Harshen Duke

Nduke
Duke
Asali a	Solomon Islands
Yanki	Kolombangara island
'Yan asalin magana	(2,300 cited 1999)
Dangin harshen	Tustrunizit Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Northwest Solomonic New Georgia – Ysabel New Georgia Nduke
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	nke
Glottolog	duke1237

Duke (Nduke, mai suna N- doo -kay) yaren Oceanic ne wanda mutane kusan 3,000 ke magana yanzu a tsibirin Kolombangara, Solomon Islands . Duke sunan exonymic ne (ba masu magana da kansu ke amfani da su ba). Sunaye na ƙarshe (wanda masu magana da kansu ke amfani da su) Dughore ne (Ndughore) da Kolei . Dughore kuma sunan yanki ne a kudu maso yammacin Kolombangara, Kolei shine babban kalmar adireshi na bangarorin biyu musamman ga Nduke. Wani madadin sunan kwanan nan shine ' Kolombangara (bayan sunan tsibirin).

Ilimin harshe na zamantakewa

Tarihin baka a Dughore ya ba da labarin cewa arewa maso yamma, arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabashin Kolombangara suna da yarukan nasu, wadanda suka bace a lokacin da aka halaka mutanen yankunan a yakin da watakila ya faru a farkon karni na 19. Mutanen kudu maso yamma sun gina jerin katangar tudu kuma suka tsira. A farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka (kimanin 1900), Duke yana da masu magana kusan 250, duk sun tattara a kudu maso yamma.

Musanya tsakanin tsibiran tare da yankunan tsibirin tsibirin maƙwabta na Vella Lavella, Simbo da Roviana sun yi ƙarfi a ƙarshen karni na 19, mai yuwuwa ya kai ga wasu lamunin harshe, kodayake aure ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a wancan lokacin. A farkon karni na ashirin, mulkin mallaka ya kafa Roviana a matsayin yare, kuma cocin Adventist na kwana bakwai, wanda aka karbe a Kolombangara, ya yi amfani da kayan Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka rubuta a cikin Marovo . A tsakiyar karni na ashirin auren da Marovo ya yi yawa kuma yawancin gidaje Duke-Marovo ne masu harsuna biyu. Roviana, kodayake ya daina zama yaren yanki a cikin 1960s, har yanzu masu magana da Duke suna fahimta sosai. Lamuni na ƙarni na ashirin daga Roviana da Marvo ya faru kaɗan.

Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba an yi auratayya da yawa a fadin fadin kasar Solomon, wanda hakan ya haifar da al'ummomin da suka hada da yare, a daidai lokacin da Solomon Pijin ya yi fice a matsayin harshen kasa. Sakamakon haka, Pijin yaren gida ne da ake amfani da shi sosai akan Kolombangara, wanda a wasu iyalai ya kusan maye gurbin Duke. Bugu da ƙari, sake daidaita tattalin arziƙin daga salon rayuwar Tekun gargajiya ya haifar da ƙarancin dogaro ga ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da fasahar gargajiya, ta yadda yawancin kalmomin ƙwararrun an manta da su. Ƙarfin ƙamus na harshen yanzu ya yi ƙasa sosai a tsakanin masu magana da 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 40. Ethnologue yana kimanta harshen a matsayin 'ƙarfi'.

Rubutun Rubutu

Orthography yana nufin tsarin rubutun da ake amfani da shi don rubuta kalmomi. Harafin Nduke ya dogara ne akan haruffan Latin. AM Hocart ne yayi amfani da rubutun tsararru na farko a cikin 1908 don rubuta jerin kalmomin Nduke da bayanan bayanan ɗan adam na Nduke. Ba a taɓa buga waɗannan maɓuɓɓuka ba kuma ba su samar da tushen tushen rubutun kalmomi daga baya ba. Bambance-bambancen rubutun kalmomi guda biyu sun taso a cikin amfani na gida, dangane da abin da manufa ta Methodist ta yi amfani da ita don Roviana, da kuma wanda manufa ta Bakwai na Adventist ke amfani da shi don Marovo. Wadannan ayyuka sun isa Nduke a 1917 da 1919 bi da bi. Ayyukan ƙamus na baya-bayan nan akan Nduke ya yi amfani da haɗaɗɗen waɗannan ƙasidu guda biyu don guje wa rashin fahimta.

