Hakkin yin shiru
 Hakkin yin shiru | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
subjective right (en)  da rights of defendants (en) |
Haƙƙin yin shirushiru, ka'ida ce ta doka wacce ke tabbatar da kowane mutum damar ƙin Amsa tambayoyi daga jami'an tsaro ko jami'an kotu. Hakki ne na shari'a wanda aka amince da shi, a bayyane ko ta hanyar yarjejeniya, a yawancin tsarin shari'a na duniya.
Hakkin ya ƙunshi batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma ko wanda ake tuhumar ya ƙi yin sharhi ko bayar da amsar lokacin da aka tambaye shi, ko dai kafin ko a lokacin shari'a a kotun shari'a. Wannan na iya zama haƙƙin guje wa zargi kai ko haƙƙin yin shiru lokacin da aka tambaye shi. Hakkin na iya haɗawa da tanadin cewa alƙali ko juri ba za su iya yin maganganu masu kyau ba game da ƙin yarda da wanda ake tuhuma don amsa tambayoyin kafin ko a lokacin shari'a, sauraro ko wani tsari na shari'a. Wannan haƙƙin ya zama karamin ɓangare na haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma gaba ɗaya.
Asalin haƙƙin yin shiru an danganta shi da ƙalubalen Sir Edward Coke ga Kotunan coci da rantsuwarsu ta ex officio. A ƙarshen karni na 17, an kafa shi a cikin dokar Ingila a matsayin martani ga wuce gona da iri na binciken sarauta a cikin waɗannan kotuna. A Amurka, sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da 'yancin su na yin shiru da kuma sakamakon barin wannan dama ya zama muhimmin bangare na gargadi na Miranda.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dalilan ko tarihin da ke bayan haƙƙin yin shiru ba su da cikakkiyar haske. Latin brocard nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare ('babu wani mutum da ya kamata ya zargi kansa') ya zama kira ga masu adawa da addini da siyasa waɗanda aka gurfanar da su a cikin Star Chamber da Babban Kwamitin Ingila na karni na 16. Mutanen da ke zuwa gaban waɗannan kotuna an tilasta su yi rantsuwa ta hanyar da suka rantse za su amsa tambayoyin da za a gabatar a gaban su ba tare da sanin abin da ake zargi da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da abin da ake kira mummunan trilemma inda aka tilasta wa waɗannan waɗanda ake tuhuma su zabi tsakanin aikata zunubi na ƙarya (idan sun yi ƙarya a ƙarƙashin rantsuwa don kare kansu), hukunci mai tsanani don raina kotu (idan sun ki amsawa), ko cin amanar aikinsu na "al'ada" na kare kansu (idan sun faɗi gaskiya don girmama rantsuwarsu). Kalubalen Sir Edward Coke ga kotunan coci da rantsuwarsu ana ganin su a matsayin asalin haƙƙin yin shiru. Tare da yanke shawara cewa kotuna na doka na yau da kullun na iya ba da takardun haramtacciyar haramtacciya game da irin waɗannan rantsuwar da hujjojinsa cewa irin waɗannan rantsuwa sun saba wa dokar doka ta yau da kullun (kamar yadda aka samu a cikin Rahotanni da Cibiyoyin), Coke "ya ba da babbar matsala ga rantsuwar ex officio da kuma Babban Kwamitin".[1]
Bayan juyin juya halin majalisa na ƙarshen karni na 17, bisa ga wasu bayanan tarihi, an kafa haƙƙin yin shiru a cikin doka a matsayin martani ga wuce gona da iri na binciken sarauta a cikin waɗannan kotuna. Rashin amincewa da hanyoyin Kotun Star Chamber da Babban Kwamitin ya haifar da fitowar ka'idar, a cewar masanin shari'a na Amurka da kuma masanin shari-a na shaida John Henry Wigmore, "cewa babu wani mutum da aka tilasta ya zargi kansa, a kowane zargi (ko da wane irin yadda aka kafa shi yadda ya kamata), ko a kowane Kotun (ba kawai a cikin majami'ar ko kotun Star Chamber ba). " An tsawaita shi a lokacin Maido da Ingilishi (daga 1660 zuwa gaba) don haɗawa da "wani shaida na yau da kullun, kuma ba kawai jam'iyyar da aka caje ba".
