Harshen Shabo

Harshen Shabo
Dangin harshen	Default Harshen Shabo
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Shabo (ko kuma zai fi dacewa Chabu ; wanda kuma ake kira Mikeyir ) harshe ne da ke cikin hatsari kuma wataƙila yaren keɓe wanda kusan tsoffin mafarauta 400 ke magana a kudu maso yammacin Habasha, a gabashin yankin mutanen Habasha ta Kudu maso Yamma .

Lionel Bender ya fara ba da rahoton cewa yare dabam ne a cikin 1977, bisa bayanan da ɗan mishan Harvey Hoekstra ya tattara. An buga nahawu a cikin 2015 (Kibebe 2015). Wasu jiyya na farko sun rarraba shi a matsayin harshen Nilo-Saharan (Anbessa & Unseth 1989, Fleming 1991, Blench 2010), amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan (Kibebe 2015) bai sami ko ɗaya daga cikin siffofin nahawu na Nilo-Saharan ba, kuma ya nuna cewa Nilo- Abubuwan ƙamus na Saharan lamuni ne daga harsunan Surmic (Dimmendaal don bayyana, Blench 2019).

Alkaluma

Masu magana da harshen Shabo suna zaune a wurare uku a shiyyar Keficho Shekicho : Anderaccha, Gecha, da Kaabo .

Yayin da suke komawa daga farauta da tarawa zuwa noma masu zaman kansu da kuma yin aiki a matsayin ƙwadago, yawancin masu magana da shi suna ƙaura zuwa wasu harsunan da ke makwabtaka da su, musamman yaren Majang da Shekkacho (Mocha); Kalmomin lamuni daga waɗannan harsuna biyu suna da tasiri sosai ga ƙamus ɗinsa, musamman Majangir, da kuma Amharic .

Rabewa

Da zarar an cire yawancin kalmomin lamuni daga maƙwabtansa na kusa, Majang da Shakicho, jerin kalmomin da aka tattara suna nuna adadi mai yawa na kalmomin Koman gefe da gefe tare da adadi mai yawa na kalmomi ba tare da wata alaƙa ta waje ba. Nahawu na ɗan lokaci da aka tattara ya zuwa yanzu yana ba da kaɗan tabbataccen kamanceceniya na waje. A kan wannan, Fleming (1991) ya sanya Shabo a matsayin Nilo-Saharan kuma, a cikin Nilo-Saharan, a matsayin mafi kusa da Koman . Anbessa & Unseth sunyi la'akari da Nilo-Saharan, amma suna gabatar da kadan ta hanyar muhawara game da matsayinsu, kuma ba su da cikakken bayani game da matsayinsa a cikin iyali. Schnoebelen (2009) a cikin bincikensa na phylogenetic ya ce Shabo ya fi dacewa da shi a matsayin keɓewa, amma bai ware yiwuwar yin karo da shaidar da aka samu daga yin amfani da hanyar kwatanta (wanda har yanzu yana bukatar a yi); Kibebe (2015) ya kimanta Schnoebelen a matsayin mafi tsananin kwatance zuwa yau. Blench (2010) ya tabbatar da cewa Shabo yana yin tsari tare da dangin Nilo-Saharan, kuma bayanan kwanan nan akan Gumuz sun taimaka wajen haɗa harsuna tare. Kwanan nan, Blench (2019) ya rarraba Shabo (Chabu) a matsayin keɓewar harshe, lura da ƙaramin shaida game da kasancewar sa na Nilo-Saharan.

Blench (2017) ya lissafta kamanceceniya masu zuwa tsakanin Shabo, Gumuz, da kuma Koman siffofin lexical.

