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Hijaz

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Hijaz
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 23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E / 23.5036°N 40.8597°E / 23.5036; 40.8597
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaSaudi Arebiya
Province of Saudi Arabia (en) Fassarayankin Makka

Hijaz kalmar da turanci: The Hejaz (/hiːˈdʒ[1]æz, hɪˈ-, kuma Amurka: /hɛˈ-/; a Larabci: ٱلْحِجَاز, romanized: al-Ḥijāz, lit. 'the Barrier', Lardin Larabci na Hejazi: [alħɪˈdʒaːz yanki ne wanda ya haɗa da gabar tekun yammacin Saudiyya, wanda ya mamaye biranen na Makka, Madina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif da Baljurashi. Don haka ake kiran shi da "Lardin Yamma", [2] kuma tana iyaka da yamma da Tekun Maliya, a arewa da Jordan, a gabas da Najd, a kudu kuma tana iyaka da yankin Asir. [3] Babban birninta shine Jeddah, wanda shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Saudi Arabiya, tare da Makka da Madina, bi da bi, shine na hudu da na biyar mafi girma a cikin kasar.[1]

Hejaz tana da mahimmanci sosai a fagen tarihi da siyasa na Arabo-Islam. Wannan yanki shine mafi yawan jama'a a Saudi Arabia,[4] kuma Larabci shine yare mafi girma, kamar yadda yake a sauran Saudi Arabiya,a Hejazi Larabci shine yaren da aka fi amfani dashi. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan Hijaz sun samo asali ne daga kabilu daban-daban,[3] ko da yake mafi yawansu ‘yan asalin Larabawa ne.[4]

A bisa al'adar Musulunci, wannan yanki shi ne mahaifar annabi Muhammad SAW., wanda aka haife shi a Makka, kakanninsa Ibrahim, Isma'il, da Hajara ne suka kafa shi.[5]Yankin ya zama wani bangare na daularsa ta hanyar yakukuwan farko na musulmi, kuma ya zama wani bangare na khalifofin da suka biyo baya, na farko Khalifancin khalifa Rashidun, sannan Khalifancin Umayyawa, sannan daga karshe Khalifancin Abbasiyawa. Daular Usmaniyya ta rike wani bangare na iko a yankin; bayan rugujewarta, daular Hejaz mai cin gashin kanta ta wanzu a takaice a cikin shekara ta 1925 kafin makwabciyar masarautar Nejd ta mamaye shi, wanda ya haifar da daular Hejaz da Nejd[6]. A cikin watan Satumba na 1932, Masarautar Hejaz da Nejd suka shiga cikin masarautar Saudiyya ta Al-Hasa da Qatif, inda suka samar da daular Saudiyya.[7].

Asali

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Sunan yankin ya samo asali ne daga kalmar aikatau ḥajaza (حَجَز), daga tushen larabci ḥj-z (ح-ج-ز), ma'ana "rabe",[8] kuma ana kiransa kamar yadda ya raba ƙasar. Najd a gabas daga kasar Tihamah a yamma.

Tarihi

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Zamanin karnin farko

An sami dolmen megalithic guda ɗaya ko biyu a cikin Hejaz[9].

Hejaz ta hada da Mahd adh-Dhahab ("Cradle of the Gold") (23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E) da kuma tushen ruwa, wanda yanzu ya bushe, wanda ya kasance yana gudana mil 600 (970) km) arewa maso gabas zuwa Tekun Fasha ta hanyar tsarin Wādi Al-Rummah da Wādi Al-Bātin. Binciken archaeology da Jami'ar Boston da Jami'ar Qassim suka jagoranta ya nuna cewa tsarin kogin yana aiki a 2500-3000 KZ.[10]

A cewar Al-Masudi yankin arewacin Hejaz ya kasance abin dogaro ne na tsohuwar Isra’ila[11], kuma a cewar Butrus al-Bustani Yahudawan da ke Hejaz sun kafa kasa mai cin gashin kanta.[12] Masanin gabacin Jamus Ferdinand Wüstenfeld ya yi imanin cewa Yahudawa sun kafa daula a arewacin Hejaz.[13] Madayanawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki sun zauna a Hejaz.[14] Yankin arewacin Hejaz wani yanki ne na lardin Larabawa na Romawa na Petraea.[15]

