Harsunan Afghanistan
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Afghanistan al'umma ce mai bambancin harshe, tana da sama da harsuna 40 daban-daban.[1][Note 1], Dari[Note 2] and Pashtomanyan harsuna biyu ne a kasar, kuma sun yi tarayya da su official status karkashin gwamnatoci daban-daban na Afghanistan. Dari, a matsayin harshen da aka raba tsakanin multiple ethnic groups a kasar, ya zama tarihi lingua francatsakanin ƙungiyoyin harsuna daban-daban a yankin kuma shine yaren da aka fi fahimta a ƙasar.[2][3] Pashto shi akafi yi a yankin;amma yaren bashi da kabila da yawa kamar Dari, kuma yaren wanda ba kabilan Pashtuns basuyi.[4][Note 3] Dari da Pashto a kwai kabilanci (a babbancin yare) "relatives", as both are Iranian languages.[5][6][7][8]
According to CIA World Factbook, Dari Persian is spoken by 78% (L1 + L2) and functions as the lingua franca, while Pashto is spoken by 50%, Uzbek 10%, English 5%, Turkmen 2%, Urdu 2%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, and Balochi 1% (2021 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. The Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them.[9]
Both Persian and Pashto are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. Other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani, are spoken by minority groups across the country.
Minor languages include: Ashkunu, Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami and Kalasha-ala, Pamiri (Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Arabic, and Pashai and Kyrgyz, and Punjabi.[10] Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages,[1] with around 200 different dialects.
Dubawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
The Persian or Dari language functions as the nation's lingua franca and is the native tongue of several of Afghanistan's ethnic groups including the Tajiks, Hazaras and Aimaqs.[11] Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns, the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.[12] Due to Afghanistan's multi-ethnic character, multilingualism is a common phenomenon.
The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades.[13] The table below displays estimates of the major languages spoken in Afghanistan per sample statistics:
| Language | 2006 (as L1) (out of 6,226)[4] |
2006 (as L2) (out of 6,226)[4] |
2013 (out of 9,260)[3] |
2018 (out of 13,943, L1+L2)[14] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dari | 49% | 26% | 48% | 77% |
| Pashto | 40% | 5% | 25% | 48% |
| Uzbek | 9% | 2% | 9% | 11% |
| Turkmen | 2% | 3% | 3% | 3% |
| Balochi | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% |
| Pashayi | 0% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
| Nuristani | N/A | N/A | 1% | 1% |
| Arabic | 0% | 2% | 1% | 1% |
| English | 0% | 8% | 5% | 6% |
| Urdu | 0% | 7% | 2% | 3% |
Kididdigar ta bambanta da yawa daga tushe zuwa tushe, adadin jimlar masu magana da Dari (L1+L2) ya kasance mafi daidaituwa (77-80%). Tsakanin tushe adadin masu magana da L1 na Pashto da Dari sun bambanta sosai. Tare da Encyclopedia Britannica yana ƙididdige cewa kusan 1/2 na mutanen Afghanistan suna magana Dari na asali, kuma "fiye da" 2/5 na Afganistan suna magana da Pashto na asali. Yayin da ake ƙididdige ƙaramin adadin masu magana da Pashto na asali sannan sauran tushe, Britannica ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'a suna magana da Pashto a matsayin yare na biyu (ƙididdigar mafi girma fiye da sauran kafofin). Britannica ta kuma lura cewa yawancin Pashtuns (musamman a cikin birane) suna magana da Dari a matsayin yaren farko, don haka yawan masu magana da yaren farko ba abin dogaro ba ne na ƙabilanci. Wasu kafofin na iya ba da ƙididdiga mafi girma ga masu magana da L1 Pashto amma ƙananan ƙididdigewa ga masu magana da L2, kuma suna iya ba da ƙididdiga daban-daban na Dari dangane da ko nau'in Dari na yanki kamar Hazaragi da Aimaq ana kirga su azaman harsuna ko yare. Encyclopedia Iranica ya kiyasta cewa kashi 50-55% na Afganistan suna magana da Pashto a matsayin yarensu na asali, amma kiyasin ƴan masu magana da yare na biyu (ba a yi kiyasin ba, kawai adadin masu magana da L2 ya kasance "kasa da 10%"). Har ila yau Iranica ta kiyasta kashi 25% na Afganistan da ke jin harshen Dari amma kuma ta rarraba nau'ikan Farisa da ake magana da su a tsakiyar Afganistan a matsayin yaruka daban-daban kamar Dari, kuma ba ta ba da kiyasin kashi na masu jin Farisa ba. Har ila yau, Iranica ba ta yi magana game da yawancin Pashtuns da ke magana da Dari a matsayin harshensu na farko ba.
Yawan jama'a a Afghanistan, musamman a Kabul, suna iya magana da fahimtar Hindustani saboda shahara da tasirin fina-finai da waƙoƙin Bollywood a yankin.
Manufar harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harsunan hukuma na ƙasar sune Dari da Pashto, kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1964 na Afghanistan ya kafa. Dari shi ne yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin harsunan hukuma na Afghanistan kuma yana aiki azaman yare ne ga ƙasar. A cikin 1980, wasu harsunan yanki sun sami matsayin hukuma a yankunan da suke yaren mafi rinjaye. An tsara wannan manufar a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2004, wanda ya kafa Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani da Pamiri a matsayin harshen hukuma na uku a yankunan da yawancin jama'a ke magana da su.
