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Lakandula

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Lakandula
Rayuwa
Haihuwa 1503
Mutuwa 1575
Sana'a

Lacandola ko (Baybayin) shi ne taken lakan na karshe ko mai mulki yanki Tondo Philippines ( da ga 900 zuwa 1521)">kafin mulkin mallaka lokacin da Mutanen suka fara cinye ƙasashen Kogin Pasig a cikin Philippines a cikin shekarun ta 1570. [1] 

Labarin farko na Mutanen Espanya Royal Notary Hernando Riquel : 13 ya ce ya gabatar da kansa ga Mutanen Espanya a matsayin "Sibunao Lacandola". Duk da yake an fassara sunansa da aka ba shi a matsayin "Bunao", ma'anar tarihi na kalmar Lakan, lakabi ne daidai da yarima ko mai mulki, ma'ana shi ne babban Datu ko Yarima na mulkinsa.

Tare da Rajah Matanda da Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Bunao Dula (ko Lakan na Tondo), yana ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna uku waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Mutanen Espanya na siyasar Delta na Kogin Pasig a farkon kwanakin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya.

Tare da Rajah Matanda da Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Bunao Dula (ko Lakan na Tondo), yana ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna uku waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Mutanen Espanya na siyasar Delta na Kogin Pasig a farkon kwanakin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya. da yake yana da shakku ko "Lakandula" ya wakilci sunan guda ɗaya a lokacin rayuwarsa, wasu daga cikin zuriyarsa a cikin ƙarni na farko bayan mutuwarsa sun zo su kira kansu "Lakakandula na Tondo", suna ɗaukar wannan sunan a matsayin lakabi mai daraja.[2]

Sunan da taken

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A tsawon lokaci, an rubuta sunan Lakandula a hanyoyi da yawa. Koyaya, bisa ga labarin farko da Hernando Riquel ya rubuta a cikin Mutanen Espanya, mai ba da izini na sarauta wanda ya bi Miguel López na Legazpi, Ubangiji na Tondo ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "Sibunao Lacandola, ubangijin garin Tondo" lokacin da ya shiga jirgin Legazpi tare da iyayengijin Manila a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1571. A cewar Riquel, iyayengiji na Manila sun gabatar da kansu a matsayin "Rajah Ache Tsohon da Rajah Soliman Matashi, iyayengiyi da shugabanni na garin Manila" [3]

A shafi na 13 na "Cracks in the Parchment Curtain", masanin tarihi William Henry Scott ya nakalto rubutun asali na Riquel, wanda ya samu a cikin tarihin Mutanen Espanya a ƙarƙashin "Archivo General de Indias Seccion Patronato leg. 24, no. 24." Sashe mai dacewa na rubutun ya karanta:

... ya bayyana cewa ana kiransa Raha Ache el Viejo da Raha Solimane el Mozo, dattawa da manyan mutanen Manila, da Sibunao Lacandola, shugaban mutanen Tondo. (an kara da hankali)

Masana tarihi na zamani suna cire kalmar Filipino "si", wani labarin ilimin lissafi wanda ke gaba da sunayen mutum, daga sunayen da aka rubuta a wannan zamanin saboda marubutan Mutanen Espanya ba su riga sun koyi harsunan yankin ba kuma galibi sun haɗa da "si-" a cikin sunayen Filipino. Sibunao don haka ya kamata a fassara shi a matsayin "[Ako] si Bunao" = "[Ni ne] Bunao". Don haka masana tarihi suna ɗaukar wannan yana nufin cewa Lakan ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin "Bunao Lakandula. " A lokacin, an ɗauka Lakandula Sunan sarauta ne, amma kamar yadda aka lura a ƙasa, hakika sunansa ne.

Asalin asalin "Lakandula"

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Taken sa "Lakan" yana nuna "babban mai mulki" (ko kuma mafi mahimmanci, "Babban Datu") na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙauyuka na bakin teku (wanda aka sani da "bayan" ko "babban Barangay") na Mutanen Tagalog.[4][5]

A cikin nau'in Tagalog na yanzu, yana nufin "mutum".

