Fitar da Diesel

Fitar da Biodiesel shine tsari na samar da biofuel, biodiesel, ta hanyar halayen sunadarai na esterification" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Transesterification">transesterification da esterification.^[1] Wannan tsari yana fassara samfurin (chemistry) da samfurori.

Fats da mai suna amsawa tare da barasa na gajeren lokaci (yawanci ethanol" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Methanol">methanol ko ethanol). Alcohols da aka yi amfani dasu ya kamata su kasance masu ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin. Ethanol shine mafi yawan amfani dashi saboda ƙananan farashi, duk da haka, ana iya samun sauye-sauye zuwa biodiesel ta amfani da methanol. Kodayake ana iya haɓaka halayen transesterification ta hanyar acid ko tushe, halayen da aka yi amfani dasu yafi dacewa. Wannan hanyar tana da ƙananan lokutan amsawa da tsada fiye da waɗannan acid catalysis. Koyaya, alkaline catalysis yana da rashin fa'ida na babban hankali ga ruwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kyauta waɗanda ke cikin mai.^[2]

Matakan tsarin biorefinery

Manyan matakai da ake buƙata don haɗa biodiesel sune kamar haka:

Abinci na abinci

Abinci^[3]
- Man fetur na ƙwayoyin cuta^[3]
  - Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta
- Man dabino^[3]
- Man soya^[3]
- Man kwakwa^[3]
- Mai da mai na kayan lambu
- Jatropha^[3]
- Mai na dabba^[3]
- Rashin man fetur^[3]

Abinci na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani dashi a cikin samar da biodiesel sun haɗa da:

Mai launin rawaya (mai na kayan lambu da aka sake amfani da shi)
Man fetur na kayan lambu
Ka yi magana

Lignocellulose yana samar da samfurori waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin Masu hana enzyme, kamar su acetic acid, furfural, formic acid, vanillin, kuma waɗannan masu hana sinadarai suna shafar ci gaban tantanin halitta.^[4]

Ana sarrafa man da aka sake amfani da shi don cire ƙazanta daga dafa abinci, ajiya, da sarrafawa, kamar datti, abinci mai ƙonewa, da ruwa. Ana tsabtace man budurwa, amma ba zuwa matakin abinci ba. Degumming don cire phospholipids da sauran kwayoyin shuke-shuke ya zama ruwan dare, kodayake hanyoyin tsaftacewa sun bambanta. [mafi kyawun tushen da ake buƙata] An cire ruwa saboda kasancewarsa yayin transesterification mai ƙarancin tushe yana haifar da Saponification (hydrolysis) na triglycerides, samar da sabulu maimakon biodiesel. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

A sample of the cleaned feedstock is then tested via titration against a standardized base solution, to determine the concentration of free fatty acids present in the vegetable oil sample.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]} The acids are then either removed (typically through neutralization), or are esterified to produce biodiesel^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} (or glycerides^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}).

Halin da akayi

Transesterification mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta yana amsa lipids (mai da mai) tare da barasa (yawanci ethanol" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Methanol">methanol ko ethanol) don samar da biodiesel da ƙazanta kayan aiki, glycerol . ^[5] Idan anyi amfani da man fetur ko kuma yana da babban abun ciki na acid, ana iya amfani da esterification mai ƙwayoyin cuta don amsawa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ruwa tare da barasa don samar da biodiesel. Sauran hanyoyin, irin su masu ba da amsawa, masu bada gudummawa, da masu bada ƙarfi, sun daina ko rage amfani da sinadarai wanda ke rage ingancin abu a cikin ilmin sunadarai.^[6]

Tsabtace kayan

Samfurori na amsawa sun haɗa daba kawai biodiesel ba, harma da sabulu, glycerol, barasa mai yawa, da kuma ruwa mai yawa. Dole ne a cire duk waɗannan samfurori don biyan ka'idoji, amma tsari na cirewa ya dogara da tsari.

Yawan glycerol ya fi na biodiesel, kuma ana amfani da wannan bambancin dukiya don raba yawancin kayan haɗin glycerol. Ana dawo da sauran methanol ta hanyar narkewa kuma ana sake amfani dasu. Ana iya cire sabulu ko canza shi zuwa acid. Ana kuma cire ruwan daya rage daga man fetur.

Halin da aka yi

Tsarin transesterification na asali

Halin transesterification shine tushe. Duk wani tushe mai karfi wanda zai iya deprotonating barasa zaiyi aiki (misali NaOH, KOH, sodium methoxide, da dai sauransu), amma ana zaɓar sodium da potassium hydroxides sau dayawa don farashin su. Kasancewar ruwa yana haifar da hydrolysis na asali mara kyau, don haka dole ne a bushe aikin.

