Ka'idar wuri
 Ka'idar wuri | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
Facet of (en)  |
economic geography (en) |
Ka'idar wuri ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na yanayin tattalin arziki, kimiyyar a yanki, da tattalin arzikin sararin samaniya. Ka'idar wuri tana magance tambayoyin menene ayyukan tattalin arziki suke a ina kuma suke me yasa. Ka'idar wuri ko ka'idar microeconomic gabaɗaya tana ɗauka cewa wakilai suna aiki ne don son kansu. Don haka kamfanoni suna zaɓar wuraren da ke haɓaka ribar su kuma daidaikun mutane suna zaɓar wuraren da ke haɓaka amfanin su.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farashin sufuri
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Yayin da wasu ya kamata su sami wasu ƙididdiga don aikin farko (misali, Richard Cantillon, Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, David Hume, Sir James D. Steuart, da David Ricardo ), ba har sai an buga littafin Johann Heinrich von Thünen na farko Der Isolierte Staat a cikin 1826 cewa ka'idar wuri za a iya cewa da gaske ta fara aiki. [1] Lallai, fitaccen masanin kimiyar yankin Walter Isard ya kira von Thünen "mahaifin masu ilimin wuri." [2] A cikin Der Isolierte Staat, von Thünen ya lura cewa farashin jigilar kayayyaki yana cinye wasu hayar tattalin arzikin Ricardo. Ya lura cewa saboda waɗannan farashin sufuri da, ba shakka, hayar tattalin arziƙi, sun bambanta a cikin kayayyaki, amfani da filaye daban-daban da ƙarfin amfani zai haifar da ƙarin nisa daga kasuwa. Duk da haka, an soki tattaunawar tun lokacin da Johann Heinrich von Thünen ya shafe matsalar tare da tunaninsa na, alal misali, keɓaɓɓen jihohi ko birane guda ɗaya. [3]
Kamar dai yadda Jamusanci iri-iri ya yi tasiri a ka'idar wuri tun daga lokacin von Thünen har zuwa littafin Walter Christaller na 1933 Die Zentralen Orte a Sűddeutschland, wanda ya tsara yawancin abin da yanzu aka fahimta a matsayin ka'idar wuri ta tsakiya . Alfred Weber ya ba da gudummawa ta musamman, wanda ya buga Über den Standort der Industrien a cikin 1909. Yin aiki daga samfuri mai kama da firam ɗin jiki wanda aka daidaita daga wasu ra'ayoyi ta Pierre Varignon ( firam ɗin Varignon ), Weber yana amfani da ƙimar kayan aiki da kayan da aka gama, tare da aikin samarwa da aka gama, don haɓaka algorithm wanda ke gano mafi kyawun wuri don masana'anta shuka. Har ila yau yana gabatar da ɓarna da aiki ke jawowa da kuma ƙungiyoyin agglomerative da haɓaka. Sa'an nan Weber ya tattauna rukunin ƙungiyoyin samarwa, yana tsammanin yankunan kasuwa na Agusta Lösch .
Carl Wilhelm Friedrich Launhardt ya yi la'akari da yawa daga cikin abin da Alfred Weber ya karbi bashi, kafin aikin Weber. Bugu da ƙari, gudunmawar sa sun fi na zamani a cikin abubuwan nazari fiye da na Weber. Wannan yana nuna cewa Launhardt ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa kuma yawancin mutanen zamaninsa ba su fahimce shi ba, alal misali ya nuna cewa ba za a iya inganta hanyoyin jirgin kasa da jari mai zaman kansa kadai ba. [4]
Ko Weber ya saba da wallafe-wallafen Launhardt har yanzu ba a sani ba. Weber ya kasance mafi rinjaye da wasu, musamman Wilhelm Roscher da Albert Schäffle, waɗanda suke da alama sun karanta aikin Launhardt. Ko da kuwa, wuri tunanin ka'idar ya yi girma ne kawai bayan an buga littafin Weber.