Wani bambancin da aka saba amfani da shi na sunan shine Gat Dula (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin kalma ɗaya, Gatdula). [6] A tarihi, prefix Gat, wani gajeren sigar girmamawa na Tagalog "Pamagat", yana nufin "mai daraja. " Saboda haka, Gatdula zai karanta "Mai daraja na Fadar", ma'ana ainihin abu ɗaya da sigar Kapampangan, Lakandula . [6]

Wannan ya bar batun ƙarin "dula" don a warware shi. Duk da yake wannan ba zai iya zama sunan iyali kamar yadda Filipinos ke amfani da shi a yau ba, wannan bazai zama bayani mai gamsarwa ba, tunda an gabatar da sunayen iyali ga al'adun Filipino daga baya, ta hanyar dokar da Gwamna Janar Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa ya bayar a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1849. [7] A madadin haka, maimakon sunan mahaifi, Dula na iya nufin ƙungiyar iyali ko dangi, amma babu wata shaida ta tarihi don tallafawa wannan ka'idar.Masanin tarihi Jose N. Sevilla y Tolentino, ya yi la'akari da cewa "Dula" ba sunan mutum ba ne kwata-kwata, amma kalma ce ta gida wacce ke nufin wani abu mai kama da "Fadar. " Duk da yake yana iya yin mulki daga fadar zahiri, wannan zai nuna wurin zama na Lakan. Saboda haka, "Lakandula" zai kasance taken yaren gida ga "Ubangiji na Fadar" kuma mai mulkin Tondo.[8] Hakazalika, ana kiran Rajah Ache na zamani da Rajah Matanda (Tsohon Rajah), yayin da ake kiran Rajah Sulayman wani lokacin da Rajah Muda ko Rajamora (Young Rajah).[1][6][5]

Masana tarihi irin su Dery da Scott sun bayyana cewa sunansa Banaw ne, amma kuma suna ci gaba da ambaton shi da taken, Lakandula ko "the" Lakandula . [6] A gefe guda, Joaquin ya bayyana cewa sunan da aka ba Lakan shine Banaw, kuma ya ci gaba da kiransa Lakan Dula (kalmomi daban-daban) ko "Lakan Dula" a cikin rubutun "Manila, My Manila".[1] A kowane hali, yawancin masana tarihi na zamani suna ci gaba da yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa Lakandula lakabi ne, kuma suna magana da Lakan na karshe na Dula (ko Lakan na Tondo) a matsayin "Lakandula" kamar sunansa ne. Duk abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su, hanyar da ta fi dacewa don tsara sunan mutum na tarihi da taken zai zama "Bunau, Lakan Dula" ko "Lakan na Tondo".

"Lakan" maimakon "Rajah"

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Duk da yake an kira shi da kuskure a matsayin Rajah Lakandula, kalmomin "Rajah" da "Lakan" a zahiri suna da ma'ana iri ɗaya. A cikin Tondo, an yi amfani da taken Lakan na asali, yana yin amfani da "Rajah" da "Lakandula" a lokaci guda duka ba su da amfani da kuskure.[1][9] kuma masanin tarihin Filipino kuma mai zane-zane na kasa don wallafe-wallafen Nick Joaquin yana da wahala don nuna cewa kalmar Lakan, ba Rajah ba, sarakunan Tondo ne suka yi amfani da ita.[1]

Rayuwa kafin zuwan Mutanen Espanya

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Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Banaw ba, Lakan Dula, kafin zuwan Legazpi. A cewar National Artist Nick Joaquin "an ɗauka cewa shi ɗan asalin ne," tare da haɗin Sinaunang Tagalog (Dumagat) da kakannin Kapampangan. Joaquin ya kara da cewa "An ce shi zuriyar Sarki Balagtas ne.".[1]

Joaquin ya ci gaba da yin hasashe game da imanin addini na Lakan Dula: [1]

"Lakan Dula na Tondo na iya zama baƙo ba ne ko Musulmi. Wannan ya nuna ta hanyar amfani da kalmar asalin Lakan maimakon taken Rajah na waje [Musulmi]. Ana iya ɗauka cewa an haife shi a cikin addinin anito. Ɗaya daga cikin zato shine ya tuba zuwa Islama, sannan ya canza tunaninsa kuma ya koma ga bangaskiyarsa ta asali. "

Joaquin ya kuma bayyana game da yanayin tattalin arziki na mulkin Lakan Dula a kan Tondo: [1]