Gloss	Shabo	Gumuz	Koman
kai	zafi	Proto-Common Gumuz *kʷa	Proto-Koman *kup
nono	kowan	Proto-Common Gumuz *kúá	Proto-Koman *koy
kaho	kulbe	Yaren Guba k'əla	Kwama kwaap
rana	ukʰa, oxa	Yaso yare oka	Komo kʰaala

Kwatankwacin harsunan da aka sake ginawa na reshen Surmic da Koman da kuma harsuna uku na reshen Gumuz ya nuna ɗan kamanceceniya ta lamuni ga mutum na farko da ya zama na farko na Proto-Southwest Surmic da yuwuwar kakan harsunan Gumuz amma ƙarin bayani ya rasa kuma, in ba haka ba., har ya zuwa yanzu da alama ba ta da kima sosai.

Ma'ana	Shabo	Proto-Southwest Surmic	Proto-Southeast Surmic	Proto-Koman	Gumuz ta Arewa	Kudancin Gumuz	Dace'in
I	tiŋŋ, ta, ti	*anenetta	*aɲe	*Aka	aɗa	ara	aɗa
ku, sg.	ku, ku		*iɲv	*ai; *ina?	zama	zam	uwa
shi, ta	ji, oŋŋa				za	áŋa	yaɗam
mu	jiŋ, jaŋfu	*gauta	* gaba	*Aman, *ana, *min-?
ku, pl.	silak, silak, suba	*agitta		*uma
daya	ikin	*koɗoi		*ɗe	matata	zama	mitsi
biyu	babba	*ramma	*ramman	*suke-

An kwatanta lambar "iŋki" ("ɗaya") da Lowland Gabas Cushitic "tneki" da Saho "inik".

Fassarar sauti

Baƙaƙen su ne:

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosives	( p ) b	t d	( tʃ ) ( dʒ )	k ɡ	ʔ
Abubuwan ban tsoro	ɓ	ɗ
Abubuwan da za a iya cirewa	pʼ	tʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ
Masu saɓo	f	( s ) sʼ	( ʃ )
Kimanin	w	l	j
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Trills		r

Baƙaƙe a cikin baƙaƙe ba ƙaƙƙarfan sauti ba ne a cewar Teferra (1995):

• [p] and [f] are in free variation
• [s] and [ʃ], and sometimes also [c], [ɟ], and [ʒ], are in free variation, as in Majang; Teferra speculatively links this to the traditional practice of removing the lower incisors of men.
• [h] and [k] occasionally alternate.

Baƙaƙe masu ƙyalli sun zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan yankin, amma ba a samun baƙaƙen baƙaƙe a Majang.

Ana samun tsayin baƙo a cikin kalmomi da yawa, kamar walla "awaki", kutti "gwiwoyi"; duk da haka, sau da yawa ba shi da kwanciyar hankali.

Teferra yana sanya wasula 9 a hankali: /i/ /ɨ/ /u/ /e/ /ə/ /o/ /ɛ/ /a/ /ɔ/</link> , maiyuwa tare da ƙarin bambance-bambance dangane da tushen harshe na ci gaba . Biyar daga cikin waɗannan, /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/</link> , da dogayen takwarorinsu. Lokaci-lokaci ana goge wasula na ƙarshe, suna gajarta tsaka-tsaki wasulan: misali deego ko deg “crocodile”.

Tsarin silsilar shine (C)V(C); duk baƙaƙe sai /pʼ/</link> da /tʼ/</link> na iya faruwa sillable-ƙarshe.

Harshen tonal ne, amma tonology ɗinsa ba a bayyana ba. Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i biyu ne Teferra 1995 ya buga, ciki har da há "kill" tare da hà "nama".

Nahawu

Daidaitawa

Tsarin kalma na asali shine jigo-abu-fi'ili; akwai postposition maimakon prepositions .

Karin magana

Shabo yana da tsarin karin magana mai ban mamaki ga Afirka:

		Mufuradi	Dual	Jam'i
Mutum na 1	masc.	tiŋŋ, ta, ti	antʃ	jiŋ
	mace.	ta	ann	jafu
Mutum na 2	masc.	kukk	tʃitʃak	silaka, sila
	mace.	kuŋg	sijak	subak
Mutum na 3	masc.	ji	otʃtʃa	odda
	mace.	oŋŋa	ojja	otala

An kwatanta karin magana "I" da "shi" da harsunan Surmic ; duk da haka, akwai kuma kamanceceniya a cikin karin magana da harsunan Gumuz (Bender 1983). Bambance-bambancen jinsi da aka yi ba sabon abu bane ga Afirka.