Nduke orthography

IPA	a	mb	nd	e	ka	h	i	k	l	m	n	ŋ	ŋg	o	p	r	s	t	ku	β	z
Hocart	a	mb	nd	e	gh ku	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	ngg	o	p	r	s	t	ku	v	z
SDA	a	b	d	e	gh ku	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	g	o	p	r	s	t	ku	v	z
Methodist	a	b	d	e	g	h	i	k	l	m	n	n	q	o	p	r	s	t	ku	v	z
Haɗe-haɗe	a	b	d	e	gh ku	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	q	o	p	r	s	t	ku	v	z

Akwai diphthong guda biyar: /ei/</link> , /ai/</link> , /ae/</link> , /au/</link> , da /oi/</link>

Sunaye da masu mallaka

Jerin sunayen suna yawanci Oceanic. Baya ga ainihin sifofin da aka tsara a ƙasa, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan gwaji biyu da gwaji.

Sunan magana na sirri

		guda ɗaya	jam'i
1st </br> mutum	na musamman	rai	ghami
	m		ghita
Mutum na 2		ghoi	ghamu
Mutum na 3		aia	ria

Mallaka za a iya yi wa alama a nahawu ta hanyoyi biyu. Ana iya amfani da ɓangarorin da aka riga aka tsara. Mallakar 'maras-ƙara', kamar a yanayin sassan jiki, dangi, ko halaye na zahiri, ana iya yin alama ta mallake ta.

Mallaka

		guda ɗaya		jam'i
		an gabatar da shi	kari	an gabatar da shi	kari
1st </br> mutum	na musamman	qu	-qu	-ma
	m			noda	-da
Mutum na 2		mu	-mu	mi	-mi
Mutum na 3		nona	-na	di	-di

Nduke na zamani ya nisanta kansa daga amfani da waɗannan jerin abubuwan mallaka a fifita ga madaidaicin alamar ta</link> , as in mata ta rai</link> ('mata na').

Deixis

Kalmomi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sune 'magana kalmomi'. Bugu da ƙari ga keɓaɓɓun deixis (pronoun and possessive) jerin a sama, Nduke yana da nau'ikan kalmomi don sararin samaniya da deixis na lokaci.

Kalmomin sararin samaniya

Dangantaka	Gloss	Deictic adverbs	Nuna Mufuradi	Jam'i Mai Nunawa
1P	kusa da mai magana	hai	hoa	hora
2P	kusa addressee	hane/sane	hana/sana	hara/sara
3P	nisa daga duka biyun	hoze	hoi	hore

Fi'ili na jagora don motsin ɗan takara

Lokacin jagora	Hanyar motsi ya nuna	Gloss
mai	zuwa ga mai magana	zo
la, lagho	nesa da mai magana	tafi
atu	zuwa ga addressee	bi

Dangantakar fi'ili na jagora

Gloss	Jagoranci	Cibiyar Deictic	Jagoranci	Gloss
hawan tudu	tete	← ⋅ →	iqo	sauka tudu
sama	saghe	← ⋅ →	ghore	kasa
hanyar fitowar rana	saghe	← ⋅ →	ghore	faɗuwar rana shugabanci
shiga	lughe	← ⋅ →	kakaha	fita

Takaddun bayanai

Palmer 2005 ya lura da tushe don rubutun harshen Nduke Bayanan nahawu da ke sama an samo su daga Scales 1997. Lissafin kalmomi sun haɗa da Hocart 1908, Tryon da Hackman 1983, da jerin kalmomin kan layi dangane da Tryon da Hackman. A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aikin fassarar ƙamus da na Littafi Mai Tsarki.