Koyaya, haƙƙin yin shiru ba koyaushe ba ne mai amfani ga duk waɗanda ake zargi a kotunan Ingila na ɗan lokaci bayan haka. Tare da iyakancewar samun damar lauya (sau da yawa dangane da matsayin zamantakewar wanda ake tuhuma), canjin ma'auni na hujja, da kuma tsarin da ba ya amincewa da masu tuhuma masu shiru, wanda ake tuhumar da ya yi shiru sau da yawa ana zaton yana da laifi kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Duk da haka, ya kasance hakki na asali ga wanda ake tuhuma kuma ya kasance abin da aka yarda da shi a cikin 'yan ƙarni da suka gabata. A Ingila, aikin yin tambayoyi na shari'a ga mutanen da ake tuhuma a shari'a (kamar yadda ya bambanta da yin tambayoyi kafin shari'a), bai ɓace ba har sai a cikin karni na 18, amma a karni na 19, ba a yarda da wadanda ake tuhuma su ba da shaida a kan rantsuwa ko da suke so - an kuma ce martani ne ga rashin adalci na Star Chamber da Babban Kwamitin.
A cikin ƙasashe da suka kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Burtaniya (kamar ƙasashen Commonwealth, Amurka da Jamhuriyar Ireland) haƙƙin yin shiru ya kasance a cikin al'adar doka ta yau da kullun da aka gada daga Ingila, kodayake ba ta aiki a Ingila da Wales, inda za'a iya ɗaukar yin shiru a matsayin alamar laifi ta juri. Dokar NB Scots, wacce ba ta samo asali daga dokar Ingilishi ba amma gaba ɗaya ta raba, har yanzu tana riƙe da cikakken haƙƙin yin shiru. A Amurka, haƙƙin ya wanzu kafin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Koyaya, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mahimman kariya da ke kare 'yan ƙasa daga ayyukan da aka yi na jihar, kuma an sanya shi a cikin Kwaskwarima ta Biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, tare da kalmomin "tsarin da ya dace", wanda aka fara ambata a cikin dokar Edward III a cikin 1354 kuma ya ƙunshi irin wannan kalma ga Kwaskwarimar Biyar.
Hakkin yin shiru ya bazu ga kasashe da yawa na Daular Burtaniya. Hanyoyi biyu daban-daban amma sun bambanta inda waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suka samo asali kuma suna aiki a cikin shari'ar Anglo-Amurka (ɗaya ta hanyar haƙƙoƙinsa da aka bayyana a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, ɗayan a cikin Ayyukan Majalisar da ke ƙayyade haƙƙoƙi ko kariya a cikin doka ta kowa) ana iya gani a yau a ƙasashen Commonwealth kamar New Zealand, inda har yanzu ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a cikin doka na kowa don bayar da gargadi "Miranda-style" (amma waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da hukuncin gargadi na Amurka Miranda) kuma sun sanar da mutane cewa ba su amsa duk abin da wata hujja ba su ba su ba ne a kotu ba. Dole ne 'yan sanda su tantance ko mutanen da aka kama sun fahimci waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Duk wani gazawar yin hakan na iya sanya gurfanar da laifi cikin haɗari. Duk da yake ya ɗan bambanta da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a Amurka, manufar iri ɗaya ce kuma ta fito ne daga al'adar doka da aka gada. Koyaya, a Ostiraliya alal misali, duk abin da wanda ake tuhuma ya faɗi a ƙarƙashin tambayoyin 'yan sanda yayin da suke tsare ba za a yarda da shi a cikin shaida ba sai dai idan an tabbatar da shi, gabaɗaya ta hanyar sauti ko rikodin bidiyo. 'Yan sanda na Australiya duk suna sa kyamarori na kirji a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'amuran su, kuma suna kunna su tare da kowane hulɗa, don su yi rikodin kuma su samar da irin wannan shaidar.
Kamar yadda yake a Amurka, wadanda ake zargi a wasu ƙasashen Commonwealth suma suna da damar samun lauya yayin tambayoyin. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, dokokin da aka gabatar, suna da waɗanda ake zargi da gaya musu cewa suna da 'yancin yin shiru, amma yanzu ana kuma gargadi cewa duk abin da ba su bayyana ba a cikin tambayoyin, amma daga baya dogaro da shi a kotu na iya cutar da tsaron su. A wasu kalmomi, a wasu lokuta ana iya samun ra'ayoyi. Hakkin lauya, wanda kuma ya kara karuwa a Amurka bayan juyin juya halin Amurka, ya ba wadanda ake tuhuma hanya mai amfani ta kafa kariya yayin da suke yin shiru, kuma ci gaban rundunar 'yan sanda ta zamani a farkon karni na 19 ya buɗe batun shiru kafin shari'a a karon farko. Babban shari'ar Amurka ta Bram v. Amurka [2] ta shirya hanya don a ba da damar da za a ba da izini ga tambayoyin kafin shari'a, kuma aikin "gargadi na Miranda" ya kafa a Amurka da sauran wurare biyo bayan shari'ar Miranda v. Arizona a 1966.
