Jump to content

Gishiri

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Gishiri
kayan haɗin abinci, spice (en) Fassara da food preservative (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi halite (en) Fassara
rock salt (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi sodium chloride (en) Fassara, chemical impurity (en) Fassara, food additive (en) Fassara, anticaking agent (en) Fassara da potassium iodide (en) Fassara
Said to be the same as (en) Fassara sodium chloride (en) Fassara da halite (en) Fassara
Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara ga Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya na 2009.
Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Jiki ta Duniya (IAPSO) ta daidaitaccen ruwan teku.

Gishiri / / səˈlɪnɪti / ) shine gishirin ko adadin gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa, wanda ake kira ruwan gishiri (duba kuma gishirin ƙasa ). Yawanci ana auna shi da g/L ko g/kg (grams na gishiri a kowace lita/kilogram na ruwa; na ƙarshen ba shi da girma kuma daidai yake da ‰ ).

Gishiri muhimmin abu ne wajen tantance fannoni da dama na sinadaran ruwan halitta da kuma hanyoyin halittu da ke cikinsa, kuma wani nau'in yanayin zafi ne wanda, tare da zafin jiki da matsin lamba, ke tafiyar da halaye na zahiri kamar yawan ruwa da ƙarfin zafi . Waɗannan kuma suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar kwararar ruwa da musayar zafi da yanayi.

Layin da ke nuna gishirin da ke ci gaba ana kiransa isohaline, ko kuma wani lokacin isohale .

Ma'anoni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gishirin da ke cikin koguna, tafkuna, da teku abu ne mai sauƙi a fahimta, amma a zahiri yana da wahala a fayyace shi da kuma auna shi daidai. A zahiri, gishirin shine adadin gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ruwan. Gishiri mahaɗan abubuwa ne kamar sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, da sodium bicarbonate waɗanda ke narkewa zuwa ions. Yawan ions na chloride da aka narkar wani lokaci ana kiransa chlorinity. A aikace, ana bayyana abu da aka narkar a matsayin wanda zai iya ratsa ta cikin matattarar mai kyau (a tarihi, matattarar mai girman rami na 0.45 μm, amma daga baya). yawanci 0.2 μm). [1] Ana iya bayyana gishirin a cikin nau'in juzu'i na taro, watau nauyin kayan da aka narkar a cikin naúrar taro na bayani.

Ruwan teku yawanci yana da gishirin da ya kai kimanin g 35/kg, kodayake ƙananan ƙima galibi suna kusa da bakin teku inda koguna ke shiga teku. Koguna da tafkuna na iya samun gishiri iri-iri, daga ƙasa da 0.01 g/kg [1] zuwa ƴan g/kg, kodayake akwai wurare da yawa inda ake samun gishiri mafi girma. Tekun Matattu yana da gishirin da ya wuce 200 g/kg. [2] Ruwan sama yawanci yana da TDS na 20 mg/kg ko ƙasa da haka. [3]

Ko da kuwa girman ramin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar, ƙimar gishirin da aka samu na samfurin ruwan halitta ba zai bambanta da fiye da kashi ƴan kaɗan ba (%). Duk da haka, masu nazarin teku na zahiri waɗanda ke aiki a cikin teku mai zurfi, galibi suna damuwa da daidaito da haɗin gwiwar ma'auni ta hanyar masu bincike daban-daban, a lokuta daban-daban, zuwa kusan lambobi biyar masu mahimmanci . Masana kimiyyar teku suna amfani da samfurin ruwan teku mai kwalba wanda aka sani da IAPSO Standard Seawater don daidaita ma'aunin su da isasshen daidaito don biyan wannan buƙata.

Tsarin aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsalolin aunawa da ma'ana suna tasowa ne saboda ruwan halitta yana ɗauke da cakuda abubuwa daban-daban da yawa daga tushe daban-daban (ba duka daga gishirin da aka narkar ba) a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Halayen sinadarai na wasu daga cikin waɗannan siffofi sun dogara ne akan zafin jiki da matsin lamba. Yawancin waɗannan siffofi suna da wahalar aunawa da babban daidaito, kuma a kowane hali cikakken nazarin sinadarai ba shi da amfani lokacin nazarin samfura da yawa. Ma'anoni daban-daban na amfani na gishiri suna faruwa ne daga yunƙurin daban-daban don magance waɗannan matsalolin, zuwa matakai daban-daban na daidaito, yayin da har yanzu yana da sauƙin amfani.