A cikin tsarin transesterification, carbonyl carbon na farawa ester (RCOOR¹) yana fuskantar hari na nucleophilic ta hanyar alkoxide mai shigowa (R²-) don bada matsakaici na tetrahedral, wanda kodai ya koma ga kayan farawa, ko kuma ya cigaba da samfurin transesterified (RCOOr²). Dabbobi daban-daban suna cikin daidaito, kuma rarraba samfurin ya dogara da ƙarfin dangi na mai amsawa da samfurin.

Hanyoyin samarwa

Tsarin da yafi dacewa

Wani madadin, hanyar da bata da mafita don transesterification yana amfani da methanol mai mahimmanci a yanayin zafi da matsin lamba a cikin tsari mai cigaba. A cikin yanayin da yafi dacewa, mai da methanol suna cikin lokaci guda, kuma martani yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani da sauri.^[7] Tsarin na iya jure ruwa a cikin kayan abinci, ana canza sinadarin mai kyauta zuwa methyl esters maimakon sabulu, don haka ana iya amfani da kayan abinci iri-iri. Har ila yau, an kawar da matakin cirewa.Ana buƙatar yanayin zafi da matsin lamba, amma farashin makamashi na samarwa yayi kama ko ƙasa da hanyoyin samar da catalytic.^[8]

Ultra- da high-shear in-line da batch reactors

Ultra- da High Shear in-line ko batch reactors bada damar samar da biodiesel cigaba, rabin- cigaba, kuma a cikin batch-mode. Wannan yana rage lokacin samarwa sosai kuma yana ƙara yawan samarwa. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Halin yana faruwa ne a cikin yankin shear mai ƙarfi na Ultra- da High Shear mixer ta hanyar rage girman ruwan da ba a haɗa shi ba kamar mai ko kitse da methanol. Sabili da haka, karamin girman droplet yafi girma a saman yankin da sauri catalyst zai iya amsawa. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Hanyar na'urar nukiliya ta ultrasonic

A cikin hanyar na'urar nukiliya ta ultrasonic, raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic suna haifar da cakudawar don samarwa da rushe kumfa koyaushe; wannan cavitation a lokaci guda yana bada cakuda da dumama da ake buƙata don aiwatar da tsarin transesterification. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}Amfani da na'urar nukiliya ta ultrasonic don samar da biodiesel na iya rage lokacin amsawa da yanayin zafi, da shigar da makamashi. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Yin amfani da irin waɗannan reactors, tsarin transesterification na iya gudana a layi maimakon amfani da sarrafawa mai cin lokaci. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Na'urorin ultrasonic na masana'antu suna bada damar sarrafa dubban ganga a kowace rana. ^{[clarification needed]}^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Hanyar da akayi amfani da ita ta Lipase

Yawancin bincike sun mayar da hankali kwanan nan kan amfani da enzymes a matsayin mai haɓaka don transesterification. Masu bincike sun gano cewa ana iya samun amfanin gona mai kyau daga mai da akayi amfani dashi ta amfani da lipases. Amfani da lipases yana sa amsawar bata da hankali ga abun ciki mai kitse-acid kyauta, wanda shine matsala tare da daidaitattun tsarin biodiesel. Ɗaya daga cikin matsala tare da lipase reaction shine cewa baza'a iya amfani da methanol ba saboda yana kashe lipase catalyst bayan rukuni ɗaya. Koyaya, idan anyi amfani da methyl acetate maimakon methanol, ba a kunna lipase ba kuma ana iya amfani dashi don rukuni dayawa, yana sa tsarin lipase ya fi tsada.^[9]

Fitar acid mai narkewa daga narkewar anaerobic na magudanan ruwa

Lipids suna jawo hankali sosai a matsayin tushe don samar da biodiesel saboda dorewarsa, rashin guba da ingancin makamashi. Koyaya, saboda dalilai na tsada, dole ne a mai da hankali kan tushen abubuwan da ba'a iya ci ba, musamman microorganisms masu ƙwayoyin cuta. Irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon daidaita tushen carbon daga matsakaici kuma su canza carbon zuwa kayan ajiyar lipid. Ana iya canza lipids da waɗannan ƙwayoyin oleaginous suka tara don samar da biodiesel.^[10]

