Harshen Fuliiru
Fuliiru, ko Kifuliiru, harshen Bantu ne na Manyan Tafkuna da fuliru ( Bafuliiru ) ke magana da shi, wanda kuma ake kira Fuliru, waɗanda ke zaune a arewa da yamma da garin Uvira da ke yankin Uvira na lardin Kivu ta Kudu a yankin gabas mai nisa. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Yana da alaƙa kusa da Kinyindu
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da saitin baƙon Fuliiru.
| Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Bayan-<br id="mwLA"><br><br><br></br> alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Laryngeal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | mara murya | p | t | k | ||||
| murya | d | g | ||||||
| Ƙarfafawa | mara murya | f | s | ʃ | h | |||
| murya | v | z | ʒ | |||||
| Prenasalized plosive | mb | nd | ŋg | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||
| Ruwa | l / ɾ | |||||||
| Kusanci | β | j | ( w ) [5] | |||||
Sauti da yawa suna canzawa lokacin da hanci ya gabace shi: sautunan da ba su da murya sun zama sauti, kuma /β/ da /h/ ana gane su a matsayin [b].
Lambar wayar /n/ tana kama da wurin baƙaƙen da ke biye da ita: ana iya gane ta kamar [m], [ɱ], [n], [ɲ], ko [ŋ].
Sunan sautin /l/ yana gane kamar [d] bayan /n/, kamar [ɾ] bayan wasulan gaba /e/ da /i/, da kuma kamar [l] a wani wuri. Hakanan ana gane sautin wayar /ɾ/ kamar [d] bayan /n/, amma kamar [ɾ] wani wuri.
Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da sautin wasali na Fuliiru.
| Gaba | Baya | |
|---|---|---|
| Babban | i | u |
| Tsakar | e | o |
| Ƙananan | a | |
Duk wasula guda biyar suna faruwa ne a cikin dogayen sifofi masu tsawo da gajere, bambancin da ke bambanta ta hanyar sauti . Tsawon sa ba ya shafar ingancin wasali.
Sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yawancin harsunan Bantu, Fuliiru tonal ne, tare da bambanci ta hanyoyi biyu tsakanin manya da ƙananan sautuna. Kwayoyin cuta na iya zama babba (H), ƙananan (L), ko mara sauti. Sautunan murya, babba, ƙananan, tsakiya, da faɗuwar sautuna duk na iya faruwa; Sautunan tsakiyar su ne fahimtar jerin LH mai tushe, kuma sautunan faɗuwa sune fahimtar jerin HL na asali ko sautin H sautin ƙarshe.
Nahawu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nahawu na Fuliiru yana da ban tsoro kuma, irin na harsunan Bantu, an sa gaba sosai. [6] A tarihi, ba a rubuta Fuliiru ba kuma an danne yaren don neman Swahili da Faransanci; [7] Bugu da kari, Fuliiru ya sami gagarumin tasiri daga harsunan da ke makwabtaka da su, har ta kai ga yawancin masu magana da harshen suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na lamuni ko ma tsarin kalmomin Faransanci. [7] Duk da haka, yana jin daɗin babban haɗin kai na cikin gida a duk faɗin yankin da ake magana da shi. [8] Magani mai zuwa, bayan Van Otterloo (2011), yana wakiltar nau'in harshe kamar yadda ya kasance kafin irin wannan tasirin waje mai yawa. [9]
Mahimmin tsari na kalmar Fuliiru shine SVO, kodayake akwai wasu keɓancewa ga wannan ka'ida bisa la'akari da yanayin maganganun da aka bayar. [10]
Sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fuliiru yana alfahari da nau'o'in suna 17, tare da ƙarin ajin da ba a ba da alama ba, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da 1a, wanda ke aiki azaman rukuni na Class 1. [11] Aji yana bayyana ta ƙara wani prefix zuwa tushen suna wanda ke ƙara sarrafa yarjejeniya a cikin jumlar suna mai faɗi. [6] Lamba nahawu siffa ce ta zahiri ta prefixing aji, tare da wasu azuzuwan suna na asali guda ɗaya ko na zahiri, da sauran azuzuwan da ba su da lamba gaba ɗaya. [11] Akwai nau'ikan sunaye masu kama da juna da yawa a cikin Fuliiru, wanda ke ba da damar bayyana ma'anoni daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da prefixes daban-daban zuwa tushe iri ɗaya, kamar a cikin: [12]
- bugánga
- bú-gánga
- 14 -ganga
- "Malaria"
- ↑ Samfuri:Ethnologue18
Samfuri:Ethnologue18 - ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Fuliiru". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Joba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ↑ This sound is very rare in Fuliiru, and only occurs after other consonants or as the result of a /u/ becoming a glide.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Van Otterloo 2011, p. 19.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Van Otterloo 2011, p. xxi.
- ↑ Van Otterloo 2011, p. 2.
- ↑ Van Otterloo 2011, p. xviii.
- ↑ Van Otterloo 2011, p. 348.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Van Otterloo 2011, p. 22.
- ↑ Van Otterloo 2011, p. 21.