Kungiyar Dalibai ta Fasaha ta Philadelphia

Art Students' League of Philadelphia
	art academy (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	1886
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka

Abin da ya faru a cikin tufafi

A farkon watan Janairun 1886, Eakins, darektan makarantar fasaha a Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Pennsylvania, ya sami samfurin namiji ya cire rigarsa yayin lacca na jikin mutum a gaban ko dai ɗaliban maza da mata. Wannan ya saba wa manufofin PAFA, kuma an tsawata wa Eakins a cikin wasika ta 11 ga Janairu daga Darakta na Ilimi Edward Hornor Coates. Amma lamarin ya haifar da gardama, gami da zargin cewa Eakins ya yi tsirara tare da ɗalibansa, ya yi amfani da su don yin tsirara a gare shi ko ga juna, ya ɗauki hotunan su tsirara, kuma ba shi da halin kirki na zama malami a PAFA.

A cikin wata mai zuwa, surukin Eakins kuma mataimakin malami, Frank Stephens, ya zama mafi yawan masu sukar. Stephens ya zargi Eakins da halayyar lalata tare da ɗalibansa har ma da jima'i da 'yar'uwarsa da ta mutu, Margaret. Stephens da matarsa (yar'uwar Eakins Caddy) suna zaune tare da mahaifinta a 1729 Mount Vernon Street . Eakins ya auri Susan Macdowell a watan Janairun 1884, kuma suna zaune a cikin ɗakinsa a 1330 Chestnut Street . Takardun da suka tsira ba su da wani zargi na aikin luwadi daga Eakins. Kodayake wani suruki, Will Crowell, ya gabatar da yiwuwar cewa Stephens da kansa ya shiga cikin aikin ɗan luwaɗi, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya amfani da barazanar fallasa don yin shiru da shi, "idan bai hauka ba".

Lamarin da zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Eakins ya faru ne a lokacin da PAFA ke fuskantar matsalolin kudi, da kuma sabon dama. PAFA ta ƙare 1885 tare da rashi na $ 6,000. A watan Janairun 1886, Gidan Joseph E. Temple ya ba da shawarar ba da gudummawa ga $ 25,000 don kafa kyautar gidan kayan gargajiya / makaranta, tare da yanayin cewa PAFA ta tara ƙarin $ 75,000 a cikin shekaru uku.

Yin murabus

Coates ya rubuta wa Eakins a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, yana rokonsa ya yi murabus; Eakins ya gabatar da murabus guda ɗaya washegari. Eakins ya ci gaba da nuna rashin laifi, kuma ya sadu da Coates a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu. Coates ya gabatar da cajin ga Kwamitin Daraktocin PAFA a wani taro a wannan dare, kuma Kwamitin ya kada kuri'a don karɓar murabus din Eakins. Eakins ya rubuta wa Coates a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu:

Was ever so much smoke for so little fire? I never in my life seduced a girl, nor tried to, but what else can people think of all this rage and insanity. It is not a rare ambition in a painter to want to make good pupils. My dear master Gerome who loved me had the same ambition, helped me always and has to this day interested himself in all I am doing. My figures at least are not a bunch of clothes with a head and hands sticking out but more nearly resemble the strong living bodies than most pictures show. And in the latter end of a life so spent in study, you at least can imagine that painting is with me a very serious study. That I have but little patience with the false modesty which is the greatest enemy to all figure painting. I see no impropriety in looking at the most beautiful of Nature's works, the naked figure. If there is impropriety, then just where does such impropriety begin? Is it wrong to look at a picture of a naked figure or at a statue? English ladies of the last generation thought so and avoided the statue galleries, but do so no longer. Or is it a question of sex? Should men make only the statues of men to be looked at by men, while the statues of women should be made by women to be looked at by women only? Should the he-painters draw the horses and bulls, and the she-painters like Rosa Bonheur the mares and cows? Must the poor old male body in the dissecting room be mutilated before Miss Prudery can dabble in his guts? ... Such indignities anger me. Can not anyone see into what contemptible inconsistencies such follies all lead? And how dangerous they are? My conscience is clear, and my suffering is past.^[1]