Masanin tattalin arziki na Sweden Tord Palander ya kammala 1935 PhD, Gudunmawa ga Ka'idar Wuri, wanda yayi la'akari da yanki na kasuwa na kamfanoni biyu masu gasa. [5] Masanin tattalin arziki na Amurka William Henry Dean, Jr. ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir na Harvard a 1938, Theory of the geographic location of Economics . [6] [7]
Zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littattafan ka'idar zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo da aka yi amfani da su don duba har zuwa shekarun baya-bayan nan akan batutuwa daban-daban kawai ta mahangar ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, babu sake dubawa na ƙasashen duniya da za a samu a cikin waɗannan littattafan. A cikin Amurka, ƙasar da zaɓin wuraren masana'antu ya taka rawa tun da wuri, wanda ya haifar da neman hanyoyin dabaru da wuri, Edgar M. Hoover ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jagororin majagaba a fagen nazarin wuraren. A cikin littafinsa "Wurin Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki", Hoover ya tattara mahimman ka'idoji na zaɓin rukunin masana'antu tun farkon 1948 waɗanda har yanzu suke aiki a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, wasu yunƙuri na farko na haɗa ka'idodin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ka'idodin rukunin yanar gizo na ƙasa don haɓaka ka'idar rukunin yanar gizo tare da hangen nesa na duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan marubutan farko shine Ohlin (1952), sai Sabathil (1969), Moore (1978), Tesch (1980), da Goette (1994) .
Duk da haka, ko da a yau, wannan yanayin ya canza zuwa wani matsayi. Ko da yake tun a shekarun 1990 ba a daina zama manyan kamfanoni da ke faɗaɗa ƙasashen waje ba, kuma duk wani saka hannun jari kai tsaye na ketare ya haifar da zaɓin rukunin yanar gizon, har yanzu akwai ƙananan binciken da aka yi sosai kan wannan batu. Har yanzu ba a iya gane ka'idar zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo na musamman na duniya. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen na yanzu da na baya-bayan nan ko dai suna yin bitar shawarar rukunin yanar gizo da ƙungiyoyin jama'a ɗaya suka yanke ko kuma tantance su azaman shari'o'in bincike. Sauran wallafe-wallafen suna mayar da hankali kan ƙayyadaddun tsari na ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda akasari ke tafiyar da shi ta hanyar ƙaura daga wurin a cikin mahallin inganta tsarin farashi a tsakanin manyan kamfanoni. Koyaya, waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba safai ba ne kawai kuma a mafi kyawu suna magance batutuwan gine-gine da abubuwan gine-gine.
Theodor Sabathil's 1969 dissertation ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin zurfafan binciken farko a fannin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo na duniya. A ciki, Sabathil ya fi mayar da hankali kan zaɓin ƙasa, wanda ke cikin tsarin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo. A cikin wannan mahallin, Sabathil ya tattara cikakkun kasida na abubuwan rukunin yanar gizo da tsarin ka'idar zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo; na karshen bai yi cikakken bayani ba. Sabathil kuma ba ya yin la'akari da wasu dalilai na doka, na halitta, ko al'adu. Koyaya, ya tattauna musamman takamaiman yanayin tsarin kamfani da abubuwan tunani. [8]
Kundin karatun da Peter Tesch ya gabatar a cikin 1980 ya zama wani muhimmin ci gaba a ci gaban ka'idar yanar gizo ta duniya. Tesch ya haɗu da ra'ayoyin kasuwancin kasa da kasa da saka hannun jari tare da ka'idodin shafin. Shi ne na farko da ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin ƙasa a cikin bincikensa. Babban tushen maganganunsa game da nau'ikan haɗin kai daban-daban sune fa'idodin gasa na musamman na wurin. A cikin wannan mahallin, Tesch ya ɓullo da kasida na ma'auni don yanke shawara na rukunin yanar gizon ƙasa da aka haɗa zuwa kashi uku: • Abubuwan rukunin yanar gizon da suka shafi duk ayyukan kamfani • samuwa da farashin abubuwan abubuwan da ke tasiri akan abubuwan samarwa • abubuwan da suka shafi wurin juyawa.
