Harshen Tewa

Harshen Tewa
Dangin harshen	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) Tanoan (en) Harshen Tewa
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	tew
Glottolog	tewa1261

Tawa harshen Tanoan ne da wasu mutanen Pueblo ke magana, galibi a cikin kwarin Rio Grande a New Mexico a arewacin Santa Fe, da kuma cikin Arizona . Hakanan ana kiranta da Tano, ko Tée-wah (archaic). Akwai rashin jituwa a tsakanin mutanen Tewa game da ko ya kamata Tewa ya sami rubutaccen fom ko a'a, kamar yadda wasu dattawan Pueblo suka yi imanin cewa ya kamata a kiyaye harshensu ta hanyar al'adar baki kadai. Saboda haka, sai a shekarun 1960 ne aka fara rubuta harshen a karon farko. Duk da haka, yawancin masu magana da Tewa sun yanke shawarar cewa karatun Tewa muhimmin al'amari ne wajen watsar da yaren don haka an ƙirƙiri rubutun ƙira don wannan dalili.

Harshen ya yi gwagwarmaya don kiyaye tushen magana mai lafiya; duk da haka, saboda ƙoƙarin kiyaye harshen tun daga shekarun 1980 - na masu magana da harshe da na harshe - wannan matsala ba ta kai ga wasu harsuna na asali ba.

Tewa yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun jigon waya tare da sautuka daban-daban guda 45. Goma sha biyu daga cikin waxannan wasula ne, masu iya zama ko dai tsayi ko gajere. Tewa, kamar sauran yarukan Tanoan, shima yana amfani da sautunan, wanda yake da guda huɗu.

Yaruka da amfani

Ƙididdiga ta 1980 ta ƙidaya masu magana 1,298, waɗanda kusan dukkansu suna jin harsuna biyu a Turanci.

A yau, Shirin Harsunan da ke Kashe Kashewa ya ƙiyasta jimillar masu magana 1,500 a duk duniya, tare da 1,200 daga cikinsu a cikin New Mexico pueblos da 300 a ƙauyen Arizona na Hano. Daga cikin waɗannan masu magana, kaɗan ne suka iya ƙware tare da mafi rinjaye kasancewar masu magana ne kawai, kuma a ƴan wurare kawai, kamar Hano, yara ne ke samun Tewa. Mafi girma New Mexico pueblo, San Juan, akwai kawai 30 masu iya magana da ya rage har zuwa 2008.

• Santa Clara Pueblo : 207 masu magana (1980)

Tun daga 2012, UNESCO ta ayyana Tewa a matsayin "mai hatsarin gaske" a cikin New Mexico.

A cikin sunayen "Pojoaque" da "Tesuque", ɓangaren da aka rubuta "que" (fari wani abu kamar [ɡe]</link> in Tewa, ko /ki/</link> a Turanci) shine Tewa don "wuri".

Ana iya rubuta Tewa da rubutun Latin ; Ana amfani da wannan lokaci-lokaci don dalilai kamar alamomi ( Be-pu-wa-ve</link> ' , ko sen-ge-de-ho</link> ' ). Saboda an ɓullo da tsarin haruffa a cikin mabambantan pueblos, Tewa yana da nau'ikan rubutu iri-iri maimakon daidaitattun haruffa guda ɗaya.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yare na yare na Santa Clara shine amfani da /j/ a cikin kalmomi inda kawai /y/ ake ji a wasu pueblos, kodayake wasu masu magana da Santa Clara suna amfani da /y/ da /j/ a kaikaice.

Wani muhimmin bambancin yare yana daidaita Santa Clara, Tesuque, da San Ildefonso Tewa da San Juan da Nambe Tewa. Tsohon yana amfani da /d/ a cikin wurare guda ɗaya inda na ƙarshe ke amfani da hanci da /d/.

A cikin sansanonin kalmomin harafi biyu, kalmomin da ke da gajeriyar /u/ a farkon harafin suna da dogon /u/ a yaren Santa Clara. A cikin yaren Santa Clara, inda sauran pueblos suke da babban sautin wannan harafin, maimakon haka za a sami sautin glide.

Fassarar sauti

Wayoyin Rio Grande Tewa sune kamar haka:

Consonants

		Labial	Dental / </br> Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
			a fili	sibilant		a fili	lab.
M / </br> Haɗin kai	mara murya	p	t̪ ⟨t⟩	ts	tʃ ⟨ch⟩	k	kʷ ⟨kw⟩	ʔ ⟨'⟩
	m	pʼ	tʼ	tsʼ	tʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩	kʼ	kʷʼ ⟨kw'⟩
	murya	b	d		( dʒ ) ⟨j⟩	ɡ
Ƙarfafawa	mara murya	f	θ ⟨th	s	ʃ ⟨sh⟩	x	xʷ ⟨xw⟩	h
	murya	v
Nasal		m	n		ɲ ⟨ñ
Trill			r
Kusanci					j ⟨ yi		w