Town's streets | Daily Maverick". Daily Maverick. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "NMMU student protests – update from the vice-chancellor". Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  27. ↑ Benyon, Samantha. "Sam Qaqamba Beynon on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  28. ↑ Vumani Mkhize (23 October 2015). "STUDENTS GATHER AT TRAFALGAR SQUARE IN LONDON". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  29. ↑ "Cape Argus Friday 23 October edition". Cape Argus. Retrieved 23 October 2015.[permanent dead link]
  30. ↑ PE Herald. "The Herald PE on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  31. ↑ "Victory for #FeesMustFall students amid dramatic protest at Union Buildings". Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  32. ↑ "#FeesHaveFallen: A big day in Pretoria, with a Zero outcome | Daily Maverick". Daily Maverick. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  33. ↑ "Victory for #FeesMustFall students amid dramatic protest at Union Buildings". Times LIVE. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  34. ↑ "South Africa: #NationalShutDown: Live Blog – 23 October". Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  35. ↑ Bongani Nkosi (23 October 2015). "In their thousands, students of the #FeesMustFall campaign marched to the Union Buildings to have their demands heard". Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "Commission to inquire into Higher Education funding – The Presidency & ANALYSIS | Politicsweb". politicsweb.co.za. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  37. ↑ "#FeesMustFall damages bill: R10 | IOL". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  38. ↑ "Fees Commission 2016". justice.gov.za. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
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