Saboda dalilai na zahiri, gishiri yawanci yana da alaƙa da jimlar taro na wani ɓangare na waɗannan sinadarai da aka narkar (abin da ake kira gishirin mafita ), maimakon ga yawan gishirin da ba a sani ba wanda ya haifar da wannan abun da ke ciki (banda shine lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ruwan teku na wucin gadi ). Don dalilai da yawa, wannan adadin za a iya iyakance shi zuwa saitin manyan ions takwas a cikin ruwan halitta, [4] kodayake ga ruwan teku a mafi daidaito, an haɗa ƙarin ƙananan ions bakwai. Manyan ions suna mamaye abun da ba shi da tsari na yawancin (amma ba duka ba) ruwan halitta. Banda sun haɗa da wasu tafkuna da ruwa daga wasu maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na hydrothermal .

Ba a cika haɗa yawan iskar gas da aka narkar kamar iskar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin bayanin gishirin ba. [5] Duk da haka, iskar carbon dioxide, wadda idan ta narke sai a canza ta zuwa carbonates da bicarbonates, sau da yawa ana haɗa ta. Silicon a cikin nau'in silicic acid, wanda yawanci yakan bayyana a matsayin kwayar halitta mai tsaka-tsaki a cikin kewayon pH na yawancin ruwan halitta, ana iya haɗa ta don wasu dalilai (misali, lokacin da ake binciken alaƙar gishiri/yawan ruwa).

Ruwan teku

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bidiyon NASA mai tsawon mintuna 3 Fabrairu 27, 2013 An ƙera na'urar NASA Aquarius da ke cikin tauraron ɗan adam na SAC-D na Argentina don auna gishirin saman teku na duniya. Wannan fim ɗin yana nuna yanayin gishirin kamar yadda Aquarius ya auna daga Disamba 2011 zuwa Disamba 2012. Launuka ja suna wakiltar yankunan da gishirin ya yi yawa, yayin da launukan shuɗi ke wakiltar yankunan da gishirin ya yi ƙasa.

Kalmar gishiri, ga masu nazarin teku, yawanci tana da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman dabarun aunawa. Yayin da dabarun da suka fi rinjaye ke tasowa, haka nan ma bayanai daban-daban na gishiri ke faruwa. An auna gishiri ta amfani da dabarun da aka dogara da titration kafin shekarun 1980. Ana iya amfani da titration da azurfa nitrate don tantance yawan ions halide (galibi chlorine da bromine ) don samar da chlorinity . Daga nan aka ninka chlorinity ɗin da wani abu don la'akari da duk sauran abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Sakamakon 'Knudsen gishiri' ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'a na sassa a kowace dubu (ppt ko ‰ ).

Amfani da ma'aunin wutar lantarki don kimanta abun ciki na ionic na ruwan teku ya haifar da ci gaban sikelin da ake kira sikelin gishirin aiki na 1978 (PSS-78). Gishirin da aka auna ta amfani da PSS-78 ba su da raka'a. Wani lokaci ana ƙara ƙarin psu ko PSU (wanda ke nuna sashin gishirin aiki ) zuwa ƙimar auna PSS-78. [6] Ƙara PSU a matsayin raka'a bayan ƙimar "ba daidai ba ne kuma an hana shi sosai". [5]

A shekarar 2010, an gabatar da wani sabon ma'auni na halayen ruwan teku mai suna thermodynamic equation of the sea water 2010 ( TEOS-10 ), wanda ke ba da shawarar cikakken gishiri a matsayin maye gurbin gishirin da ake amfani da shi, da kuma yanayin zafi mai tsauri a matsayin maye gurbin zafin jiki mai yuwuwa . Wannan ma'auni ya haɗa da sabon sikelin da ake kira ma'aunin gishirin da aka yi amfani da shi . Ana bayyana cikakken gishirin da ke kan wannan sikelin a matsayin ƙaramin taro, a cikin gram a kowace kilogiram na ruwan. Ana ƙayyade gishirin da ke kan wannan sikelin ta hanyar haɗa ma'aunin wutar lantarki tare da wasu bayanai waɗanda ke ba da la'akari da canje-canjen yanki a cikin ruwan teku. Hakanan ana iya tantance su ta hanyar yin ma'aunin yawa kai tsaye.