Zamanin Annabi Ibrahim da Isma'il

A cewar majiyoyin Larabawa da na Musulunci, wayewar Makka ta fara ne bayan da Ibrahim (AS.) ya kawo dansa Isma’il (AS.) da matarsa ​​Hajar (Hagar) a nan, domin su zauna. Adnaniyawa wata ƙungiya ce ta ƙabilu na Larabawa, waɗanda suka samo asali tun daga Isma’il (AS.) ɗan annabi Ibrahim (AS.) da matarsa ​​Hajara, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Hijaz[16]. Wasu daga kabilar Jurhum ta Yaman sun zauna tare da su, kuma an ruwaito Isma’il ya auri mata biyu, daya bayan ya sake wata, akalla daya daga cikin su daga wannan kabilar, kuma ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa wajen sake gina Ka’aba ,[17] wanda zai kasance yana da tasirin zamantakewa, addini, siyasa da tarihi ga shafi da yanki.[18]

Misali, a akidar Larabawa ko ta Musulunci, kabilar Kuraishawa ta fito ne daga zuriyar Isma’il bn Ibrahim, wadda ta kasance a kusa da dakin Ka’aba[19], sannan ta hada da Muhammad bn Abdullah bn Abdul-Muttalib bn Hashim bn Abd Manaf. . Daga Zamanin Jahiliyyah ('Jahiliyya') har zuwa zamanin Muhammadu (SAW.), kabilun Larabawa masu yawan fada a lokacin aikin Hajji za su daina yakarsu a lokacin aikin Hajji, su tafi aikin hajji a Makka, kamar yadda akka yiwa Ibrahim (AS.) wahayi [20]. A irin wannan lokaci ne Muhammadu (SAW.) ya gamu da wasu Madanai wadanda za su ba shi damar yin hijira zuwa Madina, saboda gudun fitinar abokan adawarsa a Makka.[21]

Zamanin Annabi Saleh

Cibiyar Al'adun gargajiya ta Saudiyya da Hejaz ta farko da Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita ce ta Al-Hijr. Sunan Al-Ḥijr ("Ƙasar Duwatsu" ko "Gidan Dutse") ya zo a cikin kur'ani,[22] kuma wurin ya shahara da yin gine-gine da aka sassaƙa a cikin duwatsu, kamar Petra.[23] Gine-ginen mutanen Samudawa ne. Ana kuma kiran wurin da sunan Madāʾin Sāliḥ ("Biranen Saleh (AS.)"),[24] kamar yadda ake kyautata zaton garin ne da aka aiko da annabin Musulunci Saleh (AS.) a cikinsa. zuwa ga mutanen Samudawa. Bayan bacewar Samudawa daga Mada'in Saleh, ta shiga karkashin ikon wasu mutane, kamar Nabataean, wanda babban birninsu shi ne Petra. Daga baya kuma, ta kasance a hanyar da Mahajjata musulmi, inda suke amfani da ita zuwa Makka.[25]

Zamanin Annabi Muhammadu SAW.

A matsayin kasar Makka[26] da Madina,[27] Hijaz ita ce inda aka haifi Muhammadu (SAW.), kuma a nan ne ya kafa al’ummar mabiya tauhidi, ya yi hakuri da makiyansa ko ya yi yaki da su, ya yi hijira daga gare su. wani wuri zuwa wani, wa'azi ko aiwatar da imaninsa, ya rayu kuma ya mutu. Ganin cewa yana da mabiya da makiya a nan, an yi yaqe-yaqe da dama a wannan yanki, kamar na Al-Ahzāb ("Kungiyoyin") da Badar da kuma Ḥunay. Sun hada da Sahabbai Makka duka, kamar Hamza bn Abdil-Muttalib, Ubayda bn al-Harith da Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, da Sahabbai Madani[27][28]. Hijaz ta fada karkashin ikon Muhammad (SAW.) yayin da ya yi nasara a kan abokan adawarsa, don haka Ta kasance wani bangare na daularsa.[29]

Tarihi mai zuwa

Bayan kawo karshen mulkin daular Usmaniy

Saboda kasancewar garuruwa biyu masu tsarki a cikin Hejaz, yankin ya kasance karkashin dauloli masu yawa. Hejaz ta kasance a tsakiyar Khalifancin Rashidun, musamman yayin da babban birninta shine Madina daga 632 zuwa 656 AD. A lokacin yankin ya kasance karkashin ikon manyan kasashen yankin, kamar Masar da Daular Usmaniyya, a tsawon tarihinsa na baya. Bayan da Ottoman ya rasa ikonsa, Hejaz ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta.

