Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic

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 Proto-Afroasiatic (PAA), wanda aka fi sani da Proto-Hamito-Semitic, Proto-Semito-Hamitic, da Proto-Afrasian, shine harshen da aka sake ginawa wanda duk harsunan Afroasiatic na zamani suka fito. Kodayake kimantawa sun bambanta sosai, masana sun yi imanin cewa an yi magana da shi a matsayin yare ɗaya a cikin shekaru 12,000 zuwa 18,000 da suka gabata (12 zuwa 18 kya), wato, tsakanin 16,000 da 10,000 BC. Kodayake babu wata yarjejeniya game da wurin asalin Afroasiatic, asalin asalin masu magana da Proto-Afroasiatic. [1] Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa yana cikin yankin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka


[2]sake ginawa Proto-Afroasiatic yana da matsala kuma bai ci gaba zuwa matakin da aka samu a cikin ilimin harshe na Indo-Turai ba. Yawancin lokaci da aka raba rassan, tare da nisa mai yawa tsakanin shaidu na rassan asali (karni na 3 BC don Masar da Semitic, ƙarni na 19 da 20 ga yawancin yarukan Chadic, Cushitic, da Omotic) yana nufin cewa ƙayyade takaddun sauti har yanzu ba zai yiwu ba. Baya ga takardun gargajiya da aka tsara, akwai kuma wani ra'ayi daban-daban wanda ya zama sananne tsakanin Masana kimiyyar Masar; babu wata yarjejeniya game da wasula na PAA, kasancewar sautin, ko tsarin syllable. A lokaci guda, malamai ba su yarda da ko kuma har zuwa wane irin Harsunan Semitic na gargajiya ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wakilci mai aminci na yanayin PAA. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tambayar ko Tushen ƙamus a cikin harshe sun kasance mafi yawan biradical ko triradical, wato, ko suna da asali biyu ko uku. Har ila yau, yana taka rawa a cikin tambayar matakin da Proto-Afroasiatic ke da tushen-da-tsarin morphology, kamar yadda aka fi nunawa a cikin rassan Semitic, Masar, da Cushitic.

Duk da haka akwai wasu abubuwa na yarjejeniya da sake gina ƙamus. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa sunayen Proto-Afroasiatic suna da Jima'i na ilimin lissafi, aƙalla lambobi biyu kuma mai yiwuwa uku na ilimin lissafin (ɗaya, jam'i, kuma mai yiwuwa biyu), da kuma tsarin shari'a tare da aƙalla lokuta biyu. Proto-Afroasiatic na iya kasancewa da alamar suna ko Ergative-absolutive alignment. An kuma sake gina prefix na deverbal *mV- a ko'ina. Duk da yake akwai rashin jituwa game da siffofin wakilan PAA, akwai yarjejeniya cewa akwai masu zaman kansu da "ƙuntata" (marasa damuwa, ƙuntataccen) siffofi. Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya cewa yaduwar n = namiji da jam'i, t = mace ya koma PAA, da kuma game da kasancewar wakilin tambaya *mV, wanda watakila bai bambanta animacy ba. Akwai wasu yarjejeniyoyi cewa kalmar PAA tana da nau'o'i biyu ko yiwuwar guda uku, kodayake akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da waɗannan nau'ikan suka kasance da kuma irin lokutan, fannoni, ko yanayin da suka bayyana. Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa akwai yiwuwar saiti biyu na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (prefixes da suffixes) da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, muhimmancin gemination na magana da reduplication da kasancewar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga guda uku, musamman na -*s-, ana sake gina su. Ba za a iya sake gina tsarin lambobi ba, kodayake an ba da shawarar lambobi masu yawa na PAA da saiti masu alaƙa daga 1 zuwa 9.

Yin soyayya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babu wata yarjejeniya game [3] lokacin da aka yi magana da Proto-Afroasiatic. Cikakken kwanan wata na lokacin da Proto-Afroasiatic zai iya kasancewa shine c. 4000 BCE , bayan haka an tabbatar da harshen Masar da Semitic. [4], a duk yiwuwar waɗannan harsuna sun fara rarrabuwa sosai kafin wannan iyaka mai wuya. Kimanin [3] masana suka bayar game da lokacin da aka yi magana da Proto-Afroasiatic ya bambanta sosai, daga 18,000 KZ zuwa 8,000 KZ.   W[5] kimantawa a ƙarshen ƙaramin wannan kewayon har yanzu yana sa Afroasiatic ya zama tsohuwar iyalin harshe da aka tabbatar. [1] yake bambance-bambance da shawarwari game da fitowar farko, Tom Güldemann ya yi jayayya cewa ana iya buƙatar ƙaramin lokaci don bambancin fiye da yadda ake ɗauka, saboda yana yiwuwa harshe ya sake fasalin saurin saboda hulɗar yanki, tare da juyin halitta na Chadic (kuma mai yiwuwa kuma Omotic) yana aiki a matsayin misalai masu dacewa.