Samfurin ruwan teku daga mafi yawan wurare tare da sinadarin chlorinity na 19.37 ppt zai sami gishirin Knudsen na 35.00 ppt, gishirin PSS-78 mai amfani kusan 35.0, da kuma gishirin TEOS-10 mai cikakken bayani kusan 35.2 g/kg. Tsarin wutar lantarki na wannan ruwan a zafin jiki na 15 °C shine 42.9 mS/cm. [7]

A duniya baki ɗaya, sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar ya taimaka wajen ganin an ga canje-canje a cikin gishirin saman ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga shekarun 1950. Hasashen canje-canjen gishirin saman ƙasa a cikin ƙarni na 21 ya nuna cewa yankunan teku masu sabo za su ci gaba da zama sabo kuma yankunan gishiri za su ci gaba da zama gishiri. [8]

Gishirin yana aiki a matsayin abin da ke nuna nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban. Ana jawo ruwan saman don maye gurbin ruwan da ke nutsewa, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama sanyi da gishiri har ya nutse. Rarraba gishirin yana taimakawa wajen tsara zagayawar ruwa a teku.

Tafkuna da koguna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masana kimiyyar sinadarai da masana kimiyyar sinadarai galibi suna bayyana gishirin gwargwadon nauyin gishirin kowace juzu'i, wanda aka bayyana a cikin raka'o'in mg/L ko g/L. Ana nuna cewa, kodayake sau da yawa ba a faɗi ba, cewa wannan ƙimar tana aiki daidai ne kawai a wani zafin jiki na tunani saboda girman ruwan ya bambanta da zafin jiki. Ƙimar da aka gabatar ta wannan hanyar yawanci daidai ne da tsarin 1%. Masana kimiyyar sinadarai kuma suna amfani da wutar lantarki, ko "mai nuna wutar lantarki", a matsayin wakili don gishirin. Ana iya gyara wannan ma'aunin don tasirin zafin jiki, kuma yawanci ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'o'in μS/cm .

Kogi ko ruwan tafki mai gishirin kusan 70 A zahiri, mg/L zai kasance yana da takamaiman ikon watsawa a 25 °C tsakanin 80 zuwa 130 μS/cm. Matsakaicin rabo ya dogara da ions ɗin da ke akwai. [9] Ainihin ikon watsawa yawanci yana canzawa da kusan 2% a kowace digiri Celsius, don haka ikon watsawa da aka auna a 5 °C na iya kasancewa ne kawai a cikin kewayon 50-80 μS/cm.

Ana kuma amfani da ma'aunin yawan gishiri kai tsaye don kimanta yawan gishiri, musamman a cikin tafkuna masu yawan gishiri . [2] Wani lokaci ana amfani da yawan gishiri a wani takamaiman zafin jiki azaman wakili don gishiri. A wasu lokutan ana amfani da alaƙar gishiri/yawan gishiri da aka haɓaka don wani takamaiman jikin ruwa don kimanta yawan gishirin samfuran daga yawan da aka auna.

Gishirin ruwa
Ruwa mai daɗi Ruwa mai kauri Ruwan gishiri Gishiri mai gishiri
<0.05% 0.05 – 3% 3 – 5% > 5%
< 0.5 ‰ 0.5 – 30 ‰ 30 – 50 ‰ > 50 ‰

Rarraba jikunan ruwa bisa ga gishirin da ke cikinsu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jerin Thalassic
> 300 ‰
hyperhaline
60–80 ‰
metahaline
40 ‰
mixoeuhaline
30 ‰
polyhaline
18 ‰
mesohaline
5 ‰
oligohaline
0.5 ‰

Ruwan teku su ne na teku, wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa tekuna euhaline . Gishirin tekuna euhaline yana tsakanin 30 zuwa 35. Tekuna ko ruwa masu kauri suna da gishiri tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 29 ‰ da kuma tekuna metahaline daga 36 zuwa 40 ‰. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan ruwan a matsayin thalassic saboda gishirinsu ya fito ne daga teku kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin homoiohaline idan gishirin bai bambanta sosai akan lokaci ba (wanda yake dawwama). Teburin da ke gefen dama, wanda aka gyara daga Por (1972), [10] [11] yana bin "tsarin Venice" (1959).