Duk da yake da farko baƙo ga tsarin shari'a na Inquisitorial, haƙƙin yin shiru ya bazu a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai, a wasu nau'o'i, a ƙarshen karni na 20, saboda ci gaba a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke da karuwar duniya na wasu kariya ta hanyar da ta dace.
A duk duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana ba da gargadi game da haƙƙin yin shiru a cikin kusan ƙasashe 108 a duniya.[3]
Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ostiraliya ba ta da kariya ta tsarin mulki don haƙƙin yin shiru, [4] amma Dokokin Laifuka da Dokokin Tarayya sun amince da shi sosai kuma kotuna suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin muhimmiyar haƙƙin doka da kuma wani ɓangare na gata game da cin zarafin kai. [5] Gabaɗaya, waɗanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka a Ostiraliya suna da 'yancin ƙin amsa tambayoyin da' yan sanda suka yi musu kafin shari'a da kuma ƙin ba da shaida a shari'a. A matsayin doka ta gaba ɗaya alƙalai ba za su iya jagorantar juriya don samun mummunar fahimta daga shiru na wanda ake tuhuma ba (Petty v R) amma akwai banbanci ga wannan doka, musamman a cikin shari'o'in da suka dogara gaba ɗaya akan shaidar da ke tattare da ita wanda kawai zai yiwu ga wanda ake tuhumar ya ba da shaida game da shi (Weissensteiner da R). An soke wannan banbanci a Victoria ta sashe na 42 da 44 na Dokar Gudanar da Jury ta 2015. Hakkin bai shafi kamfanoni ba (EPA da Caltex).
A cikin Ostiraliya, haƙƙin yin shiru ya samo asali ne daga mulkin Aboki na doka. Matsayi na asali shine rashin fahimta game da laifin wanda ake tuhuma, inda bai amsa tambayoyin 'yan sanda ba. Duk da yake wannan shine matsayin doka na yau da kullun, ana tallafawa ta da tanadi daban-daban na doka. Wasu bincike na iya cire dama, kamar waɗanda Hukumar Kare Cin Hanci da rashawa ta gudanar.
Bangladesh
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 33 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bangladesh ya tattauna haƙƙin waɗanda aka kama da waɗanda aka tsare; ba a ambaci haƙƙin yin shiru ko dai a cikin Kundin Tsarin mulki [6] Dokar Laifin Bangladesh, [7] sai dai a Mataki na 35 (4) na Kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ke kare mutane daga shiga cikin kansu. Don sauƙaƙe kariya daga shiga cikin kai, Dokar Shari'a ta Bangladesh ta yi banbanci a lokuta na ikirari, a wannan yanayin, Mai Shari'a da ke samun ikirari a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 164 dole ne ya bayyana haƙƙin mai ikirari na yin shiru, kuma dole ne ya tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa an karanta masa haƙƙin mai furta kuma ya bayyana masa, kuma mai ikirarin ya watsar da haƙƙin shiru.
Mataki na 33 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bangladesh ya tilasta wa hukumomin kama su sanar da wanda ake tuhuma game da zarge-zargen da aka gabatar masa kafin a tsare shi, [8] dole ne a gabatar da wanda aka tsare a kotun da ta fi kusa cikin awanni 24. Ban da wannan doka sun haɗa da tsare-tsare na kariya da kuma kama wani baƙo abokin gaba.[8] Hakkin lauya haƙƙin da ba za a iya cirewa ba ne, amma jami'in da ya kama ba ya buƙatar bayyana shi a bayyane ga wanda aka tsare.
Mataki na 35 (4) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki yana kare mutane daga shiga cikin kansu.[8] Saboda haka, dole ne ya karanta gargadi ga mutumin da aka tsare idan yana so ya furta da son rai ga tuhumar; a wannan yanayin, dole ne Alkalin ya karanta kuma ya bayyana haƙƙin mai ikirarin yin shiru da kariya daga shiga kansa, kuma ya tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa an karanta masa haƙƙin mai furta kuma ya bayyana masa, kuma mai ikirarin ya watsar da haƙƙin shiru.
