Illar Hamada a Lebanon
 Illar Hamada a Lebanon | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
desertification (en)  |
| Ƙasa | Lebanon |
An ayyana hamada a matsayin “saurin guguwar tsiro da asarar ƙasa a kan iyakokin hamada da kuma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa, yawanci yakan Na haifar da haɗuwar fari da yawan cin ciyayi da sauran ciyayi da mutane ke yi.”[1] Akwai kuskuren da aka saba cewa kwararowar hamada na yaduwa daga cikin sahara.[2] ce lalacewar ƙasa na iya faruwa a nesa da hamada, kuma kasancewar hamada ba ta da wani tasiri ga kwararowar hamada. Wani kuskure kuma shi ne cewa fari na haifar da kwararowar hamada. Wannan gaskiya ne kawai idan an ci zarafin ƙasar kafin fari, kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Idan aka kula da ƙasar da kyau, ƙasar za ta farfaɗo daga fari da zarar an sake yin ruwan sama.
Dalilai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kwararowar hamada shi ne rashin kula da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa . Ƙasa mai lafiya tana ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke samuwa lokacin da kayan da suka lalace suka koma ƙasa mai ɗauke da sinadarai kamar carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur. Hanyoyin noman da ba su da kwanciyar hankali su ma suna haifar da kwararowar hamada. Yin amfani da takin zamani fiye da kima, rashin juyar da amfanin gona, da rashin aikin noman rani na cire ƙasa daga sinadarai. Lokacin da saman saman ƙasa ya ƙare daga kwayoyin halittarsa, ko dai ya zama sako-sako da yawa ko kuma ya cika, wanda zai iya haifar da zazzagewa.[3] Yin kiwo babbar matsala ce kuma wata sanadin kwararowar hamada. Ciyawa na da mahimmanci wajen toshe ƙasan ƙasa a yankin busasshiyar ƙasa. Lokacin da aka bar dabbobi su yi kiwo da yawa a kan busasshiyar ƙasa, sai su fallasa ƙasar ga runduna masu lalata kamar hadari da iska.
Wuraren da abin ya shafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cewar bankin duniya, Lebanon tana da kashi 13.85% na filayen noma a kasar. Wannan shi ne mafi girma tun shekara ta 2000, kuma adadin yana ƙaruwa. Lamba na baya-bayan nan, daga shekarata 2010, shine 11.14%. Yawan amfanin gona na dindindin a Lebanon shima ya ragu daga 13.69% zuwa 12.32% tsakanin shekarar 2009 da 2010.[4] A cewar wani bincike da shirin National Work to Fight Desert, sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kasar Lebanon na fuskantar hadarin kwararowar hamada. Hamadar kasar Lebanon ta bazu kilomita 60 kuma ta fara ne daga bakin birnin Baalbek sannan ta kare a kan iyakar Syria. Galibin bincike kan kwararowar hamada a kasar Labanon sun yi ittifakin cewa yankin arewacin Bekaa shi ne yankin da wannan lamari ya fi shafa. Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke haifar da kwararowar Hamada shi ne bunkasar biranen da ke kan filayen noma. An kawar da dazuzzuka tare da gina hanyoyi ba tare da la'akari da tasirin da zai yi ga al'umma da muhalli ba, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa mai tsanani.[5] Bugu da kari, wannan yanki ya sha fama da matsanancin karancin ruwan sama. Arewacin Bekaa yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin milimita 450 na ruwan sama a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma wasu yankuna a Hermel sun sami ƙasa da 150 millimetres (5.9 in) . Duk da cewa an yi ayyukan yawon shakatawa a Hermel wanda ke taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli ga mazauna, yawancin filayen sun zama marasa amfani kuma ayyukan gyaran filin zai bar babban lissafin ga masu mallakar filaye.[6]
Noma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hamada na rage samar da abinci, wanda ke sa kasar ta koma ga shigo da abinci daga kasashen waje. Kuma Wannan taimakon da ake samu daga kasashen waje zai iya haifar da karancin noma a kasar, wanda hakan ya sa ake samun tsadar noma a cikin gida. Ana la'akarin noma na Lebanon yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki. Noma a Lebanon tushen abinci ne kamar yadda ake fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje da suka hada da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari, kwai, hatsi, sukari, da kayayyakin kiwo. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an yi asarar dala miliyan kimanin 280 sakamakon kudi ga bangaren noma. Wannan ya haɗa da noman amfanin gona, kamun kifi, gandun daji, da kiwo. Manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar noman noma sun sa al'ummar karkara a Labanon ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Wadannan matsalolin sun hada da karancin jarin noma, rashin manufofin noma, tsadar kayan noma, da rashin kishin noma na musamman. Bangaren noma a Lebanon ya kai kashi 5% na GDPn kasar kuma yana daukar kusan kashi 8% na ma'aikata. Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na bukatun abinci na Lebanon ana samun gamsuwa ta hanyar shigo da kaya. Bangaren noma na Lebanon ba shi da ci gaba kuma ba a sarrafa shi sosai, kuma kashi 55% na yankunan da ake amfani da su ne kawai ake amfani da su, galibi ba tare da fa'ida ba. Har ila yau, fannin noma na fama da karancin kudi kuma yana samun kasa da kashi 1% na kasafin kudin kasar. An kiyasta jimilar abincin da aka shigo da shi a shekarar 2009 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 2.216, wato kashi 13% na jimillar kayayyakin da kasar ke shigowa da su. Manyan abinci Har guda 10 da ake shigowa da su kasar Lebanon sune kamar haka:
