Mary E. Byrd

Mary E. Byrd
1. shugaba 1887 - 1906
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Le Roy (mul) , 15 Nuwamba, 1849
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Lawrence (en) , 13 ga Yuli, 1934
Makwanci	Oak Hill Cemetery (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	Carleton College (mul) 1904) Ph.D. (mul) Leavenworth High School (en) (1861 - 1870) Oberlin College (en) (1871 - 1873) University of Michigan (en) (1874 - 1878) Harvard College (mul) (1883 - 1884)
Malamai	Edward Charles Pickering (mul)
Sana'a
Sana'a	Ilimin Taurari
Employers	Wabash High School (mul)  (1878 -  1882) Carleton College (mul)  (1884 -  1887) Smith College (en)  (1887 -  1906) Hunter College (mul)  (1913 -  1914)
Mamba	American Mathematical Society (mul) British Astronomical Association (mul) American Astronomical Society (mul) Astronomical Society of the Pacific (en)
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa	American Anti-Imperialist League (en)

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

tarihin iyalan Bryrd

Ilimi

A ƙarshen karni na 19 yana da matukar wahala ga mace ta sami ilimi mai zurfi. Mary Byrd malama ce,a kai da waje,yayin ƙoƙarin samun ilimi.Byrd ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Leavenworth.Ta halarci Kwalejin Oberlin daga shekaran 1871 zuwa 1874,lokacin da John Millott Ellis ya kasance shugaban kwaleji. Ta bar Oberlin kafin ta kammala karatunta kuma ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Michigan tare da BA a 1878.A 1879 Byrd ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makarantar sakandaren Wabash a Indiana har zuwa Shekaran 1882,lokacin da ta bar karatun ilimin taurari a Harvard College Observatory karkashin Dr.EC Pickering. Ta sami digiri na Doctor of Falsafa daga Kwalejin Carleton a Shekaran 1904.

Manazarta

Mary E. Byrd

Mary Emma Byrd (15 ga Nuwamba 1849 – 30 ga Yuli 1934) masaniyar ilimin taurari ce kuma malamar lissafi da ilimin taurari ’yar ƙasar Amurka. Ta shahara musamman saboda aikinta a Smith College Observatory, inda ta jagoranci cibiyar lura da taurari tare da koyar da ɗalibai mata ilimin taurari. Ta kuma yi bincike kan matsayin taurari masu wutsiya ta hanyar amfani da hotunan sararin samaniya.

Tarihin rayuwa da iyali

An haifi Mary Emma Byrd a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1849, a Le Roy, Michigan, Amurka. Mahaifinta shi ne Reverend John Huntington Byrd, wani malamin addinin Congregationalist wanda aikinsa ya sa iyalin suka riƙa ƙaura daga wani wuri zuwa wani. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Elizabeth Adelaide Low.

Bayan Mary ta kai kimanin shekaru shida, iyalinsu suka koma Kansas, inda ta yi yawancin yarintarta. A wannan lokacin, damar samun ilimi ga mata ba ta kai matsayin da take a ƙarni na baya ba, amma Mary ta nuna sha'awa sosai ga karatu da koyarwa.

Ta taso a cikin iyali da ke ba ilimi muhimmanci, kuma daga baya wannan ya taimaka wajen gina aikinta na koyarwa da binciken kimiyya.

Mary Byrd ba ta yi aure ba. Kamar sauran mata da dama da suka zaɓi yin aikin kimiyya a zamaninta, ta mai da hankali sosai kan ilimi, koyarwa da bincike.

Ilimi

Mary Byrd ta fara karatunta a Kansas, sannan ta halarci Oberlin College. Daga baya ta shiga University of Michigan, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na A.B. a shekarar 1878.

Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a fannin koyarwa. Ta koyar a makarantu sannan ta zama shugabar makarantar sakandare. Wannan gogewa ta taimaka mata wajen haɓaka sha'awarta ga koyar da lissafi da ilimin taurari.

Daga baya ta je Harvard College Observatory, inda ta yi aiki na kusan shekara guda a matsayin mataimakiyar sa-kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin ilimin taurari Edward Charles Pickering. Wannan lokaci ya kasance muhimmin mataki wajen fara zurfafa aikinta a ilimin taurari.

Aikin koyarwa

Daga 1883 zuwa 1887, Mary Byrd ta koyar da lissafi da ilimin taurari a Carleton College, da ke Northfield, Minnesota. A lokacin aikinta a Carleton College, ta kuma yi aiki da tsarin time service, wato tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen tabbatar da daidaitaccen lokaci, ƙarƙashin kulawar William Payne.

A shekarar 1904, ta sami digirin Ph.D. a ilimin taurari daga Carleton College.

Aikin koyarwarta ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwarta. Ta yi ƙoƙari wajen sauya yadda ake koyar da ilimin taurari, musamman ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwaje da lura kai tsaye maimakon dogaro kawai da karatun littafi da lacca.

Smith College Observatory

A shekarar 1887, Mary Byrd ta karɓi matsayin shugabar Smith College Observatory a Northampton, Massachusetts. Ta riƙe wannan matsayi na tsawon kusan shekaru 19.