Kalmomi

Negation ne ta ƙara da barbashi be bayan fi'ili ko suna negated: gumu zama "(shi) ba (a) sanda", ʔam be-gea "he will not come" ("come not-?"). Siffofin da ba su da kyau a cikin b sun yadu a cikin harsunan Nilo-Saharan da Afro-Asiatic .

Da alama akwai maƙasudi -ka : mawo hoop "water Boiled" → upa mawo hoop-ka "(a) mutum dafaffen ruwa".

A barbashi git ( infinitive ? subjunctive ?) yana yiwa kalmar fi'ili a cikin gine-gine da "so": moopa git inɗeet ("sit git want") "Ina so in zauna".

Yawancin ilimin halittar jiki ba shi da tabbas; da alama akwai mutum na 3 maɗaukaki na gaba gaba -g- (misali inɗage t'a-g "zai ci") da kuma mutum na biyu jam'i kariminci -ɗe  

Sunaye

Jam'i na zaɓi ne; idan aka yi amfani da su, ana yin su da kalmar yɛɛro daga baya.

Akwai suffix -ka wanda wani lokaci ke yiwa abu kai tsaye alama, misali upa kaan-ik ye "mutum ya ga kare" ("man kare ya gani"), amma kuma yana da sauran amfani. Ana samun irin wannan ƙaranci a yawancin harsunan Sudan ta gabas, amma akwai abin zargi na musamman.

Sakamako

Shabo yana amfani da matsayi bayan sunaye, misali: upa mana kandami ɗɛpik moi "mutum ya zauna akan dutse" (lit. "man rock on). ? zama").

Lambobi

Lamba	Na asali	Aro da gauraye collocations	Majang
1	ikin	-	umun
2	babba	-	pej
3	babba eku iŋki	d'ita	d' da
4	babba eku babba	abin	abin
5	efi tʃumtʃum	-	tuːl
6	efi tʃumtʃum eku iŋki	tuːl eku iŋki, tula iŋki, tula um	tula um
7	efi tʃumtʃum eku bab	tuːl eku bab, tula bab, tula peej	tula pej
8	efi tʃumtʃum eku bab eku iŋki	efi tʃumtʃum eku dʒita, tuːl eku dʒita, tula dʒit.	tula da
9	efi tʃumtʃum eku bab eku bab	efi tʃumtʃum eku aŋan, tuːl eku aŋan, tula aŋan.	tula aŋan
10	babba	irin	irin

Misalin jimlolin

mawo hoop : tafasasshen ruwa

upa mawo hoop-ka : Wani mutum dafaffen ruwa (lit. "man water Boiled-caus.")

gumu be : ba itace (lit. "stick not".)

ma gumu : itace itace (lit. "stick ?")

dɛrbakan kaal nu ɗe-be : Derbakan ba kare (lit. "Derbakan kare poss.? ?: ba))

dɛrbakan kaal nu yaaŋk : Derbakan yana da kare (lit. "Derbakan dog poss.? positive?")

ʔam be-gea : ba zai zo ba (lit. "Ba a zo-?")

inɗigi am-k : zai zo (lit. "? zo ?")

tin-ta be-ge : ba zai ci ba (lit. "? ci ba ?")

inɗage t'a-g : zai ci (lit. "? ci ?")

paar bap : macizai biyu (lit. "maciji biyu")

upa kaan-ik ye : wani mutum ya ga kare (lit. "man dog-obj. saw")

kan upa-k ye : kare ya ga mutum (lit. "dog man-obj. saw")

koto upa dɛpik ye : mace ta ga namiji (lit. "mace namiji tense? saw")

gom c'uwa t'a : wuta kone itace (lit. "fire wood ci")

cu ɗɛpik ibalabiyan-an ɗe (kalma rarraba uncertain): ka (pl.) zo (lit. "you(pl.) ?:? ku-2pl.")