Binciken Thomas Goette na 1994 yayi ƙoƙarin rarraba mahimman abubuwan rukunin yanar gizo na ƙasa da kuma tsara tsarin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo na duniya. Goette ya bambanta tsakanin yanayin rukunin tattalin arziki ( yuwuwar tallace-tallace, yanayin gasa, kayan more rayuwa da farashin sufuri, aiki, yanayin kuɗi), yanayin rukunin yanar gizon siyasa (dokokin haraji, kariyar muhalli, shingen shiga kasuwannin hukumomi, tallafawa kasuwanci, haɗarin siyasa), yanayin rukunin al'adu. (bambance-bambancen harshe, tunani, addini, da rashin karbuwar kamfanonin kasashen waje), da kuma yanayin rukunin yanar gizo (yanayin yanayi, yanayin yanayi). Wannan binciken ya sake nuna cewa ƙoƙari na rufe dukkan abubuwa zai haifar da asarar inganci kamar yadda duk abubuwan ba su kasance ba ko kuma ba za a iya la'akari da su ba. Goette kuma yayi hasashen cewa, musamman, yanke shawara kan rukunin masana'antu a tsakanin kamfanoni galibi sau ɗaya ne da matakan yanke shawara masu alaƙa. Dangane da wannan, Goette yana ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin matakin koyo, don haka ƙaramin yuwuwar haɓakawa don ayyukan gaba.
A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar ƙarshe na ƙarshe, Thomas Glatte ya yi niyya don haɓakawa da haɓaka sanannun tsarin a cikin littafinsa "Zaɓin Yanar Gizon Ƙirƙirar Duniya" ta hanyar samar da tsarin zaɓi na matakai 10, yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin da aka zaɓa don kowane matakin zaɓi da kuma ba da cikakken jerin sharuɗɗa. ga mai yin aikin. [9]
Sauran amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Har ila yau, an yi amfani da ka'idar wuri a waje da tattalin arziki, alal misali a cikin ilimin halitta na kiyayewa, inda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano wuraren da zai yi kyau don nazarin, la'akari da binciken da ya gabata. [10]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Inertia masana'antu
- Samfurin wuri
- Tattalin arzikin yanki
- Tsarin sararin samaniya
- Matsalar Weber
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Dempsey, Bernard W. 1960. The Frontier Wage Chicago: Loyola University Press. In pages 187–367 Dempsey has translated von Thünen 1863 piece Der Isolierte Staat, Vol II, Part 2 as The Isolated State in Relation to Agriculture and Political Economy, Vol. II: The Natural Wage and Its Relation to the Rate of Interest and to Economic Rent.
- ↑ Isard (1956, p. 27).
- ↑ Richards, H. A. (1962). Transportation Costs and Plant Location: A Review of Principal Theories. Transportation Journal, 2(2), 19–24.
- ↑ Launhardt Wilhelm 1900. The theory of trace: being a discussion of the principles of location, Lawrence Asylum Press
- ↑ Google Books
- ↑ Julian Ellison (1991). "Celestial Mechanics and the Location Theory of William H. Dean, Jr., 1930-52". The American Economic Review. 81 (2): 315–317. JSTOR 2006877.
- ↑ Louis P. Cain (1985). "William Dean's Theory of Urban Growth: Chicago's Commerce and Industry, 1854-1871". The Journal of Economic History. 45 (2): 241–249. JSTOR 2121691.
- ↑ Glatte, Thomas 2015. Location Strategies: Methods and their methodological limitations Journal for Engineering, Design and Technology, Volume 13, Issue 3, p. 435 - 462
- ↑ Glatte, Thomas 2013. Industrial Production Site Selection Expert Verlag, Renningen, Germany
- ↑ "Hidden Treasures at the Australian Museum". Catalyst, ABC. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
