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Granada

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Granada
Flag of Granada (city) (en) Coat of arms of Granada (en)
Flag of Granada (city) (en) Fassara Coat of arms of Granada (en) Fassara


Wuri
Map
 37°10′30″N 3°36′00″W / 37.175°N 3.6°W / 37.175; -3.6
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaIspaniya
Autonomous community of Spain (en) FassaraAndalusia
Province of Spain (en) FassaraProvince of Granada (en) Fassara
Babban birnin
Province of Granada (en) Fassara (1833–)

Babban birni Granada city (en) Fassara
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 232,717 (2024)
• Yawan mutane 2,643.91 mazaunan/km²
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Granada notarial district (en) Fassara da Vega de Granada (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 88.02 km²
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Darro (en) Fassara
Altitude (en) Fassara 693 m
Sun raba iyaka da
Bayanan tarihi
Muhimman sha'ani
Patron saint (en) Fassara Caecilius of Elvira (en) Fassara da Q60968240 Fassara
Tsarin Siyasa
• Mayor of Granada (en) Fassara Marifrán Carazo (en) Fassara (17 ga Yuni, 2023)
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Lambar aika saƙo 18001–18015, 18182 da 18190
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
INE code (en) Fassara 18087
Wasu abun

Yanar gizo granada.org
Granada.
Granada Fountain

Granada (lafazi: /geranada/)[1] birni ne, da ke acikin yankin Andalusiya, a ƙasar Ispaniya. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a da akayi acikin shekarar ta 2013, jimilar mutane 592,200 (dubu dari biyar da tisa'in da biyu da dari biyu). An gina birnin Granada a farkon karni na bakwai bayan haifuwan annabi Isa.[2]

Sunan tarihi na Granada a cikin harshen Larabci shine غرناطة (Ġarnāṭa).[3][4][5][6]Dukansu ma’anar sunan da asalinsa ba su da tabbas kuma an yi ta muhawara[7][8]. Toponym tabbas ya wanzu kafin zamanin Zirid a karni na 11.[9] Watakila ya fara bayyana ne a karni na 9[10] kuma ana samunsa a majiyoyin larabci tun daga karni na 10.[11]


Kalmar Gárnata (ko Karnata) mai yiyuwa tana nufin "tudun baƙo"[12]: 41 [13] Wata ma'anar kuma ita ce "tudun mahajjata"[14]. Yana iya ma asalin Berber ne.[15] Wata ka’idar ita ce ta samo asali ne daga granum na Latin (ko jam’in grana), ma’ana “iri”, “beads”, ko “launi mai jajal”, wanda da an daidaita shi zuwa Larabci kamar Ġarnāṭa ko Iġranāṭa.[16] Marubucin tarihin Larabawa Al-Maqqari ya yi imanin cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar Latin da ake kira rumman, granata.[17] A kowane hali, kalmar Latin ba a ma'anarta ta farko ba ta yi amfani da ita ba, amma a mafi ma'anar "ja", tana nufin launin ƙasan yankin da gine-gine. Wannan kuma zai yi kama da ilimin asalin sunan Alhambra.[18][19]

Tarihin Umayyawa[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]

Duba kuma: Spain

Mosaic daga wani villa na Roman, wanda aka samo daga 1 AD, an gano shi a gundumar Los Mondragones a Granada (yanzu ana ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological)

Yankin da ke kewaye da abin da ake kira Granada a yau yana da yawan jama'a tun aƙalla 5500 BC.[20] Abubuwan tarihi na kayan tarihi da aka samu a cikin birnin sun nuna cewa wurin da birnin yake ciki, gami da yankin da ke kusa da hanyar Gran Vía de Colón, ana zaune tun zamanin Bronze Age. Mafi dadewar kango da aka samu a yankin na wani oppidum ne da ake kira Ilturir, wanda kabilar Iberian Bastetani ta kafa a shekara ta 650 BC.[21] Ana kuma tabbatar da sunan Elibyrge dangane da wannan yanki.[22] Wannan mazaunin ya zama daga baya aka sani da Iliberri ko Iliberis.[23][24][25] A cikin 44 BC Iliberis ya zama mulkin mallaka na Roman kuma a cikin 27 BC ya zama gundumar Roman mai suna Florentia Iliberritana ('Flourishing Iliberri').[26][27]


Gane Granada na yau tare da zamanin Iliberis na Roman da ci gaban tarihi tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu masana sun daɗe suna muhawara.[28] Binciken kayan tarihi na zamani a kan tudun Albaicín sun gano abubuwan da ke nuna kasancewar wani muhimmin garin Romawa a wannan wurin.[29] Ba a san komai ba, game da tarihin birnin a tsakanin ƙarshen zamanin Romawa zuwa karni na 11.[30]

Kafawa da tarihin farko[gyara tushe]

