Harshen Xavante
Harshen Xavante harshe ne na Akuwẽ (Central Jê) ( Jê, Macro-Jê ) wanda mutanen Xavante ke magana a yankin da ke kewaye da Gabashin Mato Grosso, Brazil . Harshen Xavante baƙon abu ne a cikin sautin sautinsa, abin da ya dace da shi – wakili – tsarin kalma, da kuma amfani da sharuddan daraja da ƙauna a cikin yanayin halittarsa .
Mutanen Xavante kusan mutane 18,380 ne a ƙauyuka 170 ya zuwa 2014, amma mutane 9,600 ne ke magana da yaren, waɗanda kusan 7,000 ke magana da harshe ɗaya. Masu magana na yanzu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi kowane shekaru daban-daban, suna amfani da harshe sosai kuma suna riƙe kyawawan halaye game da Xavante.
Fage[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Xavante harshe ne a cikin dangin Jê, ana magana a cikin Mato Grosso, a yammacin Brazil. [1] An fassara shi a matsayin Chavante da Shavante, kuma ana kiransa Akuen, Awen, A'uwe Uptabi, A'we, Crisca, Pusciti, da Tapuac.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen Xavante sun samo asali ne daga gabashin kogin Araguaia, a cikin abin da ake kira lardin Goias a lokacin. [2] A farkon karni na 18, ’yan mulkin mallaka sun mamaye wannan yanki da yawa suna neman zinariya, lamarin da ya sa al’ummar yankin suka yi fama da annoba da kuma zama a matsugunan da gwamnati ta kirkiro. Bayan haka, a ƙarshen karni na 18 da farkon 19, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda a yanzu ke bayyana kansu a matsayin Xavante, suka zauna a Mato Grosso; wannan yanki ba shi da damuwa har zuwa 1930s.
A wannan lokaci, gwamnati a karkashin Getulio Vargas ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Maris zuwa Yamma' a cikin Shirin Haɗin Kai na ƙasa, wanda aka haɓaka haɓaka cikin cikin Brazil da 'zaman gida na Savage'. [3] An yi amfani da mutanen Xavante a cikin kafofin watsa labaru a matsayin misalan sabbin mutanen da aka kwantar da su waɗanda suka yanke shawarar shiga cikin al'ummar Brazil. A halin yanzu, ƙungiyoyi ciki har da mishaneri sun mamaye Mato Grosso don ƙoƙarin maida Xavanate zuwa Katolika ; ’yan asalin kasar da suka fusata da mamayewar ba tare da neman izini ba, suka kai wa kungiyar hari. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin har zuwa shekarun 1960, an kafa hulɗar zaman lafiya, inda aka yi musayar kaya. [4]
Daga 1960s zuwa 1980s, an yi marmarin ƙasar Xavante don amfanin noma da noma; yarjejeniyoyin da za a yi a kai wa farar fata sau da yawa ana yaudara ne, kuma filayen da ake amfani da su don al'adun gargajiya, kamar duk filayen shinkafa, ko kiwo. An tura mutanen daga Mato Grosso zuwa kudancin Brazil, yankin da ba shi da albarka; duk da haka, al'ummar Xavante daga nan ne suka fara yunƙurin kwato ƙasar da suka zauna kafin tuntuɓar mazauna yankin a cikin shekarun 1970, tare da biyan buƙatun ƙasa da tashin hankali daga manyan kamfanonin jari-hujja waɗanda a yanzu suka mamaye yankunan. [4] A cikin 1981, an keɓance yankuna shida zuwa Xavante, kuma a cikin 1991, an ci haƙƙin haƙƙin haɓaka wasu yankuna. [5] Koyaya, rikice-rikice game da yankuna tsakanin Xavante da gwamnatin Brazil na ci gaba a yau. [4] A halin yanzu, akwai Shirin Takardun Al'adun Yan Asalin (PRODOCULT) wanda aka keɓe ga Xavante, wanda JR Welch da R. Costa ke gudanarwa; tarin dindindin, wanda ya ƙunshi hotuna, rubutu, zane-zane da ƙarin bayani kan mutanen Xavante da harshe, yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Indiya.