Harsunan Papuan

Rarraba tarihi na yarukan Papuan, a ja. Tan shine Austronesian kuma launin toka shine tarihin harsunan Australiya.

arsunan Papua sune harsunan da ba na Austronesian ba da ake magana a tsibirin Pacific na New Guinea, da kuma tsibirai makwabta a Indonesia, Solomon Islands, da Timor ta Gabas da kusan mutane miliyan 4. Yana da tsananin rukuni na ƙasa, kuma ba ya nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta.

New Guinea ita ce mafi yawan yankuna daban-daban a duniya. Baya ga harsunan Austronesian, akwai wasu harsuna 800 da aka raba zuwa watakila ƙananan iyalai sittin, tare da alaƙa da juna ko kuma wasu harsunan, tare da yawancin harsuna. Yawancin yarukan Papuan ana magana da su a tsibirin New Guinea, tare da adadi da ake magana a Tsibirin Bismarck, Tsibirin Bougainville da Tsibirin Solomon zuwa gabas, da kuma Halmahera, Timor da Tsibirin Alor zuwa yamma. Harshen yammacin, Tambora a Sumbawa, ya ƙare. Ana magana da yaren Papuan guda ɗaya, Meriam, a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Australia, a gabashin Torres Strait.

Harsuna da yawa na Flores, Sumba, da sauran tsibirai na gabashin Indonesia an rarraba su a matsayin Austronesian amma suna da adadi mai yawa na kalmomin da ba na Austronesian ba a cikin ƙamus na asali da siffofin ilimin da ba na Australiya ba. An ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan na iya kasancewa harsunan da ba na Austronesian ba waɗanda suka ranta kusan dukkanin ƙamus daga harsunan Austronesian makwabta, amma ba a sami alaƙa da harsunan Papuan na Timor ba. Gabaɗaya, yarukan Malayo-Polynesian na Tsakiya-Gabas suna da alamar tasirin tarihi na Papuan, a cikin ƙamus, a cikin nahawu, da kuma sauti, kuma wannan yana da alhakin yawancin bambancin dangin yaren Austronesian.

Ra'ayi

"Harsunan Papuano" ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa, kuma ba ta nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta. 'anar Papuan (ba na Austronesian ba) da ke magana da Melanesians" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Melanesians">Melanesians kamar yadda ya bambanta da Melanesian da ke magana a Austronesian an fara ba da shawarar kuma an ba da suna ne daga Sidney Herbert Ray a cikin 1892.

Dangane da William A. Foley (1986):

The term 'Papuan languages' must not be taken in the same sense as 'Austronesan languages'. While all Austronesian languages are genetically related in one family, in the sense that they all descend from a common ancestral language called Proto-Austronesian spoken some 6,000 years ago... [Papuan languages] do not all trace their origins back to a single ancestral language... when a language is termed 'Papuan', this claims nothing more than that a language is not Austronesian.

Lambobin masu magana

Yawancin yarukan Papuan suna magana da daruruwan mutane zuwa dubban mutane; mafi yawan jama'a ana samun su a cikin tsaunuka na New Guinea, inda 'yan suka wuce dubu ɗari. Wadannan sun hada da Yammacin Dani (180,000 a 1993) da Ekari (100,000 da aka ruwaito 1985) a yammacin (Indonesia) tsaunuka, da Enga (230,000 a 2000), Huli (150,000 da aka ruwaitan 2011), da Melpa (130,000 da aka bayar 1991) a gabashin (PNG) tsaunukan. A yammacin New Guinea, manyan harsuna sune Makasae a Timor ta Gabas (100,000 a 2010) da Galela a Halmahera (80,000 da aka ruwaito 1990). A gabas, ana magana da Terei (27,000 da aka ruwaito 2003) da Naasioi (20,000 da aka ruwaitan 2007) a Bougainville.

Tarihin rarrabuwa

Kodayake an yi ɗan ƙaramin binciken waɗannan harsuna idan aka kwatanta da dangin Austronesian, an yi ƙoƙari na farko uku a cikin babban tsarin asali, ta Joseph Greenberg, Stephen Wurm, da Malcolm Ross. Babban dangin da aka sanya wa yankin Papuan shine Trans-New Guinea phylum, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan yarukan Papuan kuma yana gudana galibi tare da tsaunuka na New Guinea. Iyalai daban-daban masu girma iya wakiltar ƙaura daban-daban zuwa New Guinea, mai yiwuwa daga yamma. Tun da yake watakila kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu ne kawai na yarukan Papuan aka yi nazari dalla-dalla, fahimtar masu ilimin harshe game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin su za a ci gaba da sake dubawa.

Binciken kididdiga aka tsara don karɓar sigina da ba su da ƙarfi don a gano su ta hanyar kwatankwacin, kodayake suna da inganci, suna ba da shawarar manyan hannun jari guda biyar na Papua (kimanin Trans-New Guinea, Yamma, Arewa, Gabas, da Kudancin Papua); kwatankwacin dogon lokaci ya kuma ba da shawarar haɗin kai tsakanin harsunan da aka zaɓa, amma kuma hanyar ba ta al'ada ba a cikin ilimin harshe na tarihi.

Babban yarukan Andamanese iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wasu yarukan Papuan na yamma, amma ba a rufe su da kalmar Papuan ba.

Rarrabawar Greenberg

Joseph Greenberg ya ba da shawarar wani nau'in Indo-Pacific wanda ke dauke da harsunan (Arewa) Andamanese, duk harsunan Papuan, da harsuna na Tasmanian, amma ba Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya ba. Masana ilimin harshe kaɗan ne suka yarda da ƙungiyarsa. Ya bambanta da Trans-New Guinea phylum na rarrabuwa da ke ƙasa.