Harshen Tifal
Tifal Yare ne Ok da ake magana da shi a Papua New Guinea . Yaruka sune Tifal (Tifalmin), Urap (Urapmin) da Atbal (Atbalmin).
Geography[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harshen Tifal yana da iyaka da masu magana da Papuan da Irian Jaya zuwa kudu da yamma, kwarin Telefomin a gabas, da kogin Sepik a arewa. [1]
| Phonemic | ka | kaː | b | d | eː | f | i | iː | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | oː | s | t | ku | ku | w | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karamin harafi | a | aa | b, p | d | e | f | i | ii | k | l | m | n | ng | o | oo | s | t | ku | ku | w | y |
| Babba | A | Aa | B | D | E | F | I | Ii | K | L | M | N | O | Oo | S | T | U | U | W | Y |
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | b | t d | k | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Ƙarfafawa | f | s | ||
| Semi wasali | w | j | ||
| Ruwa | l |
- /b/ is realized as [pʰ] word finally, as [p] in syllable-coda position before a consonant, and [b] elsewhere.
- /t/ is realized as [t] in syllable coda before a consonant and [tʰ] elsewhere.
- /d/ is realized as [ɾ] intervocalically, e.g. /didab/: [dɪˈɾʌpʰ] 'water container'.
- /k/ is [ɣ] intervocalically, [k] in syllable coda before consonants, and [kʰ] elsewhere.
- /s/ is realized as [ʂ] before /u/.
- /l/ is alveolar adjacent to back vowels and alveodental elsewhere.[2] One dialect realizes /l/ as [r] intervocalically.
Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i iː | u uː | |
| Tsakar | eː | o oː | |
| Bude | ɑ ɑː |
/o/ and /oː/ rarely contrast.[2]
| Phoneme | Sharadi | Allophone | Ganewa </br> wani wuri |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | kalma-da farko kuma a ƙarshe | [ i ] | [ ɪ ] |
| /a/ | [ a ] | [ ʌ ] | |
| /u/ | [ ku ] | [ ʊ ] | |
| /eː/ | a buɗaɗɗen maɗaukaki, kafin /m/, kuma tsakanin /j/ kuma /p/ | [ eː ] | [ Eː ] |
| /o/ | kafin /n/ ko /ŋ/ ; tsakanin /t/ kuma /k/ | [ ba ] | [ o ] |
Wasan kwaikwayo[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin haruffa shine (C)V( ː</link> (C). Maganar kwiin takan</link> 'ya na!' na iya zama banda.
/d/ only occurs word-initially.[2] /f/ only occurs syllable-initially.[2] /ŋ/ is always syllable-final.[2]
Na farko /l/</link> kawai yana faruwa a wasu yarukan. Na farko /kw/</link> yana faruwa a cikin yaruka biyu, kuma yawanci ana iya fassara su da C+V.
/w/ and /j/ occur syllable-initially.[2] Only one dialect allows syllable-coda /j/.[3]
Damuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin kalmomin da aka karkata, damuwa ya ta'allaka ne akan ma'anar kalma ta ƙarshe. Idan akwai dogayen wasali damuwa yana faɗowa kan saƙon farko a cikin kalmar. Idan duk wasulan gajeru ne, damuwa yana faɗowa akan maƙalar ƙarshe. Idan rufaffiyar damuwa ta fada kan silar farko.
Nahawu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ba a canza sunayen sunaye amma suna iya yiwa alama alama. Sassan jiki da sharuddan dangi sun kasance mallake na wajibi, kuma wasu sharuddan zumunta suna buƙatar liƙa. A kan wasu sunaye mallaka na zaɓi ne, sai dai ingantattun sunaye waɗanda ba a taɓa mallaka ba. [1]
Karin magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Mutum | Na asali | Nasiha | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | guda ɗaya | ni-/na- | nala-/nalal-/-nila | |
| jam'i | nuu-/no- | nuulu-/nulul- | ||
| 2 | guda ɗaya | m | kab- | kaltab-/kalab- |
| f | kub- | kultub-/kulub- | ||
| jam'i | kib- | kiltib- | ||
| 3 | guda ɗaya | m | a- | ala-/alal-/al- |
| f | u- | ulu-/ulul-/ul- | ||
| jam'i | ib-/i- | iltib-/ilib-/ilal-/il- | ||