Yunkurin Umayyawa na Hispania, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 711 AD, ya kawo manyan sassan yankin Iberian karkashin ikon Moorish kuma ya kafa al-Andalus. Majiyoyin tarihi na Larabci na farko sun ambaci cewa wani gari mai suna Qashtīliya, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Madīnat Ilbīra (Elvira), yana kan gangaren kudanci na tsaunukan Saliyo de Elvira (kusa da Atarfe na yau) kuma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a yankin.[31][32]. Karamin wurin zama da kagara (ḥiṣn) mai suna Ġarnāṭa (wanda kuma aka fassara shi da Gharnāṭa) ya kasance a gefen kudu na kogin Darro ko kuma a wurin unguwar Albaicín ta yanzu. Na karshen yana da galibin yahudawa ne don haka kuma aka san shi da Gharnāṭat al-Yahūd ("Gharnāṭa na Yahudawa").[33][34] An san gundumar da ke kusa da birnin da Kurat Ilbīra (kusan "Lardin Elvira"). Bayan shekara ta 743 sojoji daga yankin Sham ne suka kafa garin Ilbīra wadanda suka taka rawa wajen goyon bayan Abd al-Rahman na daya, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Cordoba kuma wata sabuwar daular Umayyawa[35]. A karshen karni na 9, a zamanin mulkin Abdallah (r. 844 – 912), birnin da kewayensa ya kasance wurin da aka yi rikici tsakanin muwalladi (Musulmi da suka tuba) wadanda suke biyayya ga gwamnatin tsakiya da Larabawa, karkashin jagorancin Sawār ibn Hamdūn, wanda ya fusata su.[36][37].

Granada puerta real
  1. Definition of GRANADA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  2. Coleman 2013
  3. RingSalkinLa Boda 1995
  4. Room 2006
  5. El Hareir 2011
  6. Dale 1882
  7. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.
  8. Harvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]. "Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-351-66578-0.
  9. Harvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]. "Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-351-66578-0.
  10. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.
  11. Viguera-Molíns 2021
  12. Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1891). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. M. Sommerville.
  13. Everett-Heath, John (13 September 2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2.
  14. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.
  15. Viguera-Molíns 2021
  16. Viguera-Molíns 2021
  17. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4
  18. Harvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]. "Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-351-66578-0.
  19. Viguera-Molíns 2021
  20. RingSalkinLa Boda 1995
  21. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.
  22. RingSalkinLa Boda 1995
  23. RingSalkinLa Boda 1995
  24. Rodgers & Cavendish 2021
  25. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.
  26. Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.
  27. Rodgers & Cavendish 2021
  28. García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830. During the Roman period, there was a township named Iliberris on the slopes of the Sierra de Elvira, where archaeological remains of Roman, Visigothic, and Arab origin have been found. The existence of a Roman settlement in the same place as Granada—or rather, the identification of Granada with Iliberis—has been a bone of contention among historians of Granada since the 10th century. In the era of the so-called Christian "reconquest" of southern Spain, the notion of such continuity allowed the conquerors to speak of a "restoration" of Christianity in Granada. Some experts argue strongly for continuity between the Roman city and Granada, as against the possibility (supported by the Arabic sources) that Granada was, in fact, a Muslim foundation: archaeological evidence has not been decisive either way.
  29. Rodgers & Cavendish 2021
  30. Rodgers & Cavendish 2021
  31. Carvajal López, José C. (2020). "Material culture". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia. Routledge. pp. 490, 505 (see note 18). ISBN 978-1-317-23354-1. The location of the town of Ilbīra was a burning issue in Granada since the 16th century. The Catholic propaganda after 1492 pushed the identification of Ilbīra with Granada, and also with the Roman municipium Illiberis, where the first Church Council of Iberia took place in the early 4th century. If Granada was indeed Illiberis, the town was associated with one important early Christian centre and the right of the kings of Spain to take it over was providentially justified. However, there were enough mentions in the written sources, not only in Arabic, and even material evidence that suggested that Ilbīra, the first Islamic capital, was located near the village of Atarfe, about 15 kilometres north-west of Granada. The similarity in names suggested that Illiberis had been in Ilbīra and that Granada was a town founded by Muslims, ideas which implicitly supported the notion that Islam was an integral part of Spain rather than merely an enemy against which the nation had been built. After a debate four centuries long, M. Gómez Moreno compiled cases of the material evidence collected around the area of Atarfe by spoilers and even undertook an excavation in 1872 in which he found the mosque of the town, finally proving without any doubt that Ilbīra was located there. [p. 490] (...) See Gómez Moreno, Medina Elvira for the description of the debate and of the different interventions. It is interesting to note that this solves the question of the location of Ilbīra, but not of Illiberis, at least in the time of the Council. Excavations in Granada have uncovered strong evidence that suggests that the Iberian and Roman towns of the same name were located there (e.g. Sotomayor Muro, "¿Donde estuvo Iliberri?"). It seems that at some point in late Antiquity, possibly before the Islamic conquest, the town of Illiberis was moved to the location where it later became Madīna Ilbīrah (e.g. Adroher et al., "Discusión", pp. 202–206). To a certain extent, the debate still continues. [p. 505, note 18]
  32. Rodgers & Cavendish 2021
  33. García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.
  34. Rodgers & Cavendish 2021
  35. García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.
  36. García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.
  37. Marín Guzmán, Roberto (1993). "Social and Ethnic Tensions in al-Andalus: Cases of Ishbīliyah (Sevilla) 276/889–302/914 and Ilbīrah (Elvira) 276/889–284/897: The Role of 'Umar Ibn Ḥafṣūn". Islamic Studies. 32 (3): 279–318. JSTOR 20840132. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-11-13.