"Tondo ya maye gurbin Namayan a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa na shiga Manila Bay. Tondo yana da dama a bakin tekun. Wannan shi ne fa'idar da yake da ita a kan Namayan, wanda ke cikin kogin. Don haka jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa da suka zo cikin bay sun fi son sauke kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwan Tondo. Kuma yanzu shine sarkin Tondo wanda ke da alhakin sayar da kayayyaki a kan kogin zuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da tafkin, don yin ciniki don kayayyaki na gida. Tondo shine cibiyar rarrabawa, ko Entrepot, a lokacin Tondo a tsakanin Tondo a kan Delta na karshe na Tondo

A cewar Scott (1982), lokacin da jiragen ruwa daga China suka isa Manila Bay, Lakan Dula za su cire sails da rudders na jiragensu har sai sun biya shi ayyuka da kudaden ratayewa, sannan kuma zai sayi duk kayansu da kansa, ya biya rabin darajarsa nan da nan sannan ya biya sauran rabin bayan dawowarsu a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, zai yi ciniki da waɗannan kayayyaki tare da mutanen da ke gaba, sakamakon ƙarshe shine cewa wasu mazauna ba su iya siyan komai daga Sinawa kai tsaye ba, amma ta hanyar Lakan Dula, wanda ya sami riba mai yawa a sakamakon haka.[2][8]

William Henry Scott ya lura cewa Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi ya ba da rahoton cewa Tagalogs sun kasance "mafi yawan 'yan kasuwa fiye da mayaƙa", kuma a wasu wurare ya lura cewa jiragen Maynila sun sami kayansu daga Tondo sannan suka mamaye kasuwanci ta sauran tsibirin. Mutanen da ke wasu sassan tsibirin galibi suna kiran jiragen ruwa na Maynila a matsayin "Sinanci" (Sina ko Sinina) saboda sun zo dauke da kayan kasar Sin.

Zuwan Legazpi, Mayu 1571

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Lokacin da Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ya isa Manila Bay a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1571, Lakan Dula ya kasance a can don saduwa da shi. Su biyu sun fara haduwa a ranar 17 ga Mayu, ranar da suka isa Legazpi a bakin teku, lokacin da Rajah Matanda da Lakan Dula suka shiga jirgin Legazpi don tattauna sharuddan tare da shi. Wani ɓangare na waɗannan tattaunawar ya ƙayyade cewa Mutanen Espanya ba za su sauka a Tondo ba, kuma a maimakon haka za su sauko a Manila, wanda aka ƙone shi zuwa ƙasa a shekarar da ta gabata. Joaquin ya ba da shawarar cewa Lakan Dula zai "gayi cewa Legaspi yana da amfani. An ƙone shi kuma ya kwashe shi, Maynila zai zama wuri mafi kyau don ƙarfafawa, kasancewa mafi dabarun. " [1] A zahiri, ba a ci Manila ba, amma an mamaye ta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta haɗu da Legazpi da sarakuna uku: Lakan Dul, (babban) Rajah Ache da (yaci) Rajah Sulayman . [10]   [better source needed]

A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1571, 'yan asalin ƙasar daga gidan Dula na Lakanate na Tondo - Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, da Lakan Dula - sun amince da ikon mallakar Spain a kan tsibirai kuma sun ayyana kansu a matsayin magoya bayan Spain. Kashegari, ranar 19 ga Mayu, Legazpi ya sauka a Manila kuma ya mallaki ƙasar a gaban Soliman, Matanda, da Lakan Dula. [1] [5]

Lakan Dula ya taimaka wajen kafa gida ga Legazpi kuma ya gina sansani ga Mutanen Espanya, ya ba su bindigogi goma sha huɗu da kwalba goma sha biyu na gunpowder, kyautar da Mutanen Espanya suka yaba da ita sosai, waɗanda ke fama da karancin harsashi.[1]

Ba da daɗewa ba, an yi wa Lakan Dula da 'ya'yansa maza baftisma a matsayin Katolika. Bunao Lakan Dula ya ɗauki sunan "Don Carlos Lacandola" bayan Charles I na Spain.[11] Don bikin taron, Mutanen Espanya sun fitar da bindigogi da arquebuses na Manila a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin.[1]

