Harshen Turoyo

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Turoyo
Surayt/Suryoyo
ܛܘܪܝܐ Turoyo
Furucci [tˤuˈrɔjɔ]
Asali a Turkey, Syria
Yanki Mardin Province of southeastern Turkey; Al-Hasakah Governorate in northeastern Syria
Ƙabila Syriac/Assyrian
'Yan asalin magana
 (undated figure of 250,000)[1]
Syriac alphabet (West Syriac Serṭo)
Latin alphabet (Turoyo alphabet)
Official status
Recognised minority language in
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 tru
Glottolog turo1239[5]


Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harsunan Neo-Aramaic, gami da Turoyo (wanda aka wakilta a cikin ja)

Turoyo:Turoyo:Turoyo: about="#mwt35" data-ve-ignore="true" dir="rtl" lang="tru"> kuma ake kira Surayt (Turoye), ko Suryoyo na zamani (Turoyi), yare ne na Neo-Aramaic na Tsakiya wanda aka saba magana a yankin Tur Abdin a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya da arewacin Siriya. Masu magana da Turoyo galibi mabiyan Cocin Orthodox ne na Syriac, amma akwai kuma wasu masu magana da Toroyo na Cocin Assuriya na Gabas da Cocin Katolika na Kaldiyawa, musamman daga garuruwan Midyat da Qamishli. Harshen kuma ana magana da shi a duk faɗin ƙasashen waje, tsakanin Assuriyawa / Syriacs na zamani. An rarraba shi a matsayin harshe mai rauni. Yawancin masu magana suna amfani da Harshen Syriac na gargajiya don adabi da ibada. Turoyo ba ta fahimta da juna tare da Yammacin Neo-Aramaic, bayan an raba su sama da shekaru dubu; danginsa mafi kusa sune Mlaḥsô da nau'ikan yammacin Arewa maso gabashin Neo-Arumaic kamar Suret.

Kalmar Surayt galibi masu magana da ita ne ke amfani da ita, a matsayin sunan gama gari don yarensu, na zamani ko na tarihi. Har ila yau, shirin da EU ke tallafawa kwanan nan yana amfani da shi don sake farfado da harshen, maimakon Ṭuroyo, tunda Surayt sunan tarihi ne ga harshen da masu magana da shi suka yi amfani da shi, yayin da Turoyo sunan ilimi ne ga harshen wanda aka yi amfani da su don rarrabe shi daga wasu harsunan Neo-Aramaic, da kuma Syriac na gargajiya. Koyaya, musamman a cikin Diaspora, ana kiran yaren Surayt, Suryoyo (ko Surayt, Sŭryoyo ko Süryoyo dangane da yaren), ma'ana "Syriac" gabaɗaya. Tun lokacin da ya bunkasa a matsayin daya daga cikin bambance-bambance na yammacin harshen Syriac, Turoyo wani lokacin ana kiransa da Yammacin Neo-Syriac.[6]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Turoyo ya samo asali ne daga nau'ikan Aramaic na Gabas waɗanda aka yi magana a Tur Abdin da filayen da ke kewaye da su sama da shekaru dubu tun farkon gabatarwar Aramaic zuwa yankin. Koyaya, Syriac na gargajiya ya rinjayi shi, wanda shi kansa shine iri-iri na Gabashin Aramaic na Tsakiya da ake magana da shi a yamma, a cikin birnin Edessa, wanda a yau ake kira Urfa. Saboda kusanci da Tur Abdin zuwa Edessa, da kusanci da yarensu na iyaye, yana nufin cewa Turoyo yana da kamanceceniya da Syriac na gargajiya fiye da nau'ikan Neo-Aramaic na Arewa maso gabashin.

The homeland of Turoyo is the Tur Abdin region in southeastern Turkey.[7] This region is a traditional stronghold of Syriac Orthodox Christians.[8][9] The Turoyo-speaking population prior to the Syriac genocide largely adhered to the Syriac Orthodox Church.[7] In 1970, it was estimated that there were 20,000 Turoyo-speakers still living in the area, however, they gradually migrated to Western Europe and elsewhere in the world.[7] The Turoyo-speaking diaspora is now estimated at 250.000 [7] In the diaspora communities, Turoyo is usually a second language which is supplemented by more mainstream languages.[10] The language is considered endangered by UNESCO, but efforts are still made by Turoyo-speaking communities to sustain the language through use in homelife, school programs to teach Turoyo on the weekends, and summer day camps.[10][11] Today[yaushe?] only hundreds of speakers remain in Tur Abdin.[7]