Sabanin muhallin homoiohaline akwai wasu muhallin poikilohaline (wanda kuma zai iya zama thalassic ) inda bambancin gishirin yake da mahimmanci a fannin ilmin halitta. [12] Gishirin ruwan Poikilohaline na iya kasancewa daga 0.5 zuwa sama da 300 ‰. Muhimmin halayyar ita ce waɗannan ruwan suna da bambancin gishirin a kan wasu yanayi masu ma'ana na ilimin halitta a kowane lokaci ko kuma a wani lokaci makamancin haka. A taƙaice, waɗannan jikunan ruwa ne masu bambancin gishirin.

Ana kiran ruwan gishiri mai yawan gishiri, wanda gishiri ke fitowa daga ciki (ko kuma zai yi), da ruwan gishiri .

Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gishiri wani abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci a muhalli, wanda ke shafar nau'ikan halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Haka kuma, gishiri yana shafar nau'ikan tsire-tsire da za su girma ko dai a cikin ruwa, ko kuma a ƙasar da ruwa ke ciyarwa (ko kuma ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ). [13] Shuke-shuken da ya dace da yanayin gishiri ana kiransa halophyte . Halophyte wanda ke jure wa ragowar sodium carbonate gishiri ana kiransa glasswort ko saltwort ko shuke-shuken barilla . Halittu (galibi ƙwayoyin cuta) waɗanda za su iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai gishiri ana rarraba su a matsayin extremophiles, ko halophiles musamman. Halittu da za ta iya jure wa nau'ikan gishiri iri-iri shine euryhaline .

Gishiri yana da tsada a cire shi daga ruwa, kuma yawan gishiri muhimmin abu ne wajen amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da wadatar ruwa da kuma dacewa da ban ruwa . An lura da karuwar gishiri a tafkuna da koguna a Amurka, saboda yawan gishirin hanya da sauran abubuwan da ke lalata gishiri a cikin ruwan. [14]

Matsayin gishiri a cikin tekuna shine abin da ke haifar da zagayawar teku a duniya, inda yawan ruwa ke canzawa saboda canjin gishiri da canjin zafin jiki a saman teku yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da nutsewa da hauhawar yawan ruwa. Ana tsammanin canje-canje a cikin gishirin tekuna suna taimakawa ga canje-canje a duniya a cikin carbon dioxide yayin da ruwan gishiri da yawa ba sa narkewa sosai ga carbon dioxide. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin ƙanƙara, hydrograph ɗin ruwa yana da yuwuwar haifar da raguwar zagayawar ruwa shine samar da tekuna masu rarrabuwa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yana da wahala a rage ruwa ta hanyar zagayawar thermohaline.

Ba wai kawai gishirin ruwa ne ke haifar da zagayawar teku ba, amma canje-canje a zagayawar teku kuma yana shafar gishirin, musamman a yankin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika mai zurfi inda daga 1990 zuwa 2010 aka rage yawan gudummawar ruwan narkewar Greenland ta hanyar karuwar jigilar ruwan gishirin Atlantika zuwa arewa. [8] [15] [16] [17] Duk da haka, ruwan Arewacin Atlantika ya zama sabo tun tsakiyar shekarun 2010 saboda karuwar kwararar ruwan narkewar Greenland. [8] [18]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Narkewar gishiri don dalilai na tattalin arziki
    • Tsaftace ruwa
    • Tsaftace ƙasa: sarrafa gishirin ƙasa
    • Rabon shaye-shayen sodium
  • Auna gishirin
    • Salinometer
  • Gishiri ta hanyar mahallin halittu
    • A cikin kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya, musamman ma kula da lafiyar ɗan adam
      • Electrolytes
      • Daidaiton ruwa
      • Hypernatremia
      • Hyponatremia
      • Gubar Gishiri
    • A cikin tsire-tsire
      • Amsoshin <i id="mwAXY">Arabidopsis thaliana</i> ga gishiri
    • A cikin kifi
      • Kifin Stenohaline
      • Kifin Euryhaline
  • Gishiri ta hanyar mahallin ƙasa
  • Yawancin lokuta na yawan sinadarin solute
    • Osmotic maida hankali
    • Tonicity

