Haɗe-haɗe
 Haɗe-haɗe | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | yawan jama'a |
Has cause (en)  |
introgression (en) da hybridization (en) |
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A hybrid swarm, wani kalan hybrids wanda ya tsira fiye da farkon hybrid generation, tare da interbreedin kalan g tsakanin hybrid mutane da backcrossing tare da iyayensa iri. Irin wannan yawan jama'a suna da bambanci sosai, tare da halaye na kwayoyin halitta da na phenotypic na mutane da ke tsakanin nau'ikan iyaye biyu.[1] Hybrid swarms don haka ya rufe iyakar tsakanin iyayen. Cikakken ma'anar abin da za a iya rarraba yawan jama'a a matsayin matasan matasan sun bambanta, tare da wasu suna ƙayyade kawai cewa duk membobin yawan ya kamata su zama matasan matakai, yayin da wasu suka bambanta da ko duk membobin ya kamata su sami matakai iri ɗaya ko daban-daban na matasan.[2]
Hybrid swarms yana faruwa ne lokacin da hybrid yake mai ƙarfi kuma aƙalla kamar yadda iyayensa suke; kuma babu wani shingen ga tsinkaye tsakanin hybrid da iyaye. Swarms ba zai iya faruwa ba idan daya daga cikin wadannan sharuɗɗa ba: idan nau'in hybrid yana da ƙarancin rayuwa, yawan hybrid ba zai iya kula da kansa ba sai dai ta hanyar ci gaba da haɗuwa da nau'ikan iyaye, wanda ke haifar da yawan hybrid na ƙarancin bambanci. A gefe guda, idan hybrids suna da ƙarfi amma ba za su iya komawa baya tare da yawan iyaye ba, sakamakon shine jinsin hybrid, wanda, ban da gudummawar sabbin hybrids, ya samo asali ne ba tare da iyayen su ba. A kowane yanayi, yana yiwuwa ga yawan mahaukaci su mamaye yawan iyaye.[3] A wasu lokuta, wannan na iya faruwa a cikin 'yan tsararraki kawai.[3] Idan jinsunan jinsin suna da mafi girma, za su iya yin gasa da nau'in iyaye don albarkatu, wanda ke haifar da warewar gasa, yayin da idan jinsin iyaye suna da mafi girman yiwuwar, yaduwar kwayar halitta tsakanin al'ummomin biyu na iya haifar da raguwar bambancin kwayar halitta.[3]
Hybrid swarms suna samuwa a cikin yankuna masu haɗuwa, wani yanki inda nau'o'i biyu masu kama da juna suka shiga hulɗa kuma suka haɗu.[4][5] Wadannan suna tasowa ne sakamakon hulɗa ta biyu tsakanin nau'in iyaye.[4] Bayan dogon lokaci na warewar ƙasa, wanda dalilinsa na iya zama ko dai na halitta ko na mutum, sake dawowar nau'in iyaye a cikin wannan yanayi na iya haifar da haɗuwa, haɗuwa, kuma mai yiwuwa, tarin haɗuwa. [4] [6] Hybrid swarms na iya haifar da introgressive hybridization, ko introgression, wanda akwai kwararar kwayar halitta daga tafkin kwayar halitta zuwa tafkin kwaya, ko kuma akasin haka, yana faruwa saboda backcrossing tsakanin jama'a.[6] Lokacin da introgression ya faru, za a sami babban matakin bambancin a cikin alleles kusa da kusa da hybrid swarm.[7]
Misalan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin tsire-tsire, yana yiwuwa ga tarin haɗe-haɗe ya samo asali tsakanin nau'in da ke shuka kansa da kuma nau'in.[8] Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine haɗuwa tsakanin hanyar itace mai shuka kanta da kuma mafi yawan hanyar ruwa a Burtaniya.[8] A cikin wani binciken da aka yi game da matasan matasan da suka hada da wadannan nau'o'in biyu, an gano yawan jama'a sun hada da nau'in iyaye, 'ya'yan ƙarni na F1, da kuma backcrosses tare da hanyar ruwa, amma babu backcroses tare da hanyar itace kuma babu ƙarni na V2, wanda zai haifar da F1s mai shuka kansa.[8]
Hybrid swarms kuma na iya samuwa tsakanin nau'ikan gida da na daji, tare da wani binciken da ke ba da shawarar cewa shinkafa ta daji wani nau'in jinsin ne wanda ya haɗu da shinkafa na gida.[9]
Dabbobi masu mamayewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hybrid swarms na iya haifar da babbar barazana ga tsarin halittu lokacin da suka shafi nau'o'in mamayewa, kamar yadda masu mamayewa ke iya sauƙaƙe nau'o-in'in asali.[10] Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran nau'ikan haɗe-haɗe, nau'ikan jinsin haɗe-hashen haɗe na iya zama mafi dacewa ko ƙasa da nau'ikan iyaye. A yayin wani nau'in jinsin da ke da mafi girman lafiya, ba kawai nau'in iyaye na asali ba, har ma da nau'in iyayen da ba su da kyau.[10] A gefe guda, idan babu wani nau'in kwayar halitta guda daya amma a maimakon haka cinikayya tsakanin nau'ikan kwayar halitta daban-daban, babban matakin bambancin zai faru tsakanin hybrids, nau'ikan asali, da nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa.[10]
Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haɗuwa mai haɗari yana faruwa tsakanin shiners a saman Kogin Coosa . [11] An kafa wani nau'i mai laushi tsakanin blacktail shiner, jinsin da ke cikin kogi, da ja shiner, nau'in da ke mamayewa.[11] Yawan jama'a ya fadada kewayon sa a tsawon lokaci, yana motsawa a ƙasa da sama yayin da rabo na mutane masu haɗari a cikin tsarin ke ƙaruwa.[11] Bugu da kari, girman tarin haɗe-haɗe ya sami babban mataki na canji, yana fuskantar ci gaba da raguwa a tsawon lokaci.[11]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Haɗin halittu
- Yankin da aka haɗu
- Shigarwa
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cockayne, L.; Allan, H.H. (1926). "The Naming of Wild Hybrid Swarms". Nature. 118 (2974): 623–624. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..623C. doi:10.1038/118623a0. S2CID 4125412.
- ↑ Kalinowski, S T; Powell, J H (March 2015). "A parameter to quantify the degree of genetic mixing among individuals in hybrid populations". Heredity. 114 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.93. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 4815573. PMID 25388141.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ward, Jessica L; Blum, Mike J; Walters, David M; Porter, Brady A; Burkhead, Noel; Freeman, Byron (June 2012). "Discordant introgression in a rapidly expanding hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 5 (4): 380–392. Bibcode:2012EvApp...5..380W. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00249.x. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3353357. PMID 25568058.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Li, Yue; Tada, Fumito; Yamashiro, Tadashi; Maki, Masayuki (2016-01-22). "Long-term persisting hybrid swarm and geographic difference in hybridization pattern: genetic consequences of secondary contact between two Vincetoxicum species (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 20. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...20L. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0587-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4724111. PMID 26801608.
- ↑ "Hybrid Zones". www.els.net. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Harrison, Richard G.; Larson, Erica L. (2014-01-01). "Hybridization, Introgression, and the Nature of Species Boundaries". Journal of Heredity. 105 (S1): 795–809. doi:10.1093/jhered/esu033. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 25149255.
- ↑ Twyford, A. D.; Ennos, R. A. (2011-09-07). "Next-generation hybridization and introgression". Heredity. 108 (3): 179–189. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.68. PMC 3282392. PMID 21897439.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ruhsam, M; Hollingsworth, P M; Ennos, R A (September 2011). "Early evolution in a hybrid swarm between outcrossing and selfing lineages in Geum". Heredity. 107 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.9. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3183954. PMID 21448227.
- ↑ Wang, Hongru; Vieira, Filipe G.; Crawford, Jacob E.; Chu, Chengcai; Nielsen, Rasmus (2017-04-06). "Asian wild rice is a hybrid swarm with extensive gene flow and feralization from domesticated rice". Genome Research. 27 (6): 1029–1038. doi:10.1101/gr.204800.116. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 5453317. PMID 28385712.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hall, Richard J; Hastings, Alan; Ayres, Debra R (2006-06-07). "Explaining the explosion: modelling hybrid invasions". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1385–1389. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3473. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560304. PMID 16777727.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Glotzbecker, Gregory J.; Walters, David M.; Blum, Michael J. (2016-04-27). "Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 9 (6): 741–755. Bibcode:2016EvApp...9..741G. doi:10.1111/eva.12371. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 4908461. PMID 27330551.