Lola Álvarez Bravo

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Lola Álvarez Bravo (3 Afrilu 1903 - 31 Yuli 1993)ita ce mace ta farko da ta ɗauki hoto kuma jigo a cikin farfaɗowar Mexico bayan juyin juya hali. An santa da babban matakin gwaninta a cikin tsarawa,ayyukanta suna ganin takwarorinta a matsayin fasaha mai kyau.An gane ta a cikin 1964 tare da Premio José Clemente Orozco (Premio José Clemente Orozco Prize), ta Jihar Jalisco,saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar ga daukar hoto da kuma kokarinta na kiyaye al'adun Mexico.Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin dindindin na gidajen tarihi na duniya,gami da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a birnin New York.

An haifi Álvarez a wani ƙaramin gari a Jalisco,amma ya ƙaura zuwa Mexico City tare da mahaifinta lokacin da iyayenta suka rabu kusan 1906.Ta yi shekara goma tana zaune da mahaifinta a wani katafaren gida,amma bayan rasuwarsa babban yayanta ya dauke ta,wanda ya kai ta makarantar kwana.Bayan kammala karatun gargajiya,a cikin 1922 ta shiga cikin Escuela Nacional Preparatoria,inda ta sadu da abokiyar rayuwarta,Frida Kahlo.Abota da wani abokanta na ƙuruciyarta,Manuel Álvarez Bravo, ya bunƙasa cikin soyayya a lokaci guda kuma su biyun sun yi aure a 1925.Mijinta ya koya mata daukar hoto,da kuma dabarun ci gaba,kuma kusan shekaru goma,ta zama mataimakiyarsa.Yayin da ta nemi gano abubuwan da ta kerawa kuma ba ta ji daɗin auren ba,ma'auratan sun rabu a cikin 1934.

Da fara aikinta na malami,Álvarez ta ɗauki aikin daukar hoto don mujallu da jaridu,tana haɓaka suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan jarida mata kaɗai da ke aiki a birnin Mexico.Ta zaɓi ta zayyana batutuwa a zahiri,ta bayyana zurfin ma'anar al'ada da mahimmancin zamantakewa, maimakon neman aikin labarai.A cikin 1935,ta fara tattara hotuna a cikin Sashen Ilimi kuma bayan shekaru biyu an ɗauke ta hayar don gudanar da taron daukar hoto na Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico,inda ta kasance har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1971.

Baya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga talla da aikin jarida,Álvarez ta ɗauki hotuna da yawa na abokanta na fasaha,kuma a cikin 1951 ta buɗe Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Gallery of Contemporary Art) don haɓaka aikinsu.A cikin 1953 a Galeria,ta dauki bakuncin nunin ayyukan Frida Kahlo kawai da aka gudanar a Mexico yayin rayuwar mai zane.Daga ƙarshen 1970s har zuwa mutuwarta a 1993,ta sami karɓuwa a duniya game da aikinta.Rumbun tarihin hotonta yana nan a Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Hotuna a Tucson,Arizona,Amurka.

Rayuwar Farko (1903-1927)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dolores Concepción Martínez de Anda,[1] wanda aka fi sani da Lola tun yana ƙarami,[2]an haife shi a ranar 3 Afrilu 1903 [Notes 1]a Legas de Moreno,Jalisco,Mexico,ga Sara de Anda da Gonzalo Martínez,dillali wanda shigo da fasaha da kayan daki.Iyayenta sun bayyana sun rabu tun tana karama.[3] [Notes 2]Lokacin da take kusan shekara uku,mahaifinta ya ɗauki Martínez da babban ɗan'uwanta,Miguel,su zauna a Mexico City a cikin babban gida mai ɗaki 28.[3] Ɗaya daga cikin abokan ɗan'uwanta da ke zaune a kusa,Manuel Álvarez Bravo, ya kasance mai yawan baƙi a gidansu a Calle de Factor (yanzu Calle de Allende[3]

Gonzalo Martínez ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 1916,yayin da yake tafiya a cikin jirgin kasa tare da 'yarsa.[4]Da mutuwarsa,Martínez ya ƙaura daga gidansu don ya zauna tare da ɗan'uwansa da matarsa a wani gida a Calle de Santa Teresa (yanzu Calle Guatemala).Yana son tabbatar da cewa za ta zama mace mai alhakin kuma mai gida,matar Miguel ta aika [3] Martínez don kammala karatun gargajiya a Colegio del Sagrado Corazón .[5][6] Ba tare da jin daɗin zaɓinta ba,Martínez yana son ƙarin,yana cewa,"Ban san dalilin da ya sa ba tun ina yaro,ina da ra'ayin cewa ina so in yi wani abu ba kowa ya yi ba. Abin da na fi tsana game da rayuwata shi ne,suna ba ni umarni kuma suna iyakance ’yanci.” [6] Ta ci gaba da ci gaba da karatunta a Escuela Nacional Preparatoria,ta hadu da Frida Kahlo a can a 1922.[7] Su biyun.mata sun kulla abota ta kud da kud,[8] A daya bangaren kuma,dangantakarta da abokinta Manuel Álvarez na kuruciya,ta fara soyayya. Sau da yawa ma'auratan sun yi ta yawo a kan tituna tare suna lura da kyawun birnin da kuma talauci. [4]

A 1925,Martínez da Alvarez sun yi aure kuma ta ɗauki sunansa. [9] Sun koma Oaxaca, inda Manuel ya sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da lissafi na Ofishin Akanta na Kasa, [4] yana shiga cikin al'ummar masu fasaha na gida. [2] A lokacin su na kyauta, Manuel, wanda ya koyi daukar hoto tun yana matashi, ya koya wa Álvarez yadda ake amfani da kyamara da haɓaka fim . [3] [10] Kamar yadda suka yi a Mexico City, ma'auratan za su yi yawo a kan tituna, amma yanzu sun fara tattara bayanan tafiya a cikin hotuna. [3] Álvarez ta fitar da hotunanta na farko a Oaxaca, [5] [2] wanda ya yi kama da salon kwatancin da mijinta ya fi so. [7] Lokacin da ta sami juna biyu, ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar komawa Mexico City a 1927 don zama kusa da wuraren kiwon lafiya da dangi. A can ne aka haifi ɗansu tilo, Manuel Álvarez Bravo Martínez. [3] Ko da yake Manuel har yanzu yana aiki da Ofishin Akanta na Ƙasa, ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar dansa, Manuelito, ya yi murabus don neman aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai daukar hoto. [4] Yayin da ta ci gaba da hangen nesa kuma ta yi rashin gamsuwa da sarrafa fim din mijinta kawai, sai rikici ya fara tashi a cikin aure. [2] [4]

  1. ↑ Ramírez Zapatero 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Congdon & Hallmark 2002.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Ferrer 2006.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Sills 2000.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Whitelegg 2006.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fernández & Santacruz 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Maynard 1996.
  8. ↑ Hooks 2002.
  9. ↑ National Museum of Women in the Arts 2012.
  10. ↑ Debroise 1994.
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