Dubi kuma

Biodiesel daga CO2
Tsarin akwatin-Behnken
Ragewa

Manazarta

↑ Leung, Dennis Y.C.; Wu, Xuan; Leung, M.K.H. (April 2010). "A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification". Applied Energy (in Turanci). 87 (4): 1083–1095. Bibcode:2010ApEn...87.1083L. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.006.
↑ Anastopoulos, George; Zannikou, Ypatia; Stournas, Stamoulis; Kalligeros, Stamatis (2009). "Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol and Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Ethyl Esters". Energies. 2 (5 June 2009): 362–376. doi:10.3390/en20200362.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Boonyarit, Jeerapan; Polburee, Pirapan; Khaenda, Bongkot; Zhao, Zongbao; Limtong, Savitree (23 March 2020). "Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis Using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage". Microorganisms. 8 (3): 453. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030453. PMC 7143989. PMID 32210119. Biodiesel can be divided into three generations based on the feedstock which generates the fuel. First-generation biodiesel is produced from edible plant oils, such as palm oil, soybean oil, and coconut oil, and second-generation biodiesel is produced from nonedible plant oils, such as jatropha, animal fats and waste oils [...] The most recent generation of biodiesel is derived from microbial lipids. Using recovered animal fats and frying oils of the second generation as feedstock for biodiesel can efficiently reduce the price of the fuel; however, the amount of these fats and oils is limited on an industrial scale and cannot meet the increasing needs of biodiesel production
↑ Boonyarit, Jeerapan; Polburee, Pirapan; Khaenda, Bongkot; Zhao, Zongbao; Limtong, Savitree (23 March 2020). "Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis Using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage". Microorganisms. 8 (3): 453. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030453. PMC 7143989. PMID 32210119. [P]retreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses usually produce inhibitory compounds, such as acetic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, formic acid, and vanillin, which could have negative effects on growth, metabolism, and product formation of microorganisms
↑ Boonyarit, Jeerapan; Polburee, Pirapan; Khaenda, Bongkot; Zhao, Zongbao; Limtong, Savitree (23 March 2020). "Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis Using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage". Microorganisms. 8 (3): 453. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030453. PMC 7143989. PMID 32210119. Crude glycerol (CG), a byproduct from biodiesel production plants which has been shown to have some inhibitory compounds to microorganism growth, is currently being explored as a possible large-scale carbon source in lipid production by many researchers. [...] The shaking speed supplies the oxygen required for yeast growth in the culture broth, and, as a result, different speeds resulted in different levels of oxygen dissolution. [...] shaking speed was found to be the factor with the highest influence on cell mass and lipid concentration
↑ C Pirola, F Manenti, F Galli, CL Bianchi, DC Boffito, M Corbetta (2014). "Heterogeneously catalyzed free fatty acid esterification in (monophasic liquid)/solid packed bed reactors (PBR)". Chemical Engineering Transaction 37: 553-558. AIDIC
↑ Bunkyakiat, Kunchana; et al. (2006). "Continuous Production of Biodiesel via Transesterification from Vegetable Oils in Supercritical Methanol". Energy and Fuels. American Chemical Society. 20 (2): 812–817. doi:10.1021/ef050329b.
↑ Kusdiana, Dadan; Saka, Shiro. "Biodiesel fuel for diesel fuel substitute prepared by a catalyst free supercritical methanol" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
↑ Du, Wei; et al. (2004). "Comparative study on lipase-catalyzed transformation of soybean oil for biodiesel production with different acyl acceptors". Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 30 (3–4): 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.04.004.
↑ Singh, Gunjan; Jeyaseelan, Christine; Bandyopadhyay, K. K.; Paul, Debarati (October 2018). "Comparative analysis of biodiesel produced by acidic transesterification of lipid extracted from oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides". 3 Biotech. 8 (10): 434. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1467-9. ISSN 2190-572X. PMC 6170317. PMID 30306003.