Takaitaccen 'yancin kai

A shekara ta 1916, Hussein bin Ali ya zama shugaban Hejaz mai cin gashin kanta.[30] A shekarar 1924, Ali bin Hussein ya gaje shi a matsayin Sarkin Hijaz. Sannan Ibn Saud ya gaji Hussaini a matsayin Sarkin Hijaz da Nejd. Ibn Saud ya mulki su biyun a matsayin raka'o'i daban-daban, wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Hejaz da Nejd daga 1926 zuwa 1932.

A ranar 23 ga Satumbar 1932 ne aka hade dauloli biyu na Hejaz da Nejd a matsayin daular Saudiyya.[30] Ana tunawa da wannan rana a matsayin ranar kasar Saudiyya.[31]

Al'adu

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Addini

Tsarin al'adun Hijaz yana da matukar tasiri da na Musulunci, musamman kasancewar yana dauke da garuruwansa 2 mafi tsarki, Makka da Madina. Haka kuma, ana daukar kur'ani a matsayin tsarin mulkin Saudiyya, kuma babban tushen shari'a. A kasar Saudiyya, Musulunci ba wai kawai gwamnati ta yi riko da shi a siyasance ba, har ma yana da matukar tasiri ga al'adun mutane da rayuwar yau da kullum.[32] Al'umma gabaɗaya tana da zurfin addini, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, al'ada, da tushen iyali. Halaye da al'adu da dama sun dade da shekaru aru-aru, sun samo asali ne daga wayewar Larabawa da al'adun Musulunci.

Abinci

Abincin Hijazi ya hada da yawancin abincin Larabawa kamar sauran Saudi Arabiya, kamar Saleeg.[33]An shigo da sauran abinci daga wasu al'adu ta hanyar Saudiyya masu asali daban-daban, kamar Mantu, Yaghmush da Ruz Bukhāri daga Asiya ta Tsakiya, Burēk da Šurēk Shrik da Kabab almīru daga Turkiyya da kuma Balkans, Mandi da Mutabbag daga Yemen, Biriyani da Kabli shinkafa daga Kudancin Asiya. Gasashen nama irin su shawarma da kebab sananne ne a cikin Hejaz. An san kayan abinci na Hejazi da kayan yaji.

Jogarafi

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Yankin yana kusa da Teku. Hakanan an santa da duhun yashi mai aman wuta. Dangane da ma'anar da ta gabata, Hejaz ya haɗa da wasu tsaunuka na kewayon Sarat, waɗanda ke raba Najd da Tehamah. Tsire-tsire Bdellium kuma suna da yawa a cikin Hejaz. Saudi Arabiya, musamman Hejaz, gida ne ga aman wuta sama da 2000.[34] Filayen Lava a cikin Hejaz, wanda aka sani a gida da sunan Larabci na ḥarrāt (حَرَّات, maɗaukaki: ḥarrah (حَرَّة)), sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na basalt alkali mafi girma a Duniya, wanda ya mamaye kusan 180,000 km2 (69,000 sq mi), yanki mafi girma fiye da jihar. Missouri.[35]

Tutoci

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Guraren bude ido na duniya.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A matsayin wani bangare na Saudi Vision 2030, wurin yawon shakatawa mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 28,000 (kilomita murabba'in 11,000) yana ci gaba,[36] tsakanin garuruwan Umluj (25°3′0″N 37°15′54.36″E) ) da Al-Wajh (26°14′11.76″ N 36°28′8.04″E), a bakin Bahar Maliya. Aikin zai ƙunshi "haɓaka 22 daga cikin tsibiran 90+"[67] waɗanda ke kwance a bakin tekun don ƙirƙirar "cikakkiyar maƙasudin alatu mai hade-haɗe", [37]kuma "dokoki za su gudanar da su daidai da na duniya. Ma'auni".[38]

Yawan Al'umma

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Hejaz shi ne yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Saudi Arabia, [39] yana dauke da kashi 35% na yawan jama'ar Saudiyya.[40] Galibin mutanen Hejaz 'yan Sunna ne tare da 'yan Shi'a tsiraru a garuruwan Madina, Makka da Jeddah. Mutane da yawa suna ganin sun fi kowa girma a duniya saboda Hejaz ya kasance wani bangare na manyan daulolin Musulunci tun daga Umayyawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya[41]. Mutanen Hejaz, wadanda suke jin suna da alaka da wuraren tsarki na Makka da Madina, watakila su ne suka fi karfin bayyana asalin kowace kungiya a Saudiyya.[42]

Hotuna

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  • Thuwal alley
    Thuwal alley
  • Al-`Ula - Lihyan
    Al-`Ula - Lihyan
Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.


Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Leatherdale, Clive (1983). Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780714632209.
  2. ↑ Mackey, p. 101. "The Western Province, or the Hejaz[...]"
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hopkins, Daniel J. (2001). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 479. ISBN 0-87779-546-0 n. Retrieved March 17, 2013
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Minahan, James (1996). Nations Without States: A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements. Greenwood Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-313-28354-3
  5. ↑ Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 978-0-946621-33-0.
  6. ↑ Yamani, M. (2009), Cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-824-2 (Pbk. ed.)
  7. ↑ A Brief overview of Hejaz - Hejaz history Archived August 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine [verification needed]
  8. ↑ Rutter, Eldon (February 1931). "The Hejaz". The Geographical Journal. 77 (2): 97–108. Bibcode:1931GeogJ..77...97R. doi:10.2307/1784385. JSTOR 1784385.
  9. ↑ Gajus Scheltema (2008). Megalithic Jordan: an introduction and field guide. ACOR. ISBN 978-9957-8543-3-1. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  10. ↑ Sullivan, Walter (March 30, 1993). "Science Watch; Signs of Ancient River". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  11. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, "Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar", Dar Al-Fikr publication. Beirut. 1988. volume 2 page 342
  12. ↑ al-Bustani, Butrus. "Daerat Al-Maaref". Dar Al-Marifa Publication. Beirut. volume 11 page 672
  13. ↑ Wolfensohn, Israel. "Tarikh Al-Yahood Fi Belad Al-Arab". Al-Nafezah Publication. Cairo. 2006. page 68.
  14. ↑ Rothenberg, "Egyptian Chariots, Midianites from Hijaz/ Midian (Northwest Arabia) and Amalekites from the Negev in the Timna Mines: Rock drawings in the Ancient Copper Mines of the Arabah – new aspects of the region's history II," Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, newsletter no. 23 (2003), p. 12.
  15. ↑ Kesting, Piney. "Saudi Aramco World (May/June 2001): Well of Good Fortune". Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014
  16. ↑ "Family Tree of Muhammad". December 26, 2018.
  17. ↑ Quran 3:96 -Yusuf Ali
  18. ↑ Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 978-0-946621-33-0
  19. ↑ Quran 106:1-4
  20. ↑ Quran 22:25-37
  21. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Guillaume, Alfred (ed.). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–589. ISBN 978-0-1963-6033-1.
  22. ↑ Quran 15:80-84
  23. ↑ Butler, J. W. S.; Schulte-Peevers, A.; Shearer, I. (October 1, 2010). Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula. Lonely Planet. pp. 316–333. ISBN 9781741791457.
  24. ↑ Quran 26:141-158
  25. ↑ "ICOMOS Evaluation of Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) World Heritage Nomination" (PDF). World Heritage Center. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
  26. ↑ Quran 48:22-29
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Quran 63:1-11
  28. ↑ Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"
  29. ↑ Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 978-0-946621-33-0.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hourani, Albert (2005). A History of the Arab Peoples. Faber & Faber. pp. 315–319. ISBN 978-0-571-22664-1
  31. ↑ History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )". Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  32. ↑ Saudi Arabia – Religion". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  33. ↑ Saleeg — a Saudi dish that won't let you down". Arab News. September 11, 2013. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
  34. ↑ The Tourists Guide To The 10 Amazing Volcanoes in Saudi Arabia". insidesaudi.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  35. ↑ "VOLCANIC ARABIA: It started with tremors". archive.aramcoworld.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  36. ↑ Construction underway on Saudi Red Sea project site". Zawya. February 27, 2019. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2019
  37. ↑ "Hospitality is 'anchor' of Red Sea project". Arab News. January 27, 2019. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2019
  38. ↑ Saudi Arabia to allow women in bikinis at new beach resort". The USA Today. August 4, 2017. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  39. ↑ Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart". Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2014. The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there
  40. ↑ Saudi Arabia Population Statistics 2011 (Arabic)" (PDF). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2013.
  41. ↑ Riedel, Bruce (2011). "Brezhnev in the Hejaz" (PDF). The National Interest. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  42. ↑ Beranek, Ondrej (January 2009). "Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Middle East Brief. 33: 1–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
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