Dangin Harsuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tunda Afghanistan galibi tana kan tudun Iran, yawancin harsunan da ake magana na dangin harsunan Iran ne. Harsunan Turkanci ana yin su kaɗan a tsakiyar tsakiyar tudu da tsakiyar Asiya. Hakazalika, harsunan Nuristani da kuma harsunan Dravidian ana yin su da yawa a wasu yankuna inda tudun mun tsira da yankin Indiya.
Yaruka Dake Cikin Hadari[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Har zuwa 2004, harsunan Dari da Pashto su ne kawai yarukan da gwamnati ta inganta. Ko da yake tun daga lokacin siyasa ta canza, har yanzu tana cutar da yawancin harsunan ƙasar. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yarukan da ake magana da su a Afghanistan waɗanda UNESCO ta amince da su. UNESCO ta amince da harsuna 23 da ke cikin hadari a Afghanistan, 12 daga cikinsu ana magana ne kawai a Afghanistan kuma daya ya bace bayan binciken UNESCO.
| Language | UNESCO Status | Language Group | Language Family | Native to | Speakers (All Countries) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashkun | Definitely endangered | Nuristani (Indo-Iranian) | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 40,000 (2011) |
| Brahui | Vulnerable | Northern Dravidian | Dravidian | Afghanistan, Pakistan | 2,864,400 (2018) |
| Central Asian Arabic | Definitely endangered | Semitic | Afro-Asiatic | Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan | 6,000 (2003) |
| Gawar-Bati | Definitely endangered | Indo-Aryan (Indo-Iranian) | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Pakistan | 9,500 (1992) |
| Kamkata-vari | Definitely endangered | Nuristani | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Pakistan | 40,000 (2017) |
| Moghol | MoribundTemplate:Ref | MogholTemplate:Ref | Mongolic | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 200 (2003)Template:Ref |
| Munji | Severely endangered | Iranian (Indo-Iranian) | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 5,300 (2008) |
| Nangalami | Severely endangered | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 5,000 (1994) |
| Ormuri | Definitely endangered | Iranian | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Pakistan | 6,000 (2004) |
| Parachi | Definitely endangered | Iranian | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 3,500 (2009) |
| Parya | Severely endangered | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan | 2,600 (No Date)Template:Ref |
| Pashayi | Vulnerable | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 400,000 (2011) |
| Rushani | Definitely endangered | Iranian | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Tajikistan | 18,000 (1990) |
| Savi | Definitely endangered | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 9,000 (2017) |
| Sanglechi | Severely endangered | Iranian | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Tajikistan | 2,200 (2009) |
| Shughni | Vulnerable | Iranian | Indo-European | Afghanistan, Tajikistan | 75,000 (1990) |
| Shumashti | Severely endangered | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 1,000 (1994) |
| Tirahi | MoribundTemplate:Ref | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 100 (undated)[16] |
| Tregami | Severely endangered | Nuristani | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 3,500 (2011) |
| Kalasha-Ala | Definitely endangered | Nuristani | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 12,000 (2011) |
| Wakhi | Definitely endangered | Iranian | Indo-European | Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan | 58,000 (2012) |
| Wasi-Wari | Definitely endangered | Nuristani | Indo-European | Afghanistan (exclusively) | 8,000 (2011) |
| Wotapuri-Katarqalai | Extinct (no living speakers left) | Indo-Aryan | Indo-European | Afghanistan (formerly) | 0 |
Don Dubawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Afghan Turkmens
- Demographics of Afghanistan
- Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
- Turkic people in Afghanistan
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Harald Haarmann: Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt. Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, 08033994793.ABA, S.273–274; Afghanistan
- ↑ Asia Foundation.Binciken Mutanen Afghanistan: Afghanistan a cikin 2019. Archived 18 ga Augusta, 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 A gidauniyar Asia. Afghanistan in 2013: A bincike na mutanen Afghan.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Da Gidauniyar Asia. Afghanistan in 2006: Bin ciken mutanen Afghan.
- ↑ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs". Sil.org. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ↑ "The World Factbook: Afghanistan". Cia.gov. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ↑ R. Farhadi and J. R. Perry, Kaboli, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, originally in Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, pp. 276–280, 2009.
- ↑ "Uncommon tongue: Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu". BBC News. 11 September 2015.
- ↑ The World Factbook
- ↑ Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan (in Turanci). Infobase Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781438108193.
Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Pashto and Dari.
- ↑ "Languages of Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. 31 July 2023.
- ↑ "Ethnic groups". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.
- ↑ O'toole, Pam (6 October 2004). "Afghan poll's ethnic battleground". BBC News. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
- ↑ The Asia Foundation. Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People. Archived 7 ga Augusta, 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Afghanistan: Country data and statistics".
- ↑ "Tirahi". Ethnologue.
Karin Bayani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Many of Afghanistans languages are quite small, with many being on the verge of extinction. See Template:Section link
- ↑ Dari Dari shine sunan hukuma iri-iri Persian language magana a Afghanistan. Ana yawan kiransa da shiAfghan Persian, ko da yake har yanzu an san shi daFarsi (Persian: فارسی; "Persian") ga masu magana da harshenta, gwamnatin Afghanistan ta canza sunan a hukumance zuwa Dari a 1964. Dari ya kasance harshen da aka fi so na gwamnati shekaru aru-aru, duk da mamayar siyasa ta Pashtuns, wanda harshensu shine Pashto.
- ↑ See Template:Section link
Don Karin Karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mahad[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Template:Languages of Afghanistan Template:Asia in topic Template:Languages of South Asia