Ƙarin karantawa

Gerpen, J.V., "Ayyukan Biodiesel da samarwa", Fasahar Gudanar da Man Fetur, 2005, 86, 1097-1107. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.005 ya kamata a yi amfani da shi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.005
Ma, F. & Hanna, MA, "Fitar da Biodiesel: bita", Bioresource Technology, 1999, 70, 1-15. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5 ya kamata a yi amfani da shi:10.1016/S0960-8524 (99) 00025-5

Haɗin waje

"IKA Innovation mixing and processing" (PDF). An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a kan 2019-12-13. An samo shi a cikin 2019-12-13. Haɗakarwa ta kasuwanci da sarrafawa da suka dace da samar da biodiesel"IKA Innovative mixing and processing" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
Fast-Transesterification na Soyabean Oil ta amfani da Ultrasonication
Yanayin yanzu na Gudanar da Ultrasonic don samar da Fast Biodiesel
Fasahar samar da diesel Agusta 2002 - Janairu 2004
UNL Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Research and Publications
Ci gaba da tsari don Juya Halitta na Gishiri zuwa Methyl Esters na Fatty Acids
Tsaro na Biodiesel da Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Gudanarwa don Ƙananan Amfani da Kasuwanci da Fitarwa An adana 2014-02-11 a

Samfuri:Bioenergy

[1] Leung, Dennis Y.C.; Wu, Xuan; Leung, M.K.H. (April 2010). "A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification". Applied Energy (in Turanci). 87 (4): 1083–1095. Bibcode:2010ApEn...87.1083L. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.006.

[2] Anastopoulos, George; Zannikou, Ypatia; Stournas, Stamoulis; Kalligeros, Stamatis (2009). "Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol and Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Ethyl Esters". Energies. 2 (5 June 2009): 362–376. doi:10.3390/en20200362.

[Boon-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Boonyarit, Jeerapan; Polburee, Pirapan; Khaenda, Bongkot; Zhao, Zongbao; Limtong, Savitree (23 March 2020). "Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis Using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage". Microorganisms. 8 (3): 453. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030453. PMC 7143989. PMID 32210119. Biodiesel can be divided into three generations based on the feedstock which generates the fuel. First-generation biodiesel is produced from edible plant oils, such as palm oil, soybean oil, and coconut oil, and second-generation biodiesel is produced from nonedible plant oils, such as jatropha, animal fats and waste oils [...] The most recent generation of biodiesel is derived from microbial lipids. Using recovered animal fats and frying oils of the second generation as feedstock for biodiesel can efficiently reduce the price of the fuel; however, the amount of these fats and oils is limited on an industrial scale and cannot meet the increasing needs of biodiesel production

[4] Boonyarit, Jeerapan; Polburee, Pirapan; Khaenda, Bongkot; Zhao, Zongbao; Limtong, Savitree (23 March 2020). "Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis Using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage". Microorganisms. 8 (3): 453. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030453. PMC 7143989. PMID 32210119. [P]retreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses usually produce inhibitory compounds, such as acetic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, formic acid, and vanillin, which could have negative effects on growth, metabolism, and product formation of microorganisms

[5] Boonyarit, Jeerapan; Polburee, Pirapan; Khaenda, Bongkot; Zhao, Zongbao; Limtong, Savitree (23 March 2020). "Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis Using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage". Microorganisms. 8 (3): 453. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030453. PMC 7143989. PMID 32210119. Crude glycerol (CG), a byproduct from biodiesel production plants which has been shown to have some inhibitory compounds to microorganism growth, is currently being explored as a possible large-scale carbon source in lipid production by many researchers. [...] The shaking speed supplies the oxygen required for yeast growth in the culture broth, and, as a result, different speeds resulted in different levels of oxygen dissolution. [...] shaking speed was found to be the factor with the highest influence on cell mass and lipid concentration

[6] C Pirola, F Manenti, F Galli, CL Bianchi, DC Boffito, M Corbetta (2014). "Heterogeneously catalyzed free fatty acid esterification in (monophasic liquid)/solid packed bed reactors (PBR)". Chemical Engineering Transaction 37: 553-558. AIDIC

[7] Bunkyakiat, Kunchana; et al. (2006). "Continuous Production of Biodiesel via Transesterification from Vegetable Oils in Supercritical Methanol". Energy and Fuels. American Chemical Society. 20 (2): 812–817. doi:10.1021/ef050329b.

[8] Kusdiana, Dadan; Saka, Shiro. "Biodiesel fuel for diesel fuel substitute prepared by a catalyst free supercritical methanol" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2007-12-20.

[9] Du, Wei; et al. (2004). "Comparative study on lipase-catalyzed transformation of soybean oil for biodiesel production with different acyl acceptors". Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 30 (3–4): 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.04.004.

[10] Singh, Gunjan; Jeyaseelan, Christine; Bandyopadhyay, K. K.; Paul, Debarati (October 2018). "Comparative analysis of biodiesel produced by acidic transesterification of lipid extracted from oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides". 3 Biotech. 8 (10): 434. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1467-9. ISSN 2190-572X. PMC 6170317. PMID 30306003.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]