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Page Samfuri:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ↑ Eilers, J. M.; Sullivan, T. J.; Hurley, K. C. (1990). "The most dilute lake in the world?". Hydrobiologia. 199 (1): 1–6. Bibcode:1990HyBio.199....1E. doi:10.1007/BF00007827. S2CID 30279782.
  2. 1 2 Anati, D. A. (1999). "The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions". Int. J. Salt Lake. Res. 8 (1): 55–70. Bibcode:1999IJSLR...8...55A. doi:10.1007/bf02442137. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "anati" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. ↑ "Learn about salinity and water quality". Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  4. ↑ Pawlowicz, R.; Feistel, R. (2012). "Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)". Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 10 (11): 853–867. Bibcode:2012LimOM..10..853P. doi:10.4319/lom.2012.10.853. S2CID 93210746.
  5. 1 2 Pawlowicz, R. (2013). "Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density". Nature Education Knowledge. 4 (4): 13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "key" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. ↑ Millero, F. J. (1993). "What is PSU?". Oceanography. 6 (3): 67.
  7. ↑ Culkin, F.; Smith, N. D. (1980). "Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)". IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. OE-5 (1): 22–23. Bibcode:1980IJOE....5...22C. doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443.
  8. 1 2 3 Fox-Kemper, B.; Hewitt, H.T.; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press. 2021: 1211–1362. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011. ISBN 9781009157896. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. ↑ van Niekerk, Harold; Silberbauer, Michael; Maluleke, Mmaphefo (2014). "Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers". Water SA. 40 (1): 133. Bibcode:2014WatSA..40..133V. doi:10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16.
  10. ↑ Por, F. D. (1972). "Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula". Marine Biology. 14 (2): 111–119. Bibcode:1972MarBi..14..111P. doi:10.1007/BF00373210. S2CID 86601297.
  11. ↑ "Salinity | Freshwater Inflows". www.freshwaterinflow.org. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  12. ↑ Dahl, E. (1956). "Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters". Oikos. 7 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:1956Oikos...7....1D. doi:10.2307/3564981. JSTOR 3564981.
  13. ↑ Kalcic, Maria, Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie (2010-12-22). "Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS". Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. NTRS. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
  14. ↑ "Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear". www.wbur.org. 29 January 2018.
  15. ↑ Dukhovskoy, D.S.; Myers, P.G.; Platov, G.; Timmermans, M.L.; Curry, B.; Proshutinsky, A.; Bamber, J.L.; Chassignet, E.; Hu, X.; Lee, C.M.; Somavilla, R. (2016). "Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 121 (1): 877–907. Bibcode:2016JGRC..121..877D. doi:10.1002/2015JC011290. S2CID 603982. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  16. ↑ Dukhovskoy, D.S.; Yashayaev, I.; Proshutinsky, A.; Bamber, J.L.; Bashmachnikov, I.L.; Chassignet, E.P.; Lee, M.; Tedstone, A.J. (2019). "Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 124 (5): 3333–3360. Bibcode:2019JGRC..124.3333D. doi:10.1029/2018JC014686. PMC 6618073. PMID 31341755.
  17. ↑ Stendardo, I.; Rhein, M.; Steinfeldt, R. (2020). "The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125 (9). Bibcode:2020JGRC..12516065S. doi:10.1029/2020JC016065. S2CID 225238073.
  18. ↑ Holliday, N. Penny; Bersch, Manfred; Berx, Barbara; Chafik, Léon; Cunningham, Stuart; Florindo-López, Cristian; Hátún, Hjálmar; Johns, William; Josey, Simon A.; Larsen, Karin Margretha H.; Mulet, Sandrine (2020-01-29). "Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic". Nature Communications (in Turanci). 11 (1): 585. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..585H. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6989661. PMID 31996687.

Ƙarin karatu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Wastewater

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gishiri&oldid=874305"