| Samfura | Volume - dalar Amurka miliyan | Manyan Masu Kayayyaki |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Dabbobin naman dabbobi masu rai | 200 | Brazil/Uruguay |
| 2. Cuku | 117 | Syria/Moroko |
| 3. Nama | 113 | Brazil/Paraguay |
| 4. Alkama | 109 | Rasha/Ukrain |
| 5. Sugar | 83 | Thailand/UAE |
| 6. Masara (Masara) | 75 | Amurka/Ukraine |
| 7. Shirye-shiryen abinci | 62 | Amurka/United Kingdom |
| 8. Milk foda | 46 | Netherlands/Denmark |
| 9. Tumaki (Rayuwa) | 46 | Ostiraliya/Turkiyya |
| 10. Kofi | 43 | Brazil |
Tasirin tattalin arziki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Talauci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tare da karuwar kwararowar hamada a kasar Labanon yana samun karuwar talauci. Hamada babbar barazana ce ga ayyukan tattalin arziki a Lebanon, kuma kusan kashi 35 na iyalai a Lebanon suna rayuwa a kasa da kangin talauci. Saboda haka, iyalai da yawa sun ƙaura daga ƙasar zuwa birni. Galibin wadannan mutane kananan manoma ne, ’yan kwadago, masunta, makiyayan dabbobi, da kuma mata shugabannin gidaje. A cikin 2006 talauci shine mafi girma a Arewacin Lebanon (52.5%), sannan Kudancin Lebanon (42%), Bekaa (29%), Dutsen Lebanon (19.5%), da Nabatiyeh (19%). Arewacin kasar yana da kashi 21% na al'ummar Lebanon, amma kashi 46% na matalauta da kuma kusan kashi 38% na daukacin al'ummar kasar. A Bekaa, yankin kasar Lebanon da kwararowar hamada ta fi shafa, mazauna yankin sun kai dalar Amurka kimanin 50 a wata.
Rashin aikin yi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tun bayan yakin basasar kasar Labanon, kasar na fuskantar matsananciyar matsalar tattalin arziki saboda lalata masana'antu da ababen more rayuwa na kasar. Har ila yau fannin noma ya yi rauni saboda galibin mazauna karkarar Lebanon sun yi hijira zuwa birnin. Kusan Miliyoyin ma'aikata 'yan kasashen waje suna tafiya zuwa Lebanon kowace shekara kuma suna ba da ayyukansu a farashi mai sauƙi don yin gogayya da ma'aikatan Lebanon. Samar da aiki ya zarce buƙatu saboda wannan, Hakan tasa yana haifar da hauhawar rashin aikin yi. Har ila yau, 'yan kasar Labanon suna samun wasu ayyukan yi, kamar noma, ba su da kyau saboda rashin albashi.
Yaki da kwararowar hamada[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kokarin yaki da kwararowar hamada a kasar Lebanon. Sun kafa cibiyoyin kula da aikin jinya na Green Houses domin kara yawan amfanin noma a kasar nan. A cewar hukumar ta UNDP, kungiyar hadin gwiwar na kokarin kara cudanya tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban da samar da hanyar rayuwa guda daya a tsakanin su da ke amfanar manoma. Hakan tasa galibi Manoma za su iya kawo irinsu zuwa gidan gona inda ake kula da su da girma a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Lokacin da manoma suka dawo da iri, sakamakon yana da inganci sosai, kuma waɗannan manoma za su iya sayar da waɗannan amfanin gona da farashi mai kyau kuma su ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Wannan karuwar samar da kayayyaki yana haifar da karuwar kudaden shiga da ayyukan yi wanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta tattalin arzikin kasar Lebanon.
Don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin kwararowar hamada tare da gabatar da ayyukansu na gida, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Lebanon da sashinta na yaki da hamada, tare da hadin gwiwar UNDP, sun shirya wata tafiya zuwa kauyukan biyu na Bekaa Arewa maso Gabas. Tun a watan Maris na shekarata 2004 CDP ke gudanar da aikin gwajin yawon buɗe ido na farko a yankin Deir al-Ahmar-Yammouneh. Aikin noma-yawon shakatawa yana da maƙasudai tro: samar da ƙarin kudin shiga ga al'ummomin gida da kuma kiyaye muhalli. An kafa ta ne tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar masu tafiye-tafiye ta Esprit-Monade da ƙungiyar mata ta Deir al-Ahmar gonakin noma-yawon shakatawa a Lebanon suna ba da tafiye-tafiye don ba da damar mutum ya kalli girma, girbi, da sarrafa kayan abinci na cikin gida na Lebanon. . Manoma galibi za su ba da damar zama a gida tare da darussan aikin gona.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "Desertification". Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ↑ "National Action Programme to Combat Desertification" (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ↑ Roos, Dave. "How Desertification Works". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ↑ "Climate Change Knowledge Portal". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
- ↑ Moumen, Dr. Ali. "Desertification and its effects on Economy and Environment" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ↑ al-Fakih, Rakan. "Desertification a threat to the Bekaa". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2014.