Kanada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Kanada, ana kare haƙƙin yin shiru a ƙarƙashin dokar furta ta yau da kullun, da sashi na 7 da sashi 11 (c) na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci. Ba za a tilasta wa wanda ake tuhuma a matsayin shaida a kansa a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba, sabili da haka kawai maganganun da aka yi wa 'yan sanda ne kawai za a iya yarda da su a matsayin shaida. Kafin a sanar da wanda ake tuhuma game da 'yancin su na lauya, duk wani sanarwa da suka yi wa' yan sanda ana daukar shi a matsayin tilastawa ba tare da son rai ba kuma ba a yarda da shi a matsayin shaida ba. Bayan an sanar da shi game da haƙƙin lauya, wanda ake tuhuma na iya zaɓar amsa tambayoyin da son rai kuma waɗannan maganganun za su yarda.[9]
Wadannan haƙƙoƙin yin shiru suna wanzu ne kawai lokacin da wanda ake zargi ke hulɗa da mutum mai iko. Lokacin da batun bai san cewa yana hulɗa da 'yan sanda ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin aikin ɓoye, waɗannan kariya ba su wanzu sai dai idan mai iko ya haifar da sanarwa. Magana da aka yi wa jami'an 'yan sanda a lokacin ayyukan ɓoye kusan koyaushe suna bin ka'idar ikirari sai dai idan an yi la'akari da halin' yan sanda da zai "shafar da al'umma". Koyaya, sashi na 7 haƙƙin na iya zama abin zargi a cikin batun elicitation, bayan haka kotun na iya yarda da sanarwa ne kawai idan ta gamsu cewa ba za ta kawo gwamnatin adalci cikin rashin suna ba.[9]
A karkashin Yarjejeniyar, mutumin da aka kama yana da haƙƙin:
- Don a sanar da shi nan da nan game da dalilan da suka sa.
- Don riƙewa da kuma ba da umarni ga lauya ba tare da bata lokaci ba kuma a sanar da shi game da wannan haƙƙin.
- Don samun ingancin tsare-tsare ta hanyar habeas corpus kuma a sake shi idan tsare-tsaren ba doka ba ne.[10]
Gargaɗin Yarjejeniyar Kanada ya karanta (ya bambanta da sabis na 'yan sanda): "An kama ka don _________ (cajin); kun fahimta? Kuna da 'yancin riƙewa da ba da umarni ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Za mu ba ka sabis na turawa ta wayar lauya kyauta, idan ba ka da lauyanka. Duk abin da ka ce zai iya kuma za a yi amfani da shi a kotu a matsayin shaida. Shin kun fahimci? Kuna so ka yi magana da lauya?"
Wani bayani dalla-dalla:
Ina kama ka saboda (cajin). Aikin na sanar da ku cewa kuna da 'yancin riƙewa da kuma ba da umarni ba da shawara ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Kuna iya kiran duk wani lauya da kuke so. Akwai sabis na tarho na awa 24 wanda ke ba da lauyan taimako na shari'a wanda zai iya ba ku shawara ta shari'a a cikin sirri. Ana ba da wannan shawara ba tare da caji ba kuma lauyan zai iya bayyana muku shirin taimakon shari'a. Idan kuna so ku tuntubi lauyan da ke ba da agaji, zan iya ba ku lambar tarho. Shin kun fahimta? Kuna so ku kira lauya? Ba a tilasta maka ka faɗi komai ba, amma duk abin da ka ce ana iya ba da shi a cikin shaida a kotu.
Sashe na 14 na Yarjejeniyar ya kara da cewa dole ne a samar da mai fassara don mutumin ya fahimci yadda ake yi musu. Wannan haƙƙin ga mai fassara ya kai ga kurame. A Quebec, ana karanta gargadi na Yarjejeniyar a cikin Faransanci na Kanada. A New Brunswick da Ottawa, ana karanta gargadi a ko dai Turanci ko Faransanci, kuma ana buƙatar jami'in ya tambayi yaren da ya fi so kafin ya ba da gargadi.[11] A sauran Kanada, ana karanta gargadi na Yarjejeniyar a cikin Turanci na Kanada.