Yaƙin Bangkusay, Yuni 1571

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Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka fara zuwa Manila an karbe su da alheri, amma a tsawon lokaci 'yan asalin sun fahimci cewa yana nufin biyayya da su. Ba da daɗewa ba aka kalubalanci ikon Mutanen Espanya a Luzon. Yaƙin farko ya faru ne a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1570, inda aka ci 'yan asalin.[12] Wata daya bayan haka, Tarik Sulayman na Macabebe ya kai hari Manila, ya shawo kan Rajah Sulayman ya shiga yakin da Legazpi. An ci sojojin Macabebe da Sulayman, kuma an kashe Datu na Macabebe a cikin abin da tarihi zai yi rikodin a matsayin Yaƙin Bangkusay Channel . (Kamanin sunayen ya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan shugabannin biyu, amma Tarik Sulayman da Rajah Sulayman mutane ne daban-daban - ɗayan ya tsira daga yaƙin, ɗayan kuma bai yi ba.) [1]

Lakandula ya ki shiga hadin gwiwar Macabebe da Sulayman, amma daga cikin fursunonin da Mutanen Espanya suka kama bayan yakin akwai 'yan uwansa biyu da wasu jami'ansa. Lokacin da aka tambaye su, sun ce sun kasance a wurin ne kawai a matsayin masu kallo, ba a matsayin mayakan ba. Legazpi ya bar su su tafi don nuna amincewarsa ga Lakandula.[1]

Joaquin ya lura cewa wannan zabi ne mai hikima a bangaren Legaspi: [1]

"Idan ya kasance yana wasa wasa sau biyu a baya, Lakan Dula yanzu ya zama mai himma wajen tallafawa Mutanen Espanya. Wataƙila shi ne wanda ya shawo kan Soliman mai gudu ya mika wuya kuma ya koma ga kyawawan halaye na Legazpi. "

Tafiyar zuwa Pampanga da Bulacan, ƙarshen 1571

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Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Legaspi ya aika Martin de Goiti don yada mulkin Mutanen Espanya ga mutanen da ke yanzu lardunan Bulacan da Pampanga, musamman yankunan Lubao tare da Macabebe, Guagua a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1571. Wata daya bayan haka sun ci Calumpit da Malolos a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Legazpi ya ba da waɗannan ƙauyuka a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya. Ya aika Lakandula da Sulayman tare da shi, saboda, kamar yadda wani asusun ya nuna, "idan babban shugaba ya tafi tare da shi. "

"Lacandola ya yarda ya tafi, kuma ya yi aiki tare da jiragen ruwa biyu da aka bayar a farashinsa, kuma ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar yin hidima mai yawa ga Mai Girma, kuma ya tafi tare da haka Pampangos da aka fada zai ba shi biyayya, kamar yadda a zahiri suka yi. "

Wadannan jiragen ruwa sun kasance (karakoa), wani nau'in jirgin ruwa wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 300 kowannensu, [5] wanda, kamar yadda Dery [13] ya nuna, ya zama ruwan dare a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Harin da Limahong ya kai, 1574

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Haɗin kusa da Lakandula da Mutanen Espanya ya ci gaba duk da mutuwar Legaspi a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 1572, kuma Guido de Lavezares ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin gwamna, wanda ya kasance mai ba da kuɗin mulkin mallaka. Wani balaguron abokin hamayya a karkashin umurnin Limahong, ɗan fashi na kasar Sin, wanda Sarkin Sama na kasar Sin ya haramta shi, ya yi jayayya da mallakar tsibirin. Lakandula ya kasance a hannunsa don taimakawa wajen kawar da Limahong lokacin da ya zo ya yi ƙoƙari ya kori Manila a shekara ta 1574. [1] Lakandula ya sami damar tayar da tawaye a kan Mutanen Espanya. 'Yan asalin tsibirin Mindoro ma sun tayar da kayar baya amma duk waɗannan rikice-rikice an warware su ta hanyar sojoji.[14]   [better source needed]

Magana game da mutuwar Lakandula kaɗan ne, amma Scott ya nuna cewa ya mutu a shekara ta 1575, "shekaru uku bayan" Legazpi da Rajah Matanda, waɗanda dukansu suka mutu a shekara de 1572. [5]:192

Matsayin Lakandula a matsayin mai mulkin Tondo ya zama jikansa, da kuma dan karbar Rajah Soliman, Agustin na Legazpi . [5]:192

Agustin de Legazpi, wanda ya auri dan uwan Sultan Bolkiah, zai jagoranci Tondo a matsayin yanki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya har sai da ya tashi tsaye a kansu a cikin 1587-1588 Revolt of the Lakans, kuma an tsige shi kuma an kashe shi a sakamakon haka.[5]:192