Matsalolin sake ginawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

[6][7] halin yanzu, babu wani sake fasalin da aka yarda da shi na ilimin Afroasiatic, harshe, haɗin kai, ko phonology. Sabo[8] yawan lokaci tun lokacin da Afroasiatic ya rabu zuwa rassa, akwai iyakoki ga abin da malaman zasu iya sake ginawa. [2]Cognates sukan ɓace daga harsuna masu alaƙa a tsawon lokaci. [8][9] halin yanzu babu yawancin mutanen da aka yarda da su na Afroasiatic, [1] kuma yana da wahala a sami ka'idojin rubutu masu kyau daga ƙananan misalai. [2] M[4] gamsarwa cognates a cikin Afroasiatic sau da yawa suna da iri ɗaya ko kuma irin wannan ma'anar amma sautin daban-daban, gaskiyar da ba a bayyana ta ba. [2] [8] ƙari, ba koyaushe yake bayyane ba waɗanne kalmomi ne cognates, kamar yadda wasu cognates da aka gabatar na iya zama kamanceceniya. Bugu [8] ƙari, aƙalla wasu cognates suna iya canzawa ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda canjin analog, yana mai da su da wuya a gane su. Kamar yadda kalmomi [2] canza ma'ana a tsawon lokaci, tambayar waɗanne kalmomi na iya nufin abu ɗaya sau da yawa yana da wuyar amsawa. [2] sakamakon haka, Robert Ratcliffe ya ba da shawarar cewa Proto-Afroasiatic bazai sake gina shi ba kamar yadda Proto-Indo-Turai ya kasance.

Ya[6] sake ginawa na yanzu yana da cikas saboda gaskiyar cewa an tabbatar da rassan Masar da Semitic na Afroasiatic tun daga farkon 3000 KZ, yayin da harsunan Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, da Omotic rassan an tabbatar da su ne kawai daga baya, wani lokacin a karni na 20. Tsawon tar[10] ilimin harsunan Semitic i[1] aka kwatanta da sauran rassa wani cikas ne a sake gina Proto-Afroasiatic; sau da yawa ana tsara siffofin Semitic zuwa harshe na asali, duk da ƙarancin yarensu da rashin rubutu a wasu rassa. [11] cognates, siffofin da aka raba suna ɓacewa a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda za'a iya nunawa a cikin Afroasiatic ta hanyar kwatanta Tsohon Masarawa (2600-2000 KZ) da Coptic (bayan 200 AZ). [1] Duk [12] haka yana yiwuwa a adana siffofin da ke kusa da PAA a cikin harsunan da aka rubuta daga baya, yayin da harsunan leken da aka rubuta a baya na iya samun siffofin da suka bambanta da PAA. Don samar [13] ingantaccen sake fasalin Afroasiatic, zai zama dole a fara sake fasalin siffofin reshe, [1] aikin da ya tabbatar da wahala. [9] zuwa 2023, akwai kawai farkon yarjejeniya game da sake gina Proto-Semitic, kuma babu sake gina kowane ɗayan rassan. [6] yanzu [1] sake gina Afroasiatic sau da yawa ya dogara da kwatanta kalmomi ko fasalulluka a cikin yarukan 'ya'ya, wanda ke haifar da sakamakon da ba su gamsar da malamai da yawa ba.

Urheimat[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fasahar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

[9][6] halin yanzu babu wata yarjejeniya game da sautin sautin Afroasiatic ko a kan takardun su a cikin yarukan 'ya'ya. Yawancin sake ginawa sun yar[12] cewa PAA tana da jerin abubuwa uku (plosives, fricatives, da affricates) kuma cewa masu ci gaba duk ba su da murya. [14] ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa an shirya abubuwan da ke hanawa a cikin triads na ƙayyadaddun murya, murya, da kuma "mai ƙarfi" (watakila Glotalized), kuma PAA ya haɗa da ƙayyadadden pharyngeal da laryngeal. Akwai rashin jituwa game [12] ko akwai sassan Labialized velar.

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Güldemann 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Ratcliffe 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Meyer & Wolff 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gragg 2019.
  5. ↑ Nichols 2003.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Winand 2023.
  7. ↑ Frajzyngier & Shay 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Sanker 2023.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Huehnergard 2023.
  10. ↑ Allati 2012.
  11. ↑ Stauder 2023.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Frajzyngier & Shay 2012.
  13. ↑ Porkhomovsky 2020.
  14. ↑ Hayward 2000.
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