A Smith College, ta horar da ɗalibai mata a fannin kimiyya da ilimin taurari. Ta kuma ƙirƙiro da inganta hanyoyin koyar da descriptive astronomy, wato koyar da ilimin taurari ta hanyar lura da abubuwan da ake gani a sararin samaniya da kuma yin gwaje-gwaje.

A lokacin da take jagorantar cibiyar, ta yi ƙoƙarin ganin an ɗauki ilimin taurari a matsayin fanni na gwaji da bincike kamar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai. Wannan ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin koyarwarta.

Binciken ilimin taurari

Binciken kimiyyar Mary Byrd ya fi mayar da hankali kan tantance matsayin taurari masu wutsiya (comets).

Ta yi amfani da hotunan sararin samaniya da dabarun auna matsayi na taurari (photographic astrometry) domin gano da kuma ƙayyade matsayin waɗannan abubuwa a sararin samaniya. Wannan ya nuna yadda sabbin fasahohin ɗaukar hoto suke fara zama muhimman kayan aiki a binciken ilimin taurari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.

Littattafanta

Mary Byrd ta rubuta ayyuka da dama da suka shafi koyar da ilimin taurari. Daga cikin sanannun littattafanta akwai:

• Laboratory Manual of Astronomy — an wallafa shi a shekarar 1899.
• First Observations in Astronomy — an wallafa shi a shekarar 1913.

A cikin waɗannan ayyuka, ta bayyana hanyoyin da malamai da ɗalibai za su iya amfani da su wajen koyon ilimin taurari ta hanyar lura da sararin samaniya da yin ayyukan gwaji.

Ta kuma rubuta wasu kasidu da bayanai masu yawa kan yadda ya kamata a inganta koyar da ilimin taurari.

Murabus daga Smith College

Mary Byrd ta bar shugabancin Smith College Observatory a shekarar 1906.

Ta yi murabus ne bayan da ta sami labarin cewa Smith College ta amince da karɓar tallafin kuɗi daga Andrew Carnegie. Byrd ta yi imanin cewa irin wannan tallafi zai iya shafar 'yancin cibiyar wajen bayyana ra'ayoyinta da gudanar da ayyukanta. Saboda haka, ta ɗauki murabus ɗinta a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna rashin amincewarta da wannan shawara.

Bayan barin Smith College, Harriet Bigelow ta gaje ta a matsayin shugabar cibiyar.

Shekarunta na baya

Bayan ta bar Smith College, Mary Byrd ta yi ɗan lokaci tana da alaƙa da Normal College of the City of New York, wanda daga baya ya zama Hunter College.

Daga baya ta koma Lawrence, Kansas, inda ta zauna a gonar iyayenta. Duk da cewa ta bar aikin jami'a na dindindin, ba ta daina sha'awar inganta koyar da ilimin taurari ba. Ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce da shiga cikin muhawarar ilimi har zuwa shekarun 1920.

Ƙungiyoyin kimiyya

Mary Byrd ta kasance memba ko mai alaƙa da wasu manyan ƙungiyoyin ilimin taurari, ciki har da:

• American Astronomical Society
• Astronomical Society of the Pacific
• British Astronomical Association

Kasancewarta cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya nuna irin alaƙar da ta samu da al'ummar masana ilimin taurari a Amurka da Birtaniya.

Gudummawarta ga ilimi

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar Mary Byrd ita ce ƙoƙarinta na mayar da ilimin taurari ya zama fannin da ake koyarwa ta hanyar gwaji da lura kai tsaye.

A lokacin da take koyarwa, tsarin lacca da karatun littafi ya fi zama ruwan dare. Byrd ta yi ƙoƙarin nuna cewa ɗalibai za su fi fahimtar ilimin taurari idan sun sami damar yin lura da abubuwan sararin samaniya da kansu.

Ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horar da mata a fannin kimiyya a lokacin da damar mata shiga wasu fannoni na ilimi da bincike ba ta kai yadda take a yau ba.

Mutuwa

Mary Emma Byrd ta rasu a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1934, a Lawrence, Kansas, Amurka, tana da shekaru 84.

An tuna da ita a tarihin ilimin taurari musamman saboda aikinta na bincike kan taurari masu wutsiya, jagorancin Smith College Observatory, da kuma ƙoƙarinta na inganta hanyoyin koyar da ilimin taurari.

Duba kuma

• Ilimin taurari
• Smith College
• Carleton College
• Harvard College Observatory
• American Astronomical Society

• Jordan D. Marché II, “Byrd, Mary Emma”, Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer.
• MacTutor History of Mathematics, bayanin tarihin Mary Byrd.

Mary E. Byrd
Haihuwa	Mary Emma Byrd (1849-11-15)15 Nuwamba 1849 Le Roy, Michigan, Amurka
Mutuwa	30 Yuli 1934(1934-07-30) (shekaru 84) Lawrence, Kansas, Amurka
Matakin ilimi	University of Michigan; Oberlin College; Carleton College; Harvard College Observatory
Aiki	Masaniyar ilimin taurari, malama
Shekaran tashe	1878–1914
Shahara akan	Jagorantar Smith College Observatory; binciken taurari masu wutsiya
Title	Daraktar Smith College Observatory