Duk da yake Sashe na 10b na Yarjejeniyar ya ba da tabbacin haƙƙin ba da shawara na shari'a, dokar Kanada kawai ta ba da damar masu aikata laifuka a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 su sami lauya a zahiri a duk lokacin tambayoyin. Da zarar wani mutum da ake zargi ya tabbatar da 'yancinsa na lauya, dole ne' yan sanda su dakatar da ƙoƙarin samun shaidu har sai wanda ake zargi yana da damar tuntuɓar lauya. Koyaya, bayan wannan damar ta ƙare, babu tabbacin ƙarin damar har sai an gama tambayoyin. Bugu da ƙari, ko da wanda ake zargi ya tabbatar da shawarar da ya yanke na yin shiru, 'yan sanda na iya ci gaba da yin tambayoyi. Babu wani cirewa ta atomatik na shaidar da aka samu bayan irin wannan da'awar, duk da haka yana da haɗarin karya dokar ikirari idan kotun ta gano cewa ta haifar da shakku mai ma'ana game da ko an sami ikirarin a ƙarƙashin "yanayi na zalunci," ƙuduri wanda aka yi akan dukkan shaidu.[12][9]
Babban shari'ar da ke kan 'yancin yin shiru a Kanada ita ce R. v. Singh, inda wani mutum da ke hannun' yan sanda ya yi kira ga' yancin yin shuru sau 18 duk da haka ana ci gaba da tambayarsa. A cikin mafi rinjaye 5-4, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa babu wani hakki a karkashin sashi na 7 don 'yan sanda su daina tambayar wanda ake zargi bayan sun tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na yin shiru. Kotun, duk da haka, ta yarda cewa maimaita tambayoyin 'yan sanda bayan wanda ake tuhuma ya tabbatar da haƙƙinsa na yin shiru ya haifar da shakku game da yarda da ƙarin shaidu a ƙarƙashin dokar ikirari, kodayake wannan ba shine binciken da aka samu a cikin shari'ar ba.[13] Wani shari'ar Kotun Koli, R. v. Hodgson, ta bayyana cewa haƙƙin yin shiru ya shafi jihar ne kawai kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi don cire ikirarin da aka yi wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu ba.
Kodayake wanda ake tuhuma yana da 'yancin yin shiru kuma ba za a tilasta masa ya ba da shaida a kansa ba, inda wanda ake tuhumar ya zaɓi ya ɗauki akwatin shaida ya ba da shaidar, babu ƙarin haƙƙin yin shiru da kuma ƙuntatawa game da irin tambayoyin da za a iya buƙata don amsawa. Sashe na 13 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci ya tabbatar da cewa shaidu bazai da wata hujja da suka bayar a matsayin shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita a kansu a cikin shari'o'i daban-daban. A zahiri, ana iya tilasta wa mutum ya ba da shaidar da ta yi wa kansa laifi, amma kawai inda za a yi amfani da wannan shaidar a kan wani ɓangare na uku.[14]
A baya, yawancin lokuta, ban da wasu laifukan jima'i ko inda wadanda abin ya shafa yara ne, ba za a tilasta wa ma'aurata su ba da shaida a kan juna ba. Koyaya, bayan Bill C-32, Dokar 'Yancin Wanda aka azabtar, wannan ba haka ba ne. Ma'aurata suna da 'yancin tabbatar da gata, da kuma ƙin amsa tambayoyi game da sadarwa yayin aure.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Randall, Stephen H. (1955). "Sir Edward Coke and the Privilege against Self-Incrimination". South Carolina Law Quarterly. University of South Carolina School of Law: 444.
- ↑ "Bram v. United States". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
- ↑ "Miranda Warning Equivalents Abroad". Library of Congress. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ↑ "Azzopardi v R [2001] HCA 25; 205 CLR 50; 179 ALR 349; 75 ALJR 931 (3 May 2001)". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
- ↑ "Traditional Rights and Freedoms -Encroachments by Commonwealth Law" (PDF). ALRC Interim Report. Australian Law Reform Commission (127). July 2015. ISBN 978-0-9943202-0-9. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ↑ "Constitution of Bangladesh: Chapter III". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ↑ "The State of Human Rights in Eleven Asian Nations – 2007" (PDF). Asian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Constitution of Bangladesh: Chapter III". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Dufraimont, Lisa (2008). "The Common Law Confessions Rule in the Charter Era: Current Law and Future Directions". Osgoode Hall Law School Digital Commons. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ↑ "Charterpedia - Section 10(a) – Right to be informed of reasons for detention or arrest". Department of Justice, Government of Canada. 1999-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ "Charterpedia - Section 14 – Right to an interpreter". Department of Justice, Government of Canada. 1999-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ "Charterpedia - Section 10(b) – Right to counsel". Department of Justice, Government of Canada. 1999-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ "Supreme Court of Canada - SCC Case Information - Search". Supreme Court of Canada. 2001-01-01. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ "Charterpedia - Section 13 – Protection against self-incrimination". Department of Justice, Government of Canada. 1999-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-14.