subuk maakɛle kak t'a-ɗe : ku (pl.) ku ci masara (lit. "you(pl.) corn aux? eat-2pl.")

wo ka git inɗeet : Ina so in sha (lit. "sha ? infin.? so")

moopa git inɗeet : Ina so in zauna (lit. "sit ? infin.? so")

abiyange : sun zo

upa kakaak jaal kaki ye ʔam : Na ga mutumin da ya zo jiya (lit. ? gani ?")

upa mana pond ɗɛpik moi : wani mutum ya zauna akan dutse (lit. "man rock on aux.? sat")

Duba kuma

• Jerin kalmomin Shabo (Wiktionary)

Littafi Mai Tsarki

• Ahland, Colleen, da Roger Blench, "Rarraba Harsunan Gumuz da Koman", [1] da aka gabatar a taron bitar Harshe a Afirka, Lyons, Disamba 4, 2010
• Bender, M. Lionel. 1977. "Rukunin Harshen Surma - Rahoton Farko". Nazarin Harsunan Afirka, Kari na 7 . pp. 11-21.
• Roger Blench (2019), 'Chabu da Kadu: rassan marayu biyu na Nilo-Saharan', Hukuncin taron Vienna Nilo-Saharan
• Gerrit Dimmendaal (zai bayyana) Akan siffofi masu tsayayye kuma marasa ƙarfi a cikin Nilo-Saharan. Jaridar Nairobi na Harsuna da Harsuna
• Fleming, Harold C. 1991. "Shabo: gabatar da bayanai da rarrabuwa na farko", a cikin: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Shari'ar taron Nilo-Sahara na Hudu Bayreuth, Agusta 30.
• Kibebe Tshay Taye. 2015. Takardu da bayanin nahawu na Chabu. Archived 2024-05-30 at the Wayback Machine Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Addis Ababa.
• Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2009. "(Un) Rarraba Shabo: Hanyoyin Halittu da Sakamakon". Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond, Monik Charette, David Nathan & Peter Sells, eds. , Ayyukan Taro akan Takardun Harshe da Ka'idar Harshe 2 . London: SOAS. [2] Archived 2014-11-21 at the Wayback Machine (dogon sigar, ba a buga ba [3] )
• Schnoebelen, Tyler . 2009. Rarraba Shabo . Gabatarwa a taron shekara-shekara na 40 akan Harsunan Afirka (ACAL 40), Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, Afrilu 9-11, 2009.
• Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2010. Shabo keɓewa . Taron bitar "Language Isolates in Africa", Disamba 3, 2010. Lyon, Faransa.
• Tefera Anbessa da Peter Unseth. 1989. "Wajen Rarraba Shabo (Mikeyir)." A cikin M. Lionel Bender (ed.), Batutuwa a cikin Harsunan Nilo-Saharan, 405-18. Nilo-Sahara, 3. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. ISBN 3-87118-927-8 (NISA 3). (Wannan shine tushen farko na wannan labarin.)
• Tefera Anbessa. 1991. "Sketch na Shabo Grammar". a: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Shari'ar Taron Nilo-Sahara na Hudu Bayreuth, Agusta 30.
• Teferra Anbessa. 1995. "Takaitaccen sautin muryar Shabo (Mekeyir)". Robert Nicolaï da Franz Rottland, ed. , Na biyar Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium . Nice, 24-29 ga watan 1992. Gabatarwa, pp. 169-193. Köln: Köppe Verlag. Satumba 2, 1989 (Nilo-Saharan 7), Hamburg: Helmut Buske. pp. 29-38. (Ana amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin.)
• Mungode, Peter. 1984. Shabo (Mekeyr). Tattaunawar farko na rarrabuwa da ƙamus. [Rubutun da ba a buga ba]

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Jajayen Harsunan da ke Kashe Ƙarya
• Gabatarwar bidiyo ta Tyler Schnoebelen akan Shabo azaman ware
• Shabo asali lexicon a Global Lexicostatistical Database