Jin tausayi ga Eakins da aka gina a cikin manema labarai, tare da kira da yawa don a dawo da shi. Masu koyar da PAFA guda biyar - Frank Stephens, Charles Stephens (ɗan'uwan Frank na farko), Colin Campbell Cooper, James P. Kelly, da Thomas Anshutz - sun rubuta wasika ta hadin gwiwa ga Kwamitin PAFA suna roƙon shi don yin "sanarwa na hukuma" cewa "Samun Mista Eakins ya kasance saboda cin zarafin ikonsa kuma ba ga mugunta na abokan gaba na sirri ko na sana'a ba". Kwamitin ya ki yin hakan. (A zahiri, Hukumar ta karɓi wasikar murabus din Eakins, ba ta kore shi ba.) Eakins ya ci gaba da koyarwa a PAFA har zuwa watan Maris, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi kira ga tafiyarsa fiye da shekara guda, amma ba ta da amfani. An karɓi tsarin karatu mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a PAFA, kuma an inganta Anshutz, Kelly, da Charles Stephens.

Kungiyar Sketch ta Philadelphia

An^s da duka Stephenses sun dauki zarginsu ga Philadelphia Sketch Club: "Mun zargi Mista Thoms Eakins da halin da bai cancanci mutum ba kuma ba a yarda da shi ga wannan kungiyar ba kuma mun nemi a kore shi daga kulob din. " Kwamitin ya bincika, ya kammala cewa: "Eakins ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na mai zane da ikonsa a matsayin malami don yin wasu laifuffuka kan mutunci da halin kirki. " ^[2] An soke membobinsa na girmamawa a kulob dinsa.

Wani labarin shafi na gaba a cikin The Philadelphia Evening Item ya kasance mai taken: "The End of Eakins," kuma wani labarin da ya biyo baya ya tambaya, "suna kowa ya yi tunanin cewa [Eakins] ba zai nutse cikin duhu ba kuma ya bar birnin?" An lalata sunan Eakins na kansa, wani abu da bai taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba.

zanga-zanga

Dalibai maza hamsin da biyar na PAFA sun sanya hannu kan takardar neman izinin ranar 15 ga Fabrairu da ke barazanar janyewa daga makarantar idan ba a dawo da Eakins ba. Har ila yau, ɗaliban PAFA mata sun rarraba takarda, wanda goma sha takwas daga cikin talatin suka sanya hannu. A wannan maraice, dalibai maza talatin da takwas, karkashin jagorancin George Reynolds, sun yi tafiya zuwa ɗakin Eakins don nuna goyon bayansu. Eakins ya ba da shawarar koyar da su a waje da PAFA, kuma sun ba da shawarar kafa nasu makarantar - The Art Students' League . Amma, "da masu ridda sun fahimci cewa za su bar ilimi a makarantar fasaha mafi daraja da mafi kyawun kayan aiki a kasar don ɗakin karatu guda ɗaya ba tare da wutar lantarki da famfo ba, goma sha shida ne kawai daga cikin hamsin da biyar da suka sanya hannu kan korafin suka yi kyau a kan alkawarinsu na janyewa daga makarantar. "[o]

Wadanda goma sha shida sune: Albert W. Baker, Edward W. Boulton (shugaban ASL na biyu), Charles Bregler, James J. Cinan, Charles Brinton Cox (sakataren ASL na farko), Eldon R. Crane, Alexander Duncan, Thomas J. Eagan, Charles F. Fewier, J. P. McQuaide, G. H. Merchant, Henry A. Nehmsmann, George Reynolds (mai kula da ASL na mbụ), Rudolph Spiel, James M. Wright, da Agusta Zeller.

An sami wuraren zama na wucin gadi a 1429 Market Street, kuma "The League" ta gudanar da zamanta na farko a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, tare da kimanin dalibai 30 da suka halarta. Shugaban ASL na farko, H. T. Cresson, an nakalto shi a wannan rana a cikin wata jarida ta Philadelphia: "[Yana da samari da suka kafa kungiyar Art Students' League ... suna so suyi nazarin THE ENTIRE NUDE FIGURE, ba saboda yana ba su jin daɗin kallon shi ba, amma saboda ita ce kawai hanyar gaskiya don samun kwarewar da ake buƙata don wakiltar adadi mai laushi ..."

Dalibai na gaba, wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa a can a wannan dare na farko, sun hada da Cresson, Maurice Feely, Charles H. Fromuth, Douglass M. Hall, Lilian G. Hammitt, Frank B. A. Linton, Edwin George Lutz, Albert Oldach (sakataren ASL na uku), Edmond T. Quinn (mai kula da ASL na biyu), Franklin L. Schenck (mai kula na biyu), Amelia Van Buren, da Francis J. Ziegler (mai ba da asusun ASL da sakataren na biyu). Charles Grafly, ya koma ASL, amma ya koma PAFA a shekara mai zuwa, watakila don ya cancanci samun tallafin karatu na tafiya zuwa Turai, daya daga cikinsu ya lashe a 1888. Samuel Murray mai shekaru goma sha bakwai ya shiga cikin Fall 1886, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama mataimakin Eakins kuma mai karewa.

Eakins ya bayyana manufar makarantar: "The Art Students' League of Philadelphia ƙungiya ce da aka kafa don nazarin zane da zane-zane. Tushen binciken shine adadi na mutum tsirara. " Da farko an saita karatun a $ 25, amma an ɗaga shi zuwa $ 40 don watanni 8 na 1886-87, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa $ 50. Makarantar ba ta da ɗalibai fiye da arba'in da ɗaya, kuma wani lokacin tana da kaɗan kamar goma sha biyu. "Ba a haɗa darussan tsoho ko zane ba; kawai zane da ƙira daga rayuwa. Eakins ya ba da zargi da safe biyu, da yamma ɗaya da maraice ɗaya a mako, ya ba da laccoci game da jikin mutum, hangen nesa, da sauran batutuwa, kuma ya kula da dissecting. Don duk wannan ya ki karɓar kowane albashi a cikin shekarun wanzuwar makarantar; hakika, ya taimaka wa wasu daga cikin ɗalibai mafi talauci a cikin kuɗi, sau da yawa a ƙarƙashin siffar biyan su don yin masa. "

Wurin farko na ASL ya wuce cikin watanni biyu kawai, kuma daga baya an rushe shi don fadada Frank Furness na Broad Street Station. Wurinsa na biyu ya kasance a 1338 Chestnut Street (Afrilu 1886-Mayu 1888), kusa da ɗakin Eakins. Wurinsa na uku, 1816 Market Street (Mayu 1888 - 1890), ya sha wahala daga babbar wuta, kuma wurinsa na huɗu da na ƙarshe ya kasance a 12th & Filbert Street (1890-1893), sama da Kwalejin Dental ta Philadelphia.

Kamfanin ya bunƙasa a farkon shekarun 1890, amma ya rasa sha'awa yayin da ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe suka ci gaba. Mai sukar fasaha Dorothy Grafly Drummond ya rubuta cewa, "ƙaramin rukuni yana gwagwarmaya don burodi da man shanu, a mafi kyawun yankan kuma har ma da yaduwar yaduwa. " Tare da lokaci, al'ada ta tabbatar da ƙarfi fiye da tawaye a kanta. " A ƙarshe, makarantar ba za ta iya jawo hankalin ɗaliban biyan kuɗi ba, kuma an rushe ta a farkon 1893.

Koyarwa a wasu wurare

Eakins ya koyar a wasu wurare, tare da Kungiyar Dalibai ta Philadelphia, kuma bayan haka: Kungiyar Daliban Art ta New York, 1885-1888; Kungiyar Cooper a Birnin New York, 1877-1897; Kwalejin Zane ta Kasa a New York, 1888-1895; Kungiyar Dalibin Art ta Washington, DC, 1893. Cibiyar Drexel ta Philadelphia ta kore shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1895 don sake amfani da samfurin namiji tsirara, Eakins a hankali ya daina koyarwa.

Tarin Bregler

Yawancin abin da aka sani game da Kungiyar Dalibai ta Philadelphia ta fito ne daga Charles Bregler, wanda ya kasance dalibi ga dukan rayuwar makarantar ta shekaru 7. Ya kasance aboki na Eakins da matarsa, kuma ya rubuta dogon labarai biyu a cikin shekarun 1930 game da hanyoyin koyarwar Eakins. Ya adana babban tarin takardun Eakins, abubuwan tunawa, da ƙananan ayyuka, kodayake ba a samu ga malamai ba har zuwa shekarun 1980. Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Pennsylvania ce ta sayi tarin Bregler a shekarar 1985

Takardun tarin Bregler sun canza ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da tashiwar Eakins daga PAFA. Yanzu ana ganinsa a matsayin kasa da wani lamari na ikon Victorian (Kwamitin PAFA) yana tsananta wa jarumi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi (Eakins), kuma ya fi zama makirci da abokan aikinsa da abokan gaba na kansa don yin aikin injiniya da korarsa daga PAFA da gangan ya lalata sunansa.

Hotunan Eakins na ɗaliban ƙungiyar ɗaliban Art

^{Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute.}
Photograph of Charles Grafly on a High Wheel (1886). Grafly became a noted sculptor, and taught at PAFA from 1892 to his death in 1929. His works include the George Gordon Meade Memorial in Washington, D.C., and the Pioneer Mother Monument in San Francisco.
^{Yale University Art Gallery.}
The Veteran: Portrait of George Reynolds (c.1886). Irish-born. Civil War veteran, recipient of the Medal of Honor. Widower. Entered PAFA in 1882. The diver in Swimming. First curator of ASL. Became an illustrator. Died NYC, 1891 (age 52).
Sketch of Edward Boulton (c.1887). Former businessman. Entered PAFA in 18xx. Second president of ASL. Posed for Cowboys in the Badlands. Left ASL for Mexico. Eakins's oil portrait of Boulton was destroyed.
^{Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.}
Girl in a Big Hat: Portrait of Lilian Hammitt (c.1888). From Alabama. Entered PAFA in 1883. ASL from 1886 to 1888. Fantasized about marrying Eakins. Committed to Norristown State Hospital, 1892. Released 1894, she was found walking the streets in a bathing suit and claiming to be "Mrs. Thomas Eakins." Recommitted.
^{Philadelphia Museum of Art.}
Portrait of Douglass M. Hall (c.1888). From Philadelphia. Entered PAFA in 1885. ASL from 1887 to about 1890. Never pursued a professional art career. Died insane at Pennsylvania Hospital, 1912 (age 44), possibly from syphilis.
^{Mitchell Museum at Cedarhurst.}
Portrait of Samuel Murray (1889). From Philadelphia. ASL from 1886 to 1893. Assistant professor at ASL, 1892. Eakins's protégé and lifelong friend. Instructor at Philadelphia School of Design for Women, 1890-1941. Successful sculptor. Died Philadelphia, 1941 (age 72).
^{Philadelphia Museum of Art.}
The Bohemian: Portrait of Franklin Louis Schenck (c.1890). ASL from c.1888 to 1893. Second curator of ASL. Featured in 7 Eakins paintings. Moved to Brooklyn after ASL's failure. Settled in Northport, Long Island, painting romantic landscapes. Died 1926 (age 71).
^{Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University.}
The Critic: Portrait of Francis J. Ziegler (c.1890). Entered PAFA in 18xx. Treasurer of ASL. Became a journalist and art critic. Translated plays. Eakins never forgave him for filing a newspaper report on the Lilian Hammitt scandal.
^{Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.}
The Art Student: Portrait of James M. Wright (c.1890). Entered PAFA in 18xx. Moved to Brooklyn following ASL's failure. Became a businessman.
^{The Phillips Collection.}
Portrait of Amelia Van Buren (c.1891). From Detroit. Entered PAFA in 1884. Named in 1886 Eakins scandal (without her knowledge). Became a photographer. Died Tryon, NC, 1942 (age 86).
^{Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University.}
Sketch of William L. MacLean (c.1895).
^{Musée d'Orsay.}
Clara: Portrait of Clara Janney Mather (c.1900). Philadelphia Quaker. Left ASL after deaths of both parents.
^{Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.}
Portrait of Frank B. A. Linton (1904). Entered PAFA in 1885. ASL from 1888 to 1890. Studied at Ecole des Beaux-Arts under Gérôme and Bonnat. Became a successful portrait painter. Won a bronze medal at 1927 Paris Salon. One painting in Musée du Luxembourg. Died Philadelphia, 1943 (age 72).
Portrait of Maurice Feely (c.1905). Irish-born. ASL c.1890. Founded a sign-painting company, 1893. Portrait painter in Paris, France (after 1905), and Hollywood (1920s). Died Philadelphia, 1941 (age 80). Deaccessioned from Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2011.^[3]
^{Terra Collection, Art Institute of Chicago.}
Portrait of Thomas J. Eagan (1907). Entered PAFA in 1885. Left ASL to become a draftsman and mechanical engineer. Settled in Conshohocken, PA. Returned to painting in retirement.