Karfe
 Karfe | |
|---|---|
metallic material (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
iron alloy (en) |
| Color (en) |
grey (en) |
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 1865 |
| Fabrication method (en) |
steelmaking (en) |
| Recycling code (en) | 40 |
Karfe wani abu ne da aka yi shi da ƙarfe tare da ƙarin carbon don inganta ƙarfinsa da juriyar karaya idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan ƙarfe. Wasu abubuwa da yawa na iya kasancewa ko ƙara su. Bakin karfe waɗanda suke corrosion-da oxidation-resistant yawanci suna buƙatar ƙarin 11% chromium. Saboda tsananin ƙarfinsa da ƙarancin farashi, ana amfani da ƙarfe a cikin gine-gine, ababen more rayuwa, kayan aikin, jiragen ruwa, jiragen ƙasa, motoci, inji, na'urorin lantarki, makamai, da rokoki.[1] Iron shine tushen ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Dangane da zafin jiki, zai iya ɗaukar nau'i biyu na crystalline (siffofin allotropic): mai siffar jiki da mai siffar fuska. Haɗin kai na allotropes na baƙin ƙarfe tare da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, da farko carbon, yana ba da ƙarfe da jefa baƙin ƙarfe kewayon su na musamman.
A cikin tsantsar baƙin ƙarfe, tsarin crystal ɗin yana da ɗan ƙaramin juriya ga ƙwayoyin ƙarfe suna zamewa da juna, don haka tsantsar baƙin ƙarfe ba shi da ƙarfi sosai, ko taushi da sauƙin samu. A cikin ƙarfe, ƙananan adadin carbon, wasu abubuwa, da abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin ƙarfe suna aiki azaman masu taurare waɗanda ke hana motsin ɓarna. Carbon a cikin al'amuran ƙarfe na yau da kullun na iya ba da gudummawa har zuwa 2.14% na nauyinsa. Bambance-bambancen adadin carbon da sauran abubuwa masu haɗawa da yawa, da kuma sarrafa sinadarai da kayan aikinsu na zahiri a cikin ƙarfe na ƙarshe (ko dai a matsayin abubuwan solute, ko a matsayin matakan haɓaka), yana hana motsi na ɓarna waɗanda ke yin tsattsauran ƙarfe na ƙarfe, don haka sarrafawa da haɓaka halayensa. Waɗannan halaye sun haɗa da hardess, quenching behaviour, buƙatar annealing, tempering behaviour, yield strength , da tensile strength na sakamakon karfe. Ƙarfafa ƙarfin ƙarfe idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe mai tsabta yana yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar rage ƙarancin ƙarfe.
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An samar da ƙarfe a cikin tanderun furanni na dubban shekaru, amma babban sikelinsa, amfani da masana'antu ya fara ne kawai bayan an ƙirƙiri ingantattun hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki a cikin ƙarni na 17, tare da gabatar da tanderun fashewa da samar da ƙarfe mai ƙyalli. Wannan ya biyo bayan tanderun buɗe ido sannan kuma tsarin Bessemer a Ingila a tsakiyar karni na 19. Tare da ƙirƙira tsarin Bessemer, sabon zamani na ƙarfe da aka samar da yawa ya fara. Ƙarfe mai laushi ya maye gurbin ƙarfe da aka yi. Jihohin Jamus sun ga babban ƙarfin ƙarfe a kan Turai a ƙarni na 19.[2]
Ƙarin gyare-gyare a cikin tsari, kamar asali na oxygen steelmaking (BOS), sun maye gurbin hanyoyin da suka gabata ta hanyar ƙara rage farashin samarwa da haɓaka ingancin samfurin ƙarshe. A yau, karfe yana daya daga cikin kayan da aka fi ƙerawa a duniya, yana da fiye da biliyan 1.6 tons da ake samarwa a kowace shekara. Ƙarfe na zamani gabaɗaya ana gano shi ta nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka ayyana. Masana'antar karafa ta zamani tana daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antu a duniya, amma tana daya daga cikin masana'antu masu karfi da makamashi da gurbataccen iska, wanda ke ba da gudummawar kashi 8% na hayakin duniya. Koyaya, ƙarfe shima ana iya sake amfani dashi: yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan da aka fi sake yin fa'ida a duniya, tare da ƙimar sake yin amfani da su sama da 60% a duniya.[3]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ R., Allen. "(1979). International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850-1913". JSTOR. Cambridge university. JSTOR 2120336 . Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ "Decarbonization in steel | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ↑ Hartman, Roy A. (2009). "Recycling". Encarta. Archived from the original on 2008-04-14.