Har zuwa kwanan nan, Turoyo magana ce kuma ba a taɓa rubuta ta ba: Kthobonoyo (Classical Syriac) ita ce harshen da aka rubuta. A cikin shekarun 1880, an yi ƙoƙari daban-daban, tare da ƙarfafawar masu wa'azi a ƙasashen yamma, don rubuta Turoyo a cikin haruffa na Syriac, a cikin Serto da kuma rubutun Estrangelo da aka yi amfani da shi don Kthobhonoyo na Yammacin Syriac. Ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun nazarin farko na yaren an buga shi a cikin 1881, ta hanyar masu ilimin gabas Eugen Prym da Albert Socin, waɗanda suka rarraba shi a matsayin yaren Neo-Aramaic.[12]

Koyaya, tare da rikice-rikice a ƙasarsu ta hanyar karni na ashirin, yawancin masu magana da Turoyo sun yi hijira a duniya (musamman zuwa Siriya, Lebanon, Sweden da Jamus). Manufofin ilimi na gwamnatin Sweden, cewa kowane yaro ya sami ilimi a cikin yarensa na farko, ya haifar da ƙaddamar da kayan koyarwa a Turoyo. Yusuf Ishaq ta haka ne ya kirkiro haruffa don Turoyo bisa ga Rubutun Latin. Silas Üzel ya kuma kirkiro haruffa na Latin daban don Turoyo a Jamus.

Jerin littattafan karatu da littattafan aiki waɗanda ke gabatar da haruffa na Ishaq ana kiransu Toxu Qorena!, ko "Ku zo Bari mu karanta!" Wannan aikin ya kuma samar da ƙamus na Yaren mutanen Sweden-Turoyo na shigarwa 4500: Svensk-turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo . Wani tsohon malami, marubuci kuma mai fassara na Turoyo shine Yuhanun Üzel (an haife shi a Miden a 1934) wanda a cikin 2009 ya gama fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Peshitta a Turoyo, tare da Benjamin Bar Shabo da Yahkup Bilgic, a cikin Serto (Yammacin Syriac) da rubutun Latin, tushe ga "harshen Aramaic-Syriac". Wata ƙungiyar masu binciken AI sun kammala samfurin fassarar farko don Turoyo a cikin 2023.[13]

Harsuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Turoyo ya aro wasu kalmomi daga Larabci, Kurdawa, Armeniya, da Turkiyya.[14] Babban yaren Turoyo shine na Midyat (Mëḏyoyo), a gabashin Lardin Mardin na Turkiyya. Kowane ƙauye yana da yare na musamman (Midwoyo, Kfarzoyo, Iswarnoyo, Nihloyo, da Izloyo, bi da bi).  [ana buƙatar hujja]Dukkanin yarukan Turoyo suna fahimtar juna. Akwai rarrabuwar yare tsakanin garin Midyat da ƙauyuka, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙauyuka.[7] Harshen da ke da alaƙa da juna ko yaren, Mlaḥsô, wanda ake magana a ƙauyuka biyu a Diyarbakır, yanzu an dauke shi da ƙare.[14][7]

Harshen haruffa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An rubuta Turoyo a cikin haruffa na Latin da Syriac (Serto). Rubutun da ke ƙasa shine sakamakon taron Surayt na Duniya da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Cambridge (27-30 Agusta 2015). [1][15]

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Harafin Latin ' B b V v G g GMMMM J j D d Yin amfani da shi H h W w Z z Ž ž Ḥ ḥ Ṭ ṭ Ḍ ḍ Kuma da
Harafin Syriac                                
Yadda ake furta shi [ʔ], kuma [b] [v] [g] [ɣ] [dʒ] [d] [h] [w] [z] [Ka duba] [ħ] [Ya zama] [Inda Aka Ɗauko] [j]
Harafin Latin K k X x L M m N n S s C c P p F f Sa'ad da Sa'ad Q Q R r Š š Č č T t Ya ce
Harafin Syriac                                
Yadda ake furta shi [k] [x] [l] [m] [n] [s] [Ya'yan ita] [p] [f] [Shin] [q] [r] [ʃ] [tʃ] [t] [θ]
  1. ↑ "Did you know". Surayt-Aramaic Online Project. Free University of Berlin.
  2. ↑ Template:Cite interview
  3. ↑ Akbulut, Olgun (2023-10-19). "For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. -1 (aop): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15718115-bja10134. ISSN 1385-4879.
  4. ↑ Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (2021-06-30). "SÜRYANİCE ANADİLİNDE EĞİTİM HAKKI: SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ". Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi (in Harshen Turkiyya). 26 (44): 3–35. ISSN 1300-2929.
  5. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Turoyo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  6. ↑ Tezel 2003.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Jastrow 2011.
  8. ↑ Palmer 1990.
  9. ↑ Barsoum 2008.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Weaver & Kiraz 2016.
  11. ↑ Sibille, Jean (2011). "Turoyo". Sorosoro. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  12. ↑ Prym & Socin 1881.
  13. ↑ "Syriac.IO - Translator". www.syriac.io (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  14. ↑ Tezel 2015a.
  15. ↑ Talay 2017.


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