A cewar Fray Gaspar de San Agustin a cikin "Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 1565-1615", kamar yadda Kimuell-Gabriel ya ambata (2013), Lakandula ya mallaki Tondo daga wani wuri mai tsawo kusa da Manila bay, yana fuskantar bakin teku kuma yana gaban gidajen masunta.[15] Dangane da tarihin baki na gida, wannan shafin ya zama shafin Sto Niño na cocin Tondo Parish.[16]

Tushen rubuce-rubuce

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Tushen asali game da Lakandula ba su da yawa, har ya zama muhawara game da ainihin sunan Lakan. Dery ya gano nau'ikan tushe guda uku game da Lakandula:

  • Bayanan kai tsaye na nasarar Legaspi ta 1571, da kuma nassoshi na kai tsaye daga wasu takardu na lokacin;
  • rukuni na rikodin a cikin Tarihin Kasa na Philippines wanda ake kira "Tattafan Lacandola" wanda ke dauke da mafi yawan takardun asali na karni na 18; da
  • al'adun gargajiya, wanda "ya ba da shawarar asalin da ya gabata inda takardun suka nuna kawai zuriya".

Asusun kai tsaye da nassoshi daga takardun lokaci

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A cikin "Bibliographic Essay" a ƙarshen littafinsa "Barangay:Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society", William Henry Scott [5]::284 ya gano asusun uku kai tsaye da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar Lakandula:

  • Wani labarin da Miguel Lopez de Legazpi da kansa ya rubuta;
  • Wani labarin da aka yi wa Hernando Riquel wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na balaguron Legazpi; kuma
  • labarin na uku wanda ba a san shi ba, amma wanda Scott ya ba da shawarar mai yiwuwa ne ya rubuta shi ta hanyar masanin sarauta Hernando Riquel.mai yiwuwa ne marubucin sarauta Hernando Riquel ya rubuta shi.

Scott ya nuna wannan asusun na uku a matsayin mai amfani sosai, saboda ya haɗa da lura da hankali game da tsibirai da mutanen da aka tuntuba.[5]:284

Scott ya kuma gano wasu asusun da ba sa magana kai tsaye game da wannan lokacin, amma suna ba da ƙarin bayani game da yanayin a lokacin. Wadannan sun hada da asusun biyu na tafiyar Magellan, rahotanni daga hare-haren da aka kai wa Borneo a cikin 1578-79, wasiƙu zuwa ga sarki daga mai binciken sarauta Melchor de Avalos, Rahotanni daga Gwamnoni Janar daga baya, suna ba da cikakkun bayanai a cikin shaidar da aka rantse game da ayyukan Augustinian (na biyun da aka rubuta a cikin Blair da Robertson), Wasikun Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada, asusun Dangantaka na Miguel de Loarca da Juan de Plasencia, da Boxer Codex, wanda "za a kwanan wata zuwa 1590 akan shaidar ciki" [5]::284

Lakan Dula shi ne shugaban gidan Dula kuma mafi yawan sarakunan Luzon na dā. Zuriyarsa sun bazu a duk fadin yankin Kapampangan a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya.[2] Binciken asali na masanin tarihin Filipino Luciano P.R. Santiago ya nuna cewa Lakan Dula ya haifi akalla yara biyar: [2]

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Empty citation (help)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Santiago, Luciano P.R (March 1990). "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 18 (1): 39–73. JSTOR 29791998.
  3. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named scottparchment
  4. "Pre-colonial Manila". Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Empty citation (help)
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Empty citation (help)
  7. Jernegan, Prescott Ford (1905) "A short history of the Philippines: for use in Philippine schools". pp. 232-234. D. Appleton and Company, New York.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Empty citation (help)
  9. Laput, Ernesto J. "Buhay sa Nayon". Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan (in Tagalog). Ernesto J. Laput.
  10. the peaceful king takes his Stand Retrieved on January 8, 2018
  11. A history of Brunei, Graham E. Saunders, Routledge, 2002, p. 54
  12. Battle of Bangkusay: A Paradigm of Defiance against Colonial Conquest[permanent dead link] Retrieved on January 8, 2018
  13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named inarticulate
  14. story of Li-ma-hong and his failed attempt to conquer Manila in 1574[permanent dead link] Retrieved on January 8, 2018
  15. Empty citation (help)
  16. "Tondo, Manila